O que é este blog?

Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida;

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Mostrando postagens com marcador CIA. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador CIA. Mostrar todas as postagens

segunda-feira, 5 de julho de 2021

Itamaraty é cobrado sobre a visita do chefe da CIA ao Brasil pela Associação de Juristas pela Democracia

ABJD exige informações sobre visita de chefe da CIA ao governo

Foto: Tom Williams/Reuters
 


A ABJD enviou ofício ao Ministério de Relações Exteriores para apurar informações sobre a visita oficial do chefe da agência de inteligência dos EUA (CIA), William J. Burns, a ministros e ao Presidente da República, Jair Bolsonaro. 

"É de conhecimento público que essa agência de inteligência tem a função de coletar informações que ameaçam a segurança nacional dos EUA e tomar as medidas preventivas cabíveis. O fato da visita não ter sido anunciada publicamente causa estranheza. 

 Nesse sentido, solicitamos informações da pauta das reuniões e encaminhamentos porventura adotados a partir delas, por ser do mais legítimo interesse público", afirma o documento.

Veja a íntegra abaixo:

AO MINISTÉRIO DE RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES DA REPÚBLICA FEDERATIVA DO BRASIL.

Senhor Ministro,

No dia 01 de julho de 2021, foi noticiado nos jornais de grande circulação no território nacional que o chefe da agência de inteligência dos EUA (CIA), William J. Burns, se encontra em território brasileiro, realizando visita oficial a ministros e ao Presidente da República.

Segue o link dos veículos de grande circulação que noticiou esta informação: https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/novo-diretor-da-cia-tem-jantar-marcado-com-ministros-de-bolsonaro/; https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2021/07/chefe-da-cia-realiza-visita-a-brasilia-e-se-reune-com-governo-bolsonaro.shtml; https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/em-visita-ao-brasil-diretor-da-cia-se-encontra-com-ministros-de-bolsonaro-1-25085980 e https://www.poder360.com.br/internacional/diretor-da-cia-participa-da-jantar-com-ministros-do-governo-bolsonaro/.

É de conhecimento público que essa agência de inteligência tem a função de coletar informações que ameaçam a segurança nacional dos EUA e tomar as medidas preventivas cabíveis. O fato da visita não ter sido anunciada publicamente causa estranheza. 

Está descrito na nossa Constituição Federal que as relações internacionais se regem pela independência nacional, autodeterminação dos povos, não-intervenção, defesa da paz, entre outros. 

Não tendo havido pronunciamento oficial do governo em relação à referida visita, entendemos ser de interesse público os temas abordados nas reuniões, inclusive em respeito ao princípio da publicidade e do acesso às informações, conforme prevê a Lei de Acesso à Informação - LAI (Lei n° 12.527/2011) 

Nesse sentido, solicitamos informações da pauta das reuniões e encaminhamentos porventura adotados a partir delas, por ser do mais legítimo interesse público.


domingo, 2 de maio de 2021

O Brasil e a frustrada invasão de Cuba em 1961 pelos exilados cubanos orquestrados pela CIA - André Duchiade, James Hershberg e Joseph Zelikow (National Security Archive)

Documentos indicam que João Goulart atuou como mediador secreto entre Kennedy e Fidel Castro

A pedido de Washington, governo brasileiro tomou medidas para evitar execuções de prisioneiros da fracassada invasão da Baía dos Porcos, revelam telegramas descobertos por historiador americano; independência da política externa da época qualificou o Brasil como intermediário

André Duchiade

O Globo, 29/04/2021 - 18:17 / Atualizado em 29/04/2021 - 22:16

https://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/documentos-indicam-que-joao-goulart-atuou-como-mediador-secreto-entre-kennedy-fidel-castro-1-24994882

Em abril de 1962, um ano depois da fracassada tentativa de invasão da Baía dos Porcos por exilados cubanos patrocinados pelos EUA, o então presidente brasileiro João Goulart atendeu a um pedido do seu homólogo americano John F. Kennedy e intercedeu junto ao líder cubano Fidel Castro para evitar as execuções dos 1.200 prisioneiros envolvidos na operação.

A descoberta foi revelada nesta quinta-feira pelo National Security Archive, instituição de pesquisa ligada à Universidade de George Washington, e tem como fontes documentos inéditos do Itamaraty, do Departamento de Estado americano e (minoritariamente) de Cuba. A pesquisa foi conduzida pelo historiador James Hershberg, da mesma universidade.

Os telegramas secretos, analisados em um artigo publicado no mês em que a tentativa de invasão completa 60 anos, permitem vislumbrar como o Brasil atuou sigilosamente como intermediário entre Washington e Havana em um momento de rompimento diplomático total entre as duas capitais. Também permitem entender como a posição de independência internacional do Brasil permitiu que o país exercesse influência frente aos dois governos, desempenhando importante papel para evitar um conflito.

O estudo se centra em um curto período, entre o final de março e o começo de abril de 1962, quando Havana se preparava para levar a um tribunal especial os 1.179 prisioneiros envolvidos na operação, que enfrentavam acusações de traição e poderiam ser condenados à morte. Kennedy, que herdara os planos da invasão de seu antecessor Dwight Eisenhower, tinha grande interesse na libertação dos detidos, e tentou interceder buscando canais com a então Tchecoslováquia, o Vaticano, o Chile e o México.

Segundo Hershberg, o “Brasil desempenhava um papel especial — não apenas por seu tamanho e importância na América do Sul, mas porque seu líder, o presidente João Goulart, do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), de centro-esquerda, estava prestes a visitar os Estados Unidos para uma cúpula com presidente Kennedy no início de abril, e buscava obter ajuda econômica dos EUA — e, portanto, tinha um incentivo para fazer um favor a Washington”.

A pesquisa ressalta outro fator que punha o Brasil em posição privilegiada para mediar essa negociação: “Goulart e seu ministro das Relações Exteriores, San Tiago Dantas, tinham preservado laços amigáveis com Havana ao resistir fortemente à pressão dos EUA por severas sanções anti-Cuba”, sobretudo na conferência de chanceleres da OEA no Uruguai em janeiro daquele ano. Na conferência, Cuba foi suspensa da organização, e o Brasil se absteve na votação.

O contato inicial com o governo brasileiro foi feito a partir de Roberto Campos, então embaixador em Washington, que foi contatado, no dia 23 de março, por José Miró, ex-primeiro-ministro cubano, líder da oposição no exílio a Fidel e colaborador da CIA. Naquela mesma noite, o Itamaraty ordenou ao embaixador em Cuba, Luiz Bastian Pinto, que comunicasse imediatamente ao governo de Havana que Brasília desejava o adiamento do julgamento por 30 dias — prazo necessário para Goulart empreender a sua viagem a Washington.

No dia 27 de março, o chanceler cubano Raúl Roa respondeu ao enviado brasileiro que adiar o julgamento não era uma opção, pois anularia uma decisão governamental “de grande gravidade”. Roa incluiu no entanto uma ressalva: “Cuba responderia afirmativamente se Goulart fizesse um apelo público de clemência”, no qual se referisse explicitamente à "magnanimidade ou generosidade" dos "vencedores". Havana, acrescentou, "não responderia a nenhum tipo de apelo feito por qualquer chefe de Estado que não o presidente Goulart".

