Paises corruptos sao instaveis economicamente...

Algumas licoes para o Brasil, dessas evidencias prima facie sobre o papel desestabilizador da corrupcao sobre o ambiente economico?
Helas, na republiqueta dos companheiros estamos condenados a continuar altamente instaveis economicamente.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Greece and Italy are Listed Among Corrupt in Europe

By MELISSA EDDY

The New York Times, December 5, 2012

Greece is considered Europe’s most corrupt country, ranking roughly on par with Colombia and Swaziland in an annual global survey of perceived corruption released Wednesday.

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John Kolesidis/Reuters

Protesters attended a rally against austerity measures and corruption in Athens in September.

Transparency International, a corruption watchdog, ranked Greece 94th out of 176 countries in the 2012 corruption perceptions index, which surveys economic experts about the perceived level of public sector corruption. Last year, Greece ranked 80th.

Using a scale introduced for this year’s report, Transparency International ranked the countries between zero, which is “highly corrupt,” and 100, for “very clean.” Two-thirds of the 176 countries surveyed scored below 50, including Italy and Greece from among the 17 members of the European Union that use the euro. Italy ranked 72nd.

Ireland, Spain and Portugal earned scores above 50 but dropped in the rankings compared with 2011, underlining the perception that economic stability was linked to good government.

“We believe that corruption in the public sector frequently goes hand in hand with a failure of institutions,” said Edda Müller, who heads the German branch of Transparency International, based in Berlin. “At the same time, we see, not only in Europe, a high amount of corruption points to a lack of ethics on the part of politicians.”

She cited the list of Greeks believed to hold accounts in a Swiss bank as a possible influence. It included a former culture minister, several employees of the Finance Ministry and a number of business leaders. As finance minister of France, Christine Lagarde in 2010 handed the list to the Greek government in an effort to help it crack down on tax evasion.

A Greek publication released the list in October, raising questions among the country’s international lenders about whether the government was actively bolstering its tax collection, one of several promises the country made to secure billions of euros in aid. Finance ministers of the countries using the euro meet again next week to decide whether to disburse the next round of aid to Greece.

Denmark, Finland and New Zealand ranked as the least corrupt countries, with Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany and Britain all included among the 20 least corrupt. The United States climbed in the rankings to 19th from 24th in 2011.

Somalia remained the world’s most corrupt country, the survey showed, just above North Korea and Afghanistan, all largely failed states where poverty and social chaos result in the repression of human rights, the organization said.

A version of this article appeared in print on December 6, 2012, on page B2 of the New York edition with the headline: Greece and Italy Are Listed Among Corrupt in Europe.

Doing Business in Brazil???!!! - You must be kidding!!!

Brazil's business labyrinth of bureaucracy

By Luciani Gomes Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

BBC, May 14, 2012

 In Brazil on average it takes 119 working days to start a business

Long known as the country of the future, Brazil is now the nation of the moment.

Yet while the country has become the world's sixth-largest economy, reform of the laws and regulations for opening and running businesses don't seem to be improving at the same pace.

Although bureaucracy is obviously not part of Brazil's propaganda, it's a huge part of the country's way of life. And anyone interested in opening a business in the country, Brazilian or outsider, should know this.

According to the World Bank's 2012 annual global report "Doing Business", which evaluates the ease of starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registering property, and paying taxes, Brazil ranked 126th this year out of 183 countries.

On average, it takes 13 procedures and 119 days of work to start a business in Brazil.

And construction permits demand an average 17 procedures and 469 days to finally get authorised.

Pile of paperwork

French chef Pierre Cornet-Vernet could never imagine it would take him 11 months to open his confectionery story Paradis in Rio de Janeiro's famous Copacabana neighbourhood.

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I sell macaroons, popsicles and chocolates. And each of these products is under a different tax”

Pierre Cornet-Vernet French chef

"It's like a game," he says.

"You need a document. But to have that document, you need to hand in another seven documents. And to get each of these seven there's a different demand."

To find his way through Brazil's bitter bureaucracy, Mr Cornet-Vernet had to hire a lawyer, a forwarding agent and an accounting specialist.

And even so he could not see the end of the journey. Each new step would bring him a new surprise. Taxes was the next one after paperwork.

"I sell macaroons, popsicles and chocolates. And each of these products is under a different tax," says Mr Cornet-Vernet.

To make it even harder and costly, his store and factory, both in the same neighbourhood, had to be registered as different businesses. On top of all that, a chocolate machine he imported to double the production, has been stuck in customs since December.

Standards

The excess of laws, regulations, taxes, paperwork and time to fulfil the requirements when opening or running a business is one of the reasons why 40% of Brazilian start-up businesses do not survive for more than two years after opening, according to data revealed by the end of 2011 by IBGE, Brazil's main government research institute.

Cristiano Prado, a Rio-based industrial competitiveness manager, says that someone starting a business has to get approval from no less than 12 government agencies. He adds that the final cost of the required documents can surpass 2,000 reals ($1,023; £633).

Another specialist on the matter, João Carlos Gomes, economy superintendent at the Trade Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, says: "It's crucial to make Brazil meet the global standards. We're very far away from it."

In 2010 bureaucracy cost Brazil 46.3bn reals, according to a study made by Sao Paulo Industry Federation (Fiesp).

Such high levels of bureaucracy creates a fertile environment for corruption.

In Brazil, it's not uncommon to be asked for a bribe to speed up a document issuing.

Alexandre Sampaio, an entrepreneur since the 1980s in the hotel industry, faced such a situation at the private school where he's a counsellor.

The school declined not to comply with the demand for a bribe.

"We got the document, but it too a lot more time for us to get it," he says.

Headache

Julia Santos, who owns three units of a childcare centre chain in Rio de Janeiro, knows all too well the difficulties imposed by Brazilian bureaucracy.

"I could have got my businesses running sooner If I didn't have to wait, at each time, for a new document, a new stamp, etc," she says, adding that the constant change on tax criteria is an extra headache for her.

Firjan, says that it's often so hard to follow the changes and to comply with them that small and medium businesses see themselves forced to invest in accounting teams to make sure they won't be caught and punished on inspections.

Owner of two hotels, one in Rio's Copacabana and another one in Macaé, 180 km from Rio, Alexandre Sampaio believes the bureaucracy is certainly an obstacle, but the country has climbed a few steps, especially in what concerns micro and small businesses.

"Nowadays an individual company is possible. Before you needed a partner to open any kind of business," he says.

Unification

Brazil also improved its tax system, he says, with the National Simple in 2007, a law that created a differential and simplified tax regime to micro and small business, improved by the end of 2011 to house more entrepreneurs.

For analysts, Brazil could improve its system by simplifying and unifying processes and regulations.

"Some innocuous steps that only exist here should be extinguished", states Cristiano Prado.

The need of a lawyer's stamp and certified copies for certain documents, for example.

Technology could also ease the processes, they say, by allowing business owners to request permits or pay fines online.

"That would mean lower physical and financial cost", says João Carlos Gomes, from Fecomercio.

The ideal, though, all agree, would be a one-stop-shop, a place where all the process would be done, just like it is in Pierre Cornet-Verne's France.

He says: "It's a country with an excellent market and high demand. But it's a pity it has such huge bureaucracy. Brazil is a great country when it works."

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18020623