O julgamento, conduzido em uma fortaleza colonial do século XVIII, começou dois dias depois, uma quinta-feira. Na sexta, o encarregado de negócios americano no Brasil, Niles Bond, que atuava como embaixador em exercício, tomou conhecimento, por meio de informantes no Itamaraty, das exigências cubanas. Em um telegrama a Washington, ele disse que Havana via a iniciativa brasileira com “simpatia”, mas impusera “uma pura chantagem” como condição para ceder. A resposta cubana, disse Bond, fora recebida “com profunda irritação” pelo governo brasileiro, “incluindo o próprio presidente”.

O avanço do julgamento, no entanto, reforçou a preocupação americana, que intensificou os contatos com Campos em Washington. Um comunicado do conselheiro de Kennedy Richard Goodwin transmitido à embaixada brasileira afirmava que “além dos motivos humanitários para evitar a execução de prisioneiros, o presidente Kennedy se preocupa [com] o efeito exacerbante que a execução pode ter na opinião pública americana, [que vinha] ficando mais tranquila e menos emocional em relação a Cuba". A mensagem foi recebida pelo governo brasileiro como um recado direto de Kennedy.

Segundo o estudo do National Security Archive, “apesar de aparentemente se ressentir das condições cubanas anteriores, Goulart, prestes a visitar Washington, dificilmente podia resistir ao apelo interpresidencial direto de Kennedy, transmitido por seu associado íntimo, do topo dos EUA”. A embaixada respondeu que o chanceler San Tiago Dantas estava redigindo um texto a ser assinado por Goulart com um pedido público por clemência.

A carta de Jango, destinada ao presidente cubano Osvaldo Dorticós e ao então premier Fidel, foi enviada no dia 2 de abril, mesmo dia em que ele embarcou rumo a Washington, sendo distribuída também a jornais brasileiros. Sem que os EUA soubessem, a missiva fora cuidadosamente redigida para atender às condições impostas por Havana, incluindo referências à "magnanimidade" e à “vitória” cubana:

“Movido por sentimentos de solidariedade humana que unem todos os povos americanos, tomo a liberdade de dirigir a vossas excelências um apelo de todo o povo brasileiro para que a magnanimidade seja fator decisivo na condenação de pessoas presas na praia de Girón por ocasião de invasão a Cuba”, dizia o texto. “Estou certo de que vossas excelências cuidarão desse assunto conduzido com a clemência que sempre caracteriza a atitude do vencedor para com o irmão derrotado”.

A resposta pública de Havana veio dois dias depois. Dizia que o país esperara por uma indenização americana em função da invasão, que não viera. Acrescentava que, embora o processo fosse avançar, o “apelo à magnanimidade da Cuba revolucionária, em nome do povo brasileiro, e no momento em que se prepara a nação soberana de Cuba para julgar os fatos, pesará muito na mente do povo e do tribunal que tem a decisão em suas mãos”.

A sentença veio no domingo seguinte, 8 de abril, enquanto Goulart viajava pelos Estados Unidos após se encontrar com Kennedy. Os invasores foram considerados culpados, mas escaparam da pena de morte: a sentença era de 30 anos de prisão, ou uma indenização de US$ 62 milhões. A ditadura cubana evitara matar os prisioneiros, deixando uma porta aberta para obter recursos importantes ao novo regime, que de fato viriam mais tarde: em dezembro, os prisioneiros seriam libertados em troca de US$ 53 milhões em comida, remédios e outros itens humanitários.

O estudo cita ainda uma outra informação não confirmada: no dia 12 de abril, os colunistas de Washington Robert Allen e Paul Scott publicaram no Miami News que Goulart havia enviado uma mensagem secreta a Fidel Castro, na qual teria citado “um apelo de emergência de Washington”. O texto acrescentava que Goulart teria dito a Fidel que, se as vidas dos prisioneiros fossem poupadas, “Kennedy continuaria a seguir uma política de 'não intervenção' estrita nos assuntos internos de Cuba". A previsão se provou falsa; ainda em março, Kennedy aprovou a operação Mongoose, com o objetivo de derrubar o regime cubano.

No final do artigo, o historiador Hershberg afirma que o episódio “ofereceu ao governo Kennedy um lembrete oportuno da utilidade potencial da Embaixada do Brasil em Havana — ao contrário dos desejos de alguns funcionários linha-dura dos EUA, que preferiam que o Brasil simplesmente cortasse relações diplomáticas com Cuba”.

Em outubro de 1962, Kennedy ainda buscaria intermediação diplomática do Brasil durante a crise dos mísseis nucleares. As relações entre as partes se deterioriam com o tempo, e, em 1963, Kennedy consideraria apoiar um golpe contra Jango, para evitar "o surgimento de uma nova Cuba no hemisfério". A utilidade do Brasil para negociar com Havana chegaria ao fim com o golpe de 1964, apoiado por Washington.

Segundo Hershberg, antes disso, contudo, o Brasil “pode ter desempenhado um papel importante na limitação do confronto entre EUA e Cuba em um momento perigoso, influenciando Fidel a salvaguardar e, eventualmente, libertar os prisioneiros da Baía dos Porcos (...) evitando assim um ato que poderia muito bem ter desencadeado uma crise e potencialmente uma intervenção militar dos EUA 

==============

Zelikow response to National Security Archive: Saving the Bay of Pigs Prisoners: Did JFK Send a Secret Warning to Fidel Castro – through Brazil?

by Philip Zelikow
H-Diplo, May 1, 2021

Jim Hershberg's useful documentary compilation adds important context to a critical, yet largely overlooked, episode in President John F. Kennedy's thinking about Fidel Castro and Cuba in March-April 1962. At this time Kennedy made it clear to the leader of the Cuban exiles that the U.S. would not invade Cuba to help them overthrow Castro's government. This news deflated hopes among the exiles, causing considerable anger. Hershberg's work adds a vital clue about why Kennedy took this stance at that time.

In the National Security Archive's new briefing book (#758, 29 April 2021), Hershberg posts documents explaining that, in late March 1962, Kennedy and his key Latin American aide, Dick Goodwin, were very concerned that Castro's government was about to execute a group of Cuban rebels that had been captured in the failed CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. These executions would inflame American opinion against Castro. 

On March 16, Kennedy reviewed the guidelines for the CIA program against Castro, Operation Mongoose, He allowed contingency plans to proceed but "expressed skepticism that in so far as can now be foreseen circumstances will arise that would justify and make desirable the use of American forces for overt military action." [Ed. note, "Guidelines for Operation Mongoose," _FRUS_ 1961-1963, vol. 10, doc. 314]. 

On March 28 or 29, the head of the Cuban exiles and their Cuban Revolutionary Council, Jose Miro Cardona, met at the White House with Kennedy's national security adviser, McGeorge Bundy. Hershberg notes this meeting and their discussion about Castro's possible execution of the captives. Cardona and his colleagues pleaded for enough help to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. Bundy pushed back. He told them that any such action had to be decisive and complete. That meant open involvement of U.S. armed forces. "This," he said, "would mean open war against Cuba which in the U.S. judgment was not advisable in the present international situation." Cardona did not like this answer. He regarded Bundy's stance as "polite but cold." [Memcon, 29 March 1962, _FRUS_ 1961-1963, vol. 10, doc. 317 (drafted on March 13, according to the _FRUS_ editors, but this seems unlikely; Cardona, the next year, dated the meeting as occurring on March 28); Cardona resignation letter, 9 April 1963, Wilson Center Digital Archive]. 

On March 29, there was a meeting of the overseers of the CIA Mongoose program. This was a disagreeable meeting in which it was agreed that the U.S. might arrange some deal to get release of the Cuban captives, offering U.S. supplies of food. This decision overrode the objections of the CIA director, John McCone, and the CIA's Mongoose manager, William Harvey. McCone was frustrated at this time, pushing for American military intervention in Cuba. [Memo for the Record, _FRUS_, vol. 10, doc. 318, also doc 319].

Enter Hershberg's findings. Hershberg explains that Dick Goodwin (whom the Cuban exiles disliked) was managing the issue of how to save the captives. The same day, March 29, Bundy and Goodwin agreed that Goodwin would approach Brazil's leader, who was about to visit the White House, and seek his help. Goodwin worked this through the Brazilian ambassador on March 30. In that meeting, Goodwin explained how the executions of the captives would inflame American opinion at a time when Kennedy felt American opinion was "getting more tranquil and less emotional in relation to Cuba." [Hershberg text accompanying note 27, referring to doc. 9 in his EBB].

On April 2, Brazil's president, Joao Goulart, publicly appealed to Castro to spare the captives. Hershberg notes that a pair of journalists for the _Miami News_ later disclosed that this public appeal was accompanied by a secret message from Brazil to Cuba, coming out of the Goodwin channel. In this secret message, the Brazilians reportedly relayed Goodwin's message that execution might cause a harsh U.S. reaction, while clemency might tilt Kennedy against intervention. [Hershberg text accompanying notes 34-37].

On April 8, Cuba announced the sentence -- the captives would be spared. What later ensued was a set of negotiations involving the U.S. lawyer James Donovan, working with Goodwin, that did eventually produce a deal that exchanged American goods for the release of the Cuban captives.

Hershberg speculates about the significance of this secret U.S. offer relayed through Brazil. But he does not comment on the immediate sequel, which certainly adds credence to his speculation.

Two other journalists at the _Miami News_ had arranged for the frustrated head of the Cuban exiles, Cardona, to meet with Robert Kennedy. He promised help on the captives. He arranged for Cardona and his colleagues to meet directly with President Kennedy, on April 10.

On April 10, Cardona met with JFK for an hour. Robert Kennedy and Goodwin were there. A year later, Cardona claimed that JFK had urged the Cubans to keep training their forces, that "your destiny is to suffer" but "do not waver." [Cardona resignation letter, April 1963]. Goodwin's record at the time is different. At this meeting, Kennedy specifically rebuffed Cardona's plea that the U.S. commit itself to intervene in support of another rebel invasion. [Goodwin to JFK, 14 April 1962, and Passavoy to Record, "Topics Discussed during Meeting of Dr. Miro Cardona with the President," 25 April 1962, both in NSF, box 45, Cuba: Subjects, Miro Cardona, Material sent to Palm Beach, JFK Library]. The _FRUS_ editors unfortunately did not include these documents, which record the only meeting in 1962 between JFK and the leader of the Cuban exiles. I published this information in 1999 [_Essence of Decision_, Pearson, revised edition, with Graham Allison, 84 and 132, n. 26) and 2000 ("American Policy in Cuba, 1961-1963," _Diplomatic History_, 24:2, 321)].

There is no question that Kennedy's deflating message to Cardona reinforced what the State Department's Cuban desk officer called the "deep sense of frustration and impatience" in the Cuban exile community "over what it considers 'inactivity' regarding the overthrow of the Castro regime." Cardona came under internal attack because he had "failed to convince the United States to embark on a military operations program." Cardona considered resigning. [Hurwitch to Martin, 19 April 1962, _FRUS_, doc. 329].

In sum, if Hershberg's findings are added to the wider context -- Kennedy's March-April 1962 rejection of both Cuban exile and CIA pleas for a more aggressive U.S. policy against Castro -- his hypothesis seems right. Kennedy, through Goodwin and with the help of the Brazilians, does appear to have communicated, accurately, that Castro's decision on whether to spare the captives was coming at a pivotal moment in U.S. policy, and could reinforce a growing trend against direct U.S. intervention.

It is also important to notice that Castro's intelligence service had penetrated the Cuban exile community and therefore was presumably well aware of their unease and frustration about U.S. plans. According to senior former Cuban intelligence officials, at this time, in April-May 1962, Cuban intelligence concluded that it did not fear a U.S. invasion of Cuba. And the Soviet leadership had already approved, on April 12, a strong defensive arms package for Cuba, despite Castro's actions against the pro-Soviet leader of Cuba's Communist Party. 

Thus, when Khrushchev decided more than a month later, at the end of May, to deploy a force of ballistic missiles to Cuba, Castro assumed that the Soviet leader was doing this for other, global, reasons. I have argued elsewhere that these had much to do with the final phase of the Berlin crisis. This background helps explain why the KGB resident in Havana thought Castro would say no to the Soviet missile request. But, in fact, Castro was willing to take the missiles out of a sense of socialist solidarity. [On the Cuban intelligence views, see Domingo Amuchastegui, "Cuban Intelligence and the October Crisis," in James Blight and David Welch, eds., _Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis_ (Routledge, 1988); see generally the revised _Essence of Decision_, 84-88, including the cited recollections of Fidel Castro himself and other Cuban leaders compiled between 1989 and 1992]. 

Hershberg's findings about the U.S.-Brazilian diplomacy and Castro's well-judged decision to spare the Bay of Pigs captives thus add an important new layer of understanding to this fascinating story.

Philip Zelikow
University of Virginia


segunda-feira, 14 de maio de 2018

Mocao de louvor das esquerdas a CIA - Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Moção de louvor das esquerdas à CIA

Paulo Roberto de Almeida


Em nome das esquerdas em geral (mas não autorizado por elas), as organizações, partidos e movimentos seguintes, mas não limitados a eles, PCB (ou o que restou dele), PCdoB, PCBR, PT, PSOL, PSTU, PCO, antigos movimentos guerrilheiros (ALN, VPR, MRE-8, VAR-Palmares, Colina, Destacamento do Araguaia, Grupo dos Onze, etc., etc., etc.), neobolcheviques esquizofrênicos de todos os matizes (MST, MTST, etc., etc.), veem a público declarar sua satisfação (desculpando-se pelo tardio da hora) e emitir esta nota de louvor e de reconhecimento enfático à excelente organização profissional que é a CIA, que sempre foi, e que continua sendo (com alguns deslizes, claro, que ninguém é perfeito), pela exposição fiel, objetiva, clara e inegável da verdade histórica dos fatos que cercam ainda o submundo da repressão a todos os companheiros torturados, mortos e desaparecidos nos anos de chumbo da ditadura militar.
A gratidão de todos nós (ou seja, das esquerdas, que continuam alopradas), à CIA, ao Departamento de Estado, ao imperialismo americano (ainda assim democrático e liberal), por essa demonstração cabal de que a verdade histórica acaba prevalecendo contra ventos e marés (aliás, até mesmo contra a nossa versão dos fatos, quando pretendemos fraudulentamente que estávamos lutando pela democracia, quando de fato estávamos empenhados em criar uma ditadura do proletariado no Brasil, um horroroso regime stalinista, do qual nos salvaram os militares, a CIA, o imperialismo americano, etc., etc., etc.).
Impossibilitados de vir a público decentemente para emitir esta nota de louvor à CIA e para reconhecer nossos erros e grandes equívocos do passado, que nem a Comissão da (Meia)Verdade foi capaz de reconhecer (o fato de que fomos nós que provocamos a "tigrada" dos quarteis), delegamos a alguém mais conectado na verdade do que nas fantasias de direita e de esquerda, este encargo de sinceramente reconhecer o papel positivo, objetivamente fiel aos fatos, intelectualmente honesto, altamente profissional, da CIA e de todas essas agências imperialistas, que mesmo tardiamente, acabam por completar o teatro de sombras sob o qual ainda vive o Brasil.
As esquerdas agradecem ao autor destas linhas (direitistas: abstei-vos de comentários indesejados e equivocados, p.f.)

Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Brasília, 12 de maio de 2018


1.     Home 
2.      Historical Documents 
4.     Document 99
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1969–1976, VOLUME E–11, PART 2, DOCUMENTS ON SOUTH AMERICA, 1973–1976
99. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Colby to Secretary of State Kissinger 1
Washington, April 11, 1974.
SUBJECT
·      Decision by Brazilian President Ernesto Geisel To Continue the Summary Execution of Dangerous Subversives Under Certain Conditions
1. [1 paragraph (7 lines) not declassified]
2. On 30 March 1974, Brazilian President Ernesto Geisel met with General Milton Tavares de Souza (called General Milton) and General Confucio Danton de Paula Avelino, respectively the outgoing and incoming chiefs of the Army Intelligence Center (CIE). Also present was General Joao Baptista Figueiredo, Chief of the Brazilian National Intelligence Service (SNI).
3. General Milton, who did most of the talking, outlined the work of the CIE against the internal subversive target during the administration of former President Emilio Garrastazu Médici. He emphasized that Brazil cannot ignore the subversive and terrorist threat, and he said that extra-legal methods should continue to be employed against dangerous subversives. In this regard, General Milton said that about 104 persons in this category had been summarily executed by the CIE during the past year or so. Figueiredo supported this policy and urged its continuance.
4. The President, who commented on the seriousness and potentially prejudicial aspects of this policy, said that he wanted to ponder the matter during the weekend before arriving at any decision on [Page 279]whether it should continue. On 1 April, President Geisel told General Figueiredo that the policy should continue, but that great care should be taken to make certain that only dangerous subversives were executed. The President and General Figueiredo agreed that when the CIE apprehends a person who might fall into this category, the CIE chief will consult with General Figueiredo, whose approval must be given before the person is executed. The President and General Figueiredo also agreed that the CIE is to devote almost its entire effort to internal subversion, and that the overall CIE effort is to be coordinated by General Figueiredo.
5. [1 paragraph (12½ lines) not declassified]
6. A copy of this memorandum is being made available to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. [1½ lines not declassified] No further distribution is being made.
W.E. Colby

1.Summary: Colby reported that President Geisel planned to continue Médici’s policy of using extra legal means against subversives but would limit executions to the most dangerous subversives and terrorists.
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of the Director of Central Intelligence, Job 80M01048A: Subject Files, Box 1, Folder 29: B–10: Brazil. Secret; [handling restriction not declassified]. According to a stamped notation, David H. Blee signed for Colby. Drafted by Phillips, [names not declassified] on April 9. The line for the concurrence of the Deputy Director for Operations is blank.

domingo, 13 de maio de 2018

CIA: documento liberado revela que ditadura militar ordenou execucoes sumarias de opositores

Quem redigiu o documento, ou seja, o agente da CIA, Philips, que recolheu o relato, absolutamente verdadeiro, de um dos participantes da reunião citada, hoje falecido, veio a ser sogro de um diplomata brasileiro, também já falecido,assim como sua esposa, filha do citado agente.
Eu poderia apostar quem fez o relato ao americano, mas prefiro não fazê-lo.
Quem liberou o documento foi o Office of the Historian, ou seja, o historiador oficial do Departamento de Estado, um cargo que deveria existir no Itamaraty, igualmente, mas que não se cogita criar. Essa série, US Foreign Relations, é uma das melhores coisas que existem na democracia americana, por vezes revelando coisas altamente sensíveis do ponto de vista da diplomacia americana e da atuação de seus "órgãos especiais".
O documento foi revelado em primeira mão para o Brasil pelo historiador Matias Spektor, da FGV-SP, a quem aproveito para saudar pelo seu excelente ativismo na prospecção de documentos históricos desse tipo.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1969–1976, VOLUME E–11, PART 2, DOCUMENTS ON SOUTH AMERICA, 1973–1976
99. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Colby to Secretary of State Kissinger 1
WashingtonApril 11, 1974.
SUBJECT
·         Decision by Brazilian President Ernesto Geisel To Continue the Summary Execution of Dangerous Subversives Under Certain Conditions
1. [1 paragraph (7 lines) not declassified]
2. On 30 March 1974, Brazilian President Ernesto Geisel met with General Milton Tavares de Souza (called General Milton) and General Confucio Danton de Paula Avelino, respectively the outgoing and incoming chiefs of the Army Intelligence Center (CIE). Also present was General Joao Baptista Figueiredo, Chief of the Brazilian National Intelligence Service (SNI).
3. General Milton, who did most of the talking, outlined the work of the CIE against the internal subversive target during the administration of former President Emilio Garrastazu Médici. He emphasized that Brazil cannot ignore the subversive and terrorist threat, and he said that extra-legal methods should continue to be employed against dangerous subversives. In this regard, General Milton said that about 104 persons in this category had been summarily executed by the CIE during the past year or so. Figueiredo supported this policy and urged its continuance.
4. The President, who commented on the seriousness and potentially prejudicial aspects of this policy, said that he wanted to ponder the matter during the weekend before arriving at any decision on [Page 279]whether it should continue. On 1 April, President Geisel told General Figueiredo that the policy should continue, but that great care should be taken to make certain that only dangerous subversives were executed. The President and General Figueiredo agreed that when the CIE apprehends a person who might fall into this category, the CIE chief will consult with General Figueiredo, whose approval must be given before the person is executed. The President and General Figueiredo also agreed that the CIE is to devote almost its entire effort to internal subversion, and that the overall CIE effort is to be coordinated by General Figueiredo.
5. [1 paragraph (12½ lines) not declassified]
6. A copy of this memorandum is being made available to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. [1½ lines not declassified] No further distribution is being made.
W.E. Colby

1.  Summary: Colby reported that President Geisel planned to continue Médici’s policy of using extra legal means against subversives but would limit executions to the most dangerous subversives and terrorists.
Source: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of the Director of Central Intelligence, Job 80M01048A: Subject Files, Box 1, Folder 29: B–10: Brazil. Secret; [handling restriction not declassified]. According to a stamped notation, David H. Blee signed for Colby. Drafted by Phillips, [names not declassified] on April 9. The line for the concurrence of the Deputy Director for Operations is blank.


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Addendum, em 16/05/2018: 

Geisel quis controlar repressão, dizem EUA

Em 1976, embaixada americana diz que presidente buscou estabelecer limites sobre órgão do Exército

Um telegrama norte-americano reforça trecho do memorando da CIA de 1974 no qual o então diretor da agência, William Colby, disse que o general e então presidente Ernesto Geisel (1974-1979) buscaria ter o controle sobre o principal órgão de repressão do Exército, o CIE (Centro de Informações do Exército).
O telegrama, enviado ao Departamento de Estado em 1976, integra o mesmo lote de documentos liberados pelo governo dos EUA em dezembro de 2015 no qual o professor da FGV e colunista da Folha Matias Spektor localizou o memorando que informava que Geisel avalizou assassinatos de adversários do governo.
Assinado pelo então embaixador dos EUA em Brasília, John Crimmins, o telegrama diz que o novo chefe do CIE, general Antonio da Silva Campos, “está no cargo há menos de um ano e parece ser a escolha do presidente Geisel para apertar o controle sobre a agência-chave de segurança no Brasil que atuou no passado com considerável autonomia e foi associada a algumas violações de direitos humanos”.
Diz ainda que, apesar da “determinação de Geisel de encerrar os maus-tratos, [o CIE] ainda não perdeu, aos olhos do público, sua associação com os antigos abusos aos direitos humanos”.
O telegrama discutia a possibilidade de o governo norte-americano convidar Campos para uma visita secreta aos EUA. 
O embaixador disse aos seus superiores que não estava muito confortável para fazer o convite porque o Brasil participava naquele momento da “Operação Condor”, uma associação entre ditaduras latino-americanas para localizar e matar opositores fora de seus países e na Europa. 
Segundo o embaixador, a visita do chefe do CIE poderia ser interpretada por países-membros da Condor como um aval dos EUA à operação.
O telegrama corrobora o entendimento de parte de historiadores e jornalistas que pesquisaram o período segundo os quais Geisel trabalhou para a abertura do regime militar, mas ao mesmo tempo tinha conhecimento de assassinatos extrajudiciais e manteve a repressão, agora sob controle mais estrito do Palácio do Planalto.
Em outro documento que integra o mesmo lote de papéis liberados em 2015 há mais um memorando produzido pela CIA que novamente indica uma proximidade com figuras-chave do governo, os generais João Baptista Figueiredo, então chefe do SNI (Serviço Nacional de Informações), e Golbery do Couto e Silva, então chefe do gabinete civil de Geisel.
O documento não aponta a fonte da informação, mas sugere que podem ter sido os próprios generais. “Eles [Figueiredo e Golbery] expressaram o seguinte: que a política de ‘descompressão’ (permitindo uma atividade política mais ampla) é um objetivo do governo e está próxima. Ela será cautelosa e medida. A oposição e outros [atores] terão que se comportar de maneira responsável.”
O papel foi assinado pelo general Vernon Walters (1917-2002), então vice-diretor da CIA, que tinha contatos estreitos com os principais militares brasileiros e foi um ativo conspirador no golpe de 1964 no Brasil, onde trabalhara como adido militar da embaixada norte-americana. 
O telegrama de Walters é de 25 de julho de 1974, três meses depois do memorando da CIA revelado na semana passada, no que o então diretor da agência, William Colby, informou ao secretário de Estado Henry Kissinger os detalhes de uma reunião que envolveu Geisel e Figueiredo.
O documento assinado por Walters mostra que a CIA continuou tendo acesso a dados da alta cúpula da inteligência militar da ditadura. O militar aparenta ter discutido com Figueiredo e Golbery tema econômico de interesse imediato dos americanos, a exploração de petróleo.
“O Brasil percebeu que o monopólio da exploração do petróleo pela Petrobras não vai gerar novos campos.

Em cerca de um ano eles vão alterar a legislação em vigor de forma a permitir que os EUA e a Europa ocidental participem, pois só eles têm a tecnologia necessária. Essa é uma ruptura com um duradouro mito nacionalista e levará um ano para que jovens oficiais e outros sejam educados a fim de aceitar a necessidade fundamental de permitir a participação estrangeira na prospecção de petróleo. Este é um passo muito expressivo”, escreveu Walters.

quinta-feira, 15 de fevereiro de 2018

CIA e as ameaças aos EUA da AL; Brasil nao citado

A CIA acaba de publicar um relatório sobre as ameaças aos Estados Unidos, vindos de todas as partes, e são muitas: todo mundo quer prejudicar os EUA, por isso eles gastam aquela fortuna em prevenção, depois em "correção", eventualmente de "eliminação" dessas ameaças.
A América Latina é citada algumas vezes, mas não o Brasil, o que não é necessariamente uma boa coisa, pois tampouco nos consideram um aliado na eliminação das ameaças à "civilização americana", ou ocidental, ou às democracias de mercados, etc.
Eis o relatório, que pode ser encontrado na Internet:



Se você está preocupado com a sua segurança, ou com a segurança do Trump, talvez até dos Estados Unidos, procure ler o relatório, neste link:
https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf

quarta-feira, 24 de agosto de 2016

Brasil 1962-1964: documentos americanos sobre o processo politico nos anos Goulart - Dept. State, CIA, etc.

Graças a meu amigo James Herschberg, e ao embaixador Rubens Ricupero, minha atenção foi despertada para este conjunto de documentos americanos, referenciados abaixo, com uma ênfase na dramática conversação entre Robert Kennedy, enviado especial do seu irmão, presidente John F. Kennedy, e o presidente João Goulart. 
O relato foi feito pelo embaixador Lincoln Gordon, uma vez que nenhum outro interlocutor brasileiro esteve presente, sequer como "note taker" (Goulart não queria testemunhas brasileiros, talvez por desconfiar do Itamaraty, ou por não desejar que nenhum outro brasileiro ouvisse o que ele iria dizer, sinceramente ou não, ao enviado especial, já num processo de desgaste inevitável de Goulart junto aos americanos).
O National Security Archive, projeto mantido pela George Washington University, mantém dezenas, centenas, milhares de documentos como estes, liberados pelas autoridades americanos, ou a pedido do NSA, usando o FOIA (Freedom of Information Act).
Aproveitem. Todos os links estão devidamente transcritos por inteiro.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida 



Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup
On 50th anniversary, Archive posts new Kennedy Tape Transcripts on coup plotting against Brazilian President Joao Goulart
Robert Kennedy characterized Goulart as a "wily politician" who "figures he's got us by the ---."
Declassified White House records chart genesis of regime change effort in Brazil
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 465
Posted April 2, 2014
Edited by James G. Hershberg and Peter Kornbluh
For more information contact:
James G. Hershberg, 202/302-5718
Peter Kornbluh, 202/374-7281

nsarchiv@gwu.edu

Washington, DC, April 2, 2014 Almost two years before the April 1, 1964, military takeover in Brazil, President Kennedy and his top aides began seriously discussing the option of overthrowing Joao Goulart's government, according to Presidential tape transcripts posted by the National Security Archive on the 50th anniversary of the coup d'tat. "What kind of liaison do we have with the military?" Kennedy asked top aides in July 1962. In March 1963, he instructed them: "We've got to do something about Brazil."
The tape transcripts advance the historical record on the U.S. role in deposing Goulart — a record which remains incomplete half a century after he fled into exile in Uruguay on April 1, 1964. "The CIA's clandestine political destabilization operations against Goulart between 1961 and 1964 are the black hole of this history," according to the Archive's Brazil Documentation Project director, Peter Kornbluh, who called on the Obama administration to declassify the still secret intelligence files on Brazil from both the Johnson and Kennedy administrations.
Revelations on the secret U.S. role in Brazil emerged in the mid 1970s, when the Lyndon Johnson Presidential library began declassifying Joint Chiefs of Staff records on "Operation Brother Sam" — President Johnson's authorization for the U.S. military to covertly and overtly supply arms, ammunition, gasoline and, if needed, combat troops if the military's effort to overthrow Goulart met with strong resistance. On the 40th anniversary of the coup, the National Security Archive posted audio files of Johnson giving the green light for military operations to secure the success of the coup once it started.
"I think we ought to take every step that we can, be prepared to do everything that we need to do," President Johnson instructed his aides regarding U.S. support for a coup as the Brazilian military moved against Goulart on March 31, 1964.
But Johnson inherited his anti-Goulart, pro-coup policy from his predecessor, John F. Kennedy. Over the last decade, declassified NSC records and recently transcribed White House tapes have revealed the evolution of Kennedy's decision to create a coup climate and, when conditions permitted, overthrow Goulart if he did not yield to Washington's demand that he stop "playing" with what Kennedy called "ultra-radical anti-Americans" in Brazil's government. During White House meetings on July 30, 1962, and on March 8 and 0ctober 7, 1963, Kennedy's secret Oval Office taping system recorded the attitude and arguments of the highest U.S. officials as they strategized how to force Goulart to either purge leftists in his government and alter his nationalist economic and foreign policies or be forced out by a U.S.-backed putsch.
Indeed, the very first Oval Office meeting that Kennedy secretly taped, on July 30, 1962, addressed the situation in Brazil. "I think one of our important jobs is to strengthen the spine of the military," U.S. Ambassador Lincoln Gordon told the President and his advisor, Richard Goodwin. "To make clear, discreetly, that we are not necessarily hostile to any kind of military action whatsoever if it's clear that the reason for the military action is…[Goulart's] giving the country away to the...," "Communists," as the president finished his sentence. During this pivotal meeting, the President and his men decided to upgrade contacts with the Brazilian military by bringing in a new US military attaché-Lt. Col. Vernon Walters who eventually became the key covert actor in the preparations for the coup. "We may very well want them [the Brazilian military] to take over at the end of the year," Goodwin suggested, "if they can." (Document 1)
By the end of 1962, the Kennedy administration had indeed determined that a coup would advance U.S. interests if the Brazilian military could be mobilized to move. The Kennedy White House was particularly upset about Goulart's independent foreign policy positions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Although Goulart had assisted Washington's efforts to avoid nuclear Armageddon by acting as a back channel intermediary between Kennedy and Castro — a top secret initiative uncovered by George Washington University historian James G. Hershberg — Goulart was deemed insufficiently supportive of U.S. efforts to ostracize Cuba at the Organization of American States. On December 13, Kennedy told former Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek that the situation in Brazil "worried him more than that in Cuba."
On December 11, 1962, the Executive Committee (EXCOMM) of the National Security Council met to evaluate three policy alternatives on Brazil: A. "do nothing and allow the present drift to continue; B. collaborate with Brazilian elements hostile to Goulart with a view to bringing about his overthrow; C. seek to change the political and economic orientation of Goulart and his government." [link to document 2] Option C was deemed "the only feasible present approach" because opponents of Goulart lacked the "capacity and will to overthrow" him and Washington did not have "a near future U.S. capability to stimulate [a coup] operation successfully." Fomenting a coup, however "must be kept under active and continuous consideration," the NSC options paper recommended.
Acting on these recommendations, President Kennedy dispatched a special envoy — his brother Robert — to issue a face-to-face de facto ultimatum to Goulart. Robert Kennedy met with Goulart at the Palacio do Alvarada in Brazilia on December 17, 1962. During the three-hour meeting, RFK advised Goulart that the U.S. had "the gravest doubts" about positive future relations with Brazil, given the "signs of Communist or extreme left-wing nationalists infiltration into civilian government positions," and the opposition to "American policies and interests as a regular rule." As Goulart issued a lengthy defense of his policies, Kennedy passed a note to Ambassador Gordon stating: "We seem to be getting no place." The attorney general would later say that he came away from the meeting convinced that Goulart was "a Brazilian Jimmy Hoffa."
Kennedy and his top aides met once again on March 7, 1963, to decide how to handle the pending visit of the Brazilian finance minister, Santiago Dantas. In preparation for the meeting, Ambassador Gordon submitted a long memo to the president recommending that if it proved impossible to convince Goulart to modify his leftist positions, the U.S. work "to prepare the most promising possible environment for his replacement by a more desirable regime." (Document 5) The tape of this meeting (partially transcribed here for the first time by James Hershberg) focused on Goulart's continuing leftward drift. Robert Kennedy urged the President to be more forceful toward Goulart: He wanted his brother to make it plain "that this is something that's very serious with us, we're not fooling around about it, we're giving him some time to make these changes but we can't continue this forever." The Brazilian leader, he continued, "struck me as the kind of wily politician who's not the smartest man in the world ... he figures that he's got us by the---and that he can play it both ways, that he can make the little changes, he can make the arrangements with IT&T and then we give him some money and he doesn't have to really go too far." He exhorted the president to "personally" clarify to Goulart that he "can't have the communists and put them in important positions and make speeches criticizing the United States and at the same time get 225-[2]50 million dollars from the United States. He can't have it both ways."
As the CIA continued to report on various plots against Goulart in Brazil, the economic and political situation deteriorated. When Kennedy convened his aides again on October 7, he wondered aloud if the U.S. would need to overtly depose Goulart: "Do you see a situation where we might be—find it desirable to intervene militarily ourselves?" The tape of the October 7 meeting — a small part of which was recently publicized by Brazilian journalist Elio Gaspari, but now transcribed at far greater length here by Hershberg — contains a detailed discussion of various scenarios in which Goulart would be forced to leave. Ambassador Gordon urged the president to prepare contingency plans for providing ammunition or fuel to pro-U.S. factions of the military if fighting broke out. "I would not want us to close our minds to the possibility of some kind of discreet intervention," Gordon told President Kennedy, "which would help see the right side win."
Under Gordon's supervision, over the next few weeks the U.S. embassy in Brazil prepared a set of contingency plans with what a transmission memorandum, dated November 22, 1963, described as "a heavy emphasis on armed intervention." Assassinated in Dallas on that very day, President Kennedy would never have the opportunity to evaluate, let alone implement, these options.
But in mid-March 1964, when Goulart's efforts to bolster his political powers in Brazil alienated his top generals, the Johnson administration moved quickly to support and exploit their discontent-and be in the position to assure their success. "The shape of the problem," National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy told a meeting of high-level officials three days before the coup, "is such that we should not be worrying that the [Brazilian] military will react; we should be worrying that the military will not react."
"We don't want to watch Brazil dribble down the drain," the CIA, White House and State Department officials determined, according to the Top Secret meeting summary, "while we stand around waiting for the [next] election."


THE DOCUMENTS
Document 1: White House, Transcript of Meeting between President Kennedy, Ambassador Lincoln Gordon and Richard Goodwin, July 30, 1962. (Published in The Presidential Recordings of John F. Kennedy, The Great Crises, Volume One (W.W. Norton), edited by Timothy Naftali, October 2001.)
The very first Oval Office meeting ever secretly taped by President Kennedy took place on July 30, 1962 and addressed the situation in Brazil and what to do about its populist president, Joao Goulart. The recording — it was transcribed and published in book The Presidential Recordings of John F. Kennedy, The Great Crises, Volume One — captures a discussion between the President, top Latin America aide Richard Goodwin and U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Lincoln Gordon about beginning to set the stage for a future military coup in Brazil. The President and his men make a pivotal decision to appoint a new U.S. military attaché to become a liaison with the Brazilian military, and Lt. Col. Vernon Walters is identified. Walters later becomes the key covert player in the U.S. support for the coup. "We may very well want them [the Brazilian military] to take over at the end of the year," Goodwin suggests, "if they can."

Document 2: NSC, Memorandum, "U.S. Short-Term policy Toward Brazil," Secret, December 11, 1962
In preparation for a meeting of the Executive Committee (EXCOMM) of the National Security Council, the NSC drafted an options paper with three policy alternatives on Brazil: A. "do nothing and allow the present drift to continue; B. collaborate with Brazilian elements hostile to Goulart with a view to bringing about his overthrow; C. seek to change the political and economic orientation of Goulart and his government." Option C was deemed "the only feasible present approach" because opponents of Goulart lacked the "capacity and will to overthrow" him and Washington did not have "a near future U.S. capability to stimulate [a coup] operation successfully." Fomenting a coup, however "must be kept under active and continuous consideration," the NSC options paper recommended. If Goulart continued to move leftward, "the United States should be ready to shift rapidly and effectively to…collaboration with friendly democratic elements, including the great majority of military officer corps, to unseat President Goulart."
 
Document 3: NSC, "Minutes of the National Security Council Executive Committee Meeting, Meeting No. 35," Secret, December 11, 1962
The minutes of the EXCOMM meeting record that President Kennedy accepted the recommendation that U.S. policy "seek to change the political and economic orientation of Goulart and his government."

Document 4: U.S. Embassy, Rio de Janeiro, Airgram A-710, "Minutes of Conversation between Brazilian President Joao Goulart and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Brasilia, 17 December 1962," December 19, 1962
In line with JFK's decision at the Excom meeting on December 11 to have "representative sent specially" to talk to Goulart, the president's brother made a hastily-prepared journey to "confront" the Brazilian leader over the issues that had increasingly concerned and irritated Washington-from his chaotic management of Brazil's economy and expropriation of U.S. corporations such as IT&T, to his lukewarm support during the Cuban missile crisis and flirtation with the Soviet bloc to, most alarming, his allegedly excessive toleration of far left and even communist elements in the government, military, society, and even his inner circle. Accompanied by US ambassador Lincoln Gordon, RFK met for more than three hours with Goulart in the new inland capital of Brasília at the modernistic lakeside presidential residence, the Palácio do Alvorada. A 17-page memorandum of conversation, drafted by Amb. Gordon, recorded the Attorney General presenting his list of complaints: the "many signs of Communist or extreme left-wing nationalists infiltration" into civilian government, military, trade union, and student group leaderships, and Goulart's personal failure to take a public stand against the "violently anti-American" statements emanating from "influential Brazilians" both in and out of his government, or to embrace Kennedy's Alliance for Progress. Turning to economic issues, he said his brother was "very deeply worried at the deterioration" in recent months, from rampant inflation to the disappearance of reserves, and called on Goulart to get his "economic and financial house in order." Surmounting these obstacles to progress, RFK stressed, could mark a "turning point in relations between Brazil and the U.S. and in the whole future of Latin America and of the free world." When Goulart defended his policies, Kennedy scribbled a note to Ambassador Gordon: "We seem to be getting no place." JFK's emissary voiced his fear "that President Goulart had not fully understood the nature of President Kennedy's concern about the present situation and prospects."
 
Document 5: Department of State, Memorandum to Mr. McGeorge Bundy, "Political Considerations Affecting U.S. Assistance to Brazil," Secret, March 7, 1963
In preparation for another key Oval office meeting on Brazil, the Department of State transmitted two briefing papers, including a memo to the president from Amb. Gordon titled "Brazilian Political Developments and U.S. Assistance." The latter briefing paper (attached to the first document) was intended to assist the President in deciding how to handle the visit of Brazilian Finance Minister San Tiago Dantas to Washington. Gordon cited continuing problems with Goulart's "equivocal, with neutralist overtones" foreign policy, and the "communist and other extreme nationalist, far left wing, and anti-American infiltration in important civilian and military posts with the government."
 
Document 6: Excerpts from John F. Kennedy's conversation regarding Brazil with U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Lincoln Gordon on Friday March 8, 1963 (Meeting 77.1, President's Office Files, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston)
On March 8, 1963, a few days before Dantas' arrived, JFK reviewed the state of US-Brazilian relations with his top advisors, including Secretary of State Dean Rusk, his ambassador to Brazil, Lincoln Gordon, and his brother Robert. Unofficially transcribed here by James G. Hershberg (with assistance from Marc Selverstone and David Coleman) this is apparently the first time that it has been published since the tape recording was released more than a decade ago by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston. As the comments by Rusk, Gordon, and RFK make clear, deep dissatisfaction with Goulart persisted. "Brazil is a country that we can't possibly turn away from," Secretary of State Rusk told the president. "Whatever happens there is going to be of decisive importance to the hemisphere." Rusk frankly acknowledged that the situation wasn't yet so bad as to justify Goulart's overthrow to "all the non-communists or non-totalitarian Brazilians," nor to justify a "clear break" between Washington and Rio that would be understood throughout the hemisphere. Instead, the strategy for the time being was to continue cooperation with Goulart's government while raising pressure on him to improve his behavior, particularly his tolerance of far-leftist, anti-United States, and even communist associates-to, in JFK's words, "string out" aid in order to "put the screws" on him. The president's brother, in particular, clearly did not feel that Goulart had followed through since their meeting a few months earlier on his vows to put a lid on anti-U.S. expressions or make personnel changes to remove some of the most egregiously leftist figures in his administration. Goulart, stated RFK, "struck me as the kind of wily politician who's not the smartest man in the world but very sensitive to this [domestic political] area, that he figures that he's got us by the---and that he can play it both ways, that he can make the little changes…and then we give him some money and he doesn't have to really go too far."

Document 7: CIA, Current Intelligence Memorandum, "Plotting Against Goulart," Secret, March 8, 1963
For more than two years before the April 1, 1964 coup, the CIA transmitted intelligence reports on various coup plots. The plot, described in this memo as "the best-developed plan," is being considered by former minister of war, Marshal Odylio Denys. In a clear articulation of U.S. concerns about the need for a successful coup, the CIA warned that "a premature coup effort by the Brazilian military would be likely to bring a strong reaction from Goulart and the cashiering of those officers who are most friendly to the United States."
 
Document 8: State Department, Latin American Policy Committee, "Approved Short-Term Policy in Brazil," Secret, October 3, 1963
In early October, the State Department's Latin America Policy Committee approved a "short term" draft policy statement on Brazil for consideration by President Kennedy and the National Security Council. Compared to the review in March, the situation has deteriorated drastically, according to Washington's point of view, in large measure due to Goulart's "agitation," unstable leadership, and increasing reliance on leftist forces. In its reading of the current and prospective situation, defining American aims, and recommending possible lines of action for the United States, the statement explicitly considered, albeit somewhat ambiguously, the U.S. attitude toward a possible coup to topple Goulart. "Barring clear indications of serious likelihood of a political takeover by elements subservient to and supported by a foreign government, it would be against U.S. policy to intervene directly or indirectly in support of any move to overthrow the Goulart regime. In the event of a threatened foreign-government-affiliated political takeover, consideration of courses of action would be directed more broadly but directly to the threatened takeover, rather than against Goulart (though some action against the latter might result)." Kennedy and his top aides met four days later to consider policy options and strategies--among them U.S. military intervention in Brazil.
 
Document 9: Excerpts from John F. Kennedy's conversation regarding Brazil with U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Lincoln Gordon on Monday, October 7, 1963 (tape 114/A50, President's Office Files, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston)
"Do you see a situation where we might be-find it desirable to intervene militarily ourselves?" John F. Kennedy's question to his ambassador to Brazil, Lincoln Gordon, reflected the growing concerns that a coup attempt against Goulart might need U.S. support to succeed, especially if it triggered an outbreak of fighting or even civil war. This tape, parts of which were recently publicized by Brazilian journalist Elio Gaspari, has been significantly transcribed by James G. Hershberg (with assistance from Marc Selverstone) and published here for the first time. It captured JFK, Gordon, Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara and other top officials concluding that the prospect of an impending move to terminate Goulart's stay in office (long before his term was supposed to come to an end more than two years later) required an acceleration of serious U.S. military contingency planning as well as intense efforts to ascertain the balance between military forces hostile and friendly to the current government. In his lengthy analysis of the situation, Gordon — who put the odds at 50-50 that Goulart would be gone, one way or another, by early 1964 — outlined alternative scenarios for future developments, ranging from Goulart's peaceful early departure ("a very good thing for both Brazil and Brazilian-American relations"), perhaps eased out by military pressure, to a possible sharp Goulart move to the left, which could trigger a violent struggle to determine who would rule the country. Should a military coup seize power, Gordon clearly did not want U.S. squeamishness about constitutional or democratic niceties to preclude supporting Goulart's successors: "Do we suspend diplomatic relations, economic relations, aid, do we withdraw aid missions, and all this kind of thing — or do we somehow find a way of doing what we ought to do, which is to welcome this?" And should the outcome of the attempt to oust Goulart lead to a battle between military factions, Gordon urged study of military measures (such as providing fuel or ammunition, if requested) that Washington could take to assure a favorable outcome: "I would not want us to close our minds to the possibility of some kind of discreet intervention in such a case, which would help see the right side win." On the tape, McNamara suggests, and JFK approves, accelerated work on contingency planning ("can we get it really pushed ahead?"). Even as U.S. officials in Brazil intensified their encouragement of anti-communist military figures, Kennedy cautioned that they should not burn their bridges with Goulart, which might give him an excuse to rally nationalist support behind an anti-Washington swerve to the left: Washington needed to continue "applying the screws on the [economic] aid" to Brazil, but "with some sensitivity."
 
Document 10: State Department, Memorandum, "Embassy Contingency Plan," Top Secret, November 22, 1963
Dated on the day of President Kennedy's assassination in Dallas, this cover memo describes a new contingency plan from the U.S. Embassy in Brazil that places "heavy emphasis on U.S. armed intervention." The actual plan has not been declassified.
 
Document 11: NSC, Memcon, "Brazil," Top Secret, March 28, 1964
As the military prepared to move against Goulart, top CIA, NSC and State Department officials met to discuss how to support them. They evaluated a proposal, transmitted by Ambassador Gordon the previous day, calling for covert delivery of armaments and gasoline, as well as the positioning of a naval task force off the coast of Brazil. At this point, U.S. officials were not sure if or when the coup would take place, but made clear their interest in its success. "The shape of the problem," according to National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, "is such that we should not be worrying that the military will react; we should be worrying that the military will not react."

Document 12: U.S. Embassy, Brazil, Memo from Ambassador Gordon, Top Secret, March 29, 1964
Gordon transmitted a message for top national security officials justifying his requests for pre-positioning armaments that could be used by "para-military units" and calling for a "contingency commitment to overt military intervention" in Brazil. If the U.S. failed to act, Gordon warned, there was a "real danger of the defeat of democratic resistance and communization of Brazil."
 
Document 13: Joint Chiefs of Staff, Cable, [Military attaché Vernon Walters Report on Coup Preparations], Secret, March 30, 1964
U.S. Army attaché Vernon Walters meets with the leading coup plotters and reports on their plans. "It had been decided to take action this week on a signal to be issued later." Walters reported that he "expects to be aware beforehand of go signal and will report in consequence."

Document 14 (mp3): White House Audio Tape, President Lyndon B. Johnson discussing the impending coup in Brazil with Undersecretary of State George Ball, March 31, 1964.
 
Document 15: White House, Memorandum, "Brazil," Secret, April 1, 1964
As of 3:30 on April 1st, Ambassador Gordon reports that the coup is "95% over." U.S. contingency planning for overt and covert supplies to the military were not necessary. General Castello Branco "has told us he doesn't need our help. There was however no information about where Goulart had fled to after the army moved in on the palace.
 
Document 16: Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Cable, "Departure of Goulart from Porto Alegre for Montevideo," Secret, April 2, 1964
CIA intelligence sources report that deposed president Joao Goulart has fled to Montevideo.
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Transcrição complete de um documento revelador:

Document 4: U.S. Embassy, Rio de Janeiro, Airgram A-710, "Minutes of Conversation between Brazilian President Joao Goulart and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Brasilia, 17 December 1962," December 19, 1962
In line with JFK's decision at the Excom meeting on December 11 to have "representative sent specially" to talk to Goulart, the president's brother made a hastily-prepared journey to "confront" the Brazilian leader over the issues that had increasingly concerned and irritated Washington-from his chaotic management of Brazil's economy and expropriation of U.S. corporations such as IT&T, to his lukewarm support during the Cuban missile crisis and flirtation with the Soviet bloc to, most alarming, his allegedly excessive toleration of far left and even communist elements in the government, military, society, and even his inner circle. Accompanied by US ambassador Lincoln Gordon, RFK met for more than three hours with Goulart in the new inland capital of Brasília at the modernistic lakeside presidential residence, the Palácio do Alvorada. A 17-page memorandum of conversation, drafted by Amb. Gordon, recorded the Attorney General presenting his list of complaints: the "many signs of Communist or extreme left-wing nationalists infiltration" into civilian government, military, trade union, and student group leaderships, and Goulart's personal failure to take a public stand against the "violently anti-American" statements emanating from "influential Brazilians" both in and out of his government, or to embrace Kennedy's Alliance for Progress. Turning to economic issues, he said his brother was "very deeply worried at the deterioration" in recent months, from rampant inflation to the disappearance of reserves, and called on Goulart to get his "economic and financial house in order." Surmounting these obstacles to progress, RFK stressed, could mark a "turning point in relations between Brazil and the U.S. and in the whole future of Latin America and of the free world." When Goulart defended his policies, Kennedy scribbled a note to Ambassador Gordon: "We seem to be getting no place." JFK's emissary voiced his fear "that President Goulart had not fully understood the nature of President Kennedy's concern about the present situation and prospects."