Creio que pode ser útil para rememorar como andávamos cheios (literalmente) de candidatos e de propostas (de todos os tipos).
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Brasília, 22/10/2017
The Upcoming Presidential Election in Brazil:
Parties, Platforms, and Candidates
Dossier prepared by
Paulo Roberto de
Almeida
Minister
Counselor, Brazilian Embassy
BRAZIL:
One of the
largest countries in the world, 5th in population, 10th in GDP
Population: 174,5 million;
Voters: 115,3 million
(66% of the population); 52% ages 16 to 35 years; 51% women
Federation: 26 states and 1
federal district (Brasília); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara,
Distrito Federal, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do
Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro,
Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao
Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins
Suffrage: voluntary
between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and under 70
years of age
Elections: president and
vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms;
election last held 4 October 1998; election results: Fernando Henrique
CARDOSO reelected president; percent of vote - 53%
October 2002: the
6th:1st run for presidency (50%+1 rule); Congress (2/3 of the Senate); state
governors and local assemblies;
the 27th: 2nd run: two most voted for presidency or state
governors
Legislative
Branch: bicameral
National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or
Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each state or federal district
elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms;
one-third elected after a four year period, two-thirds elected after the next
four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513
seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year
terms)
Elections: Federal Senate -
last held 4 October 1998 for one-third of Senate (next to be held: October 6,
2002 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 4 October
1998 (next to be held October 6, 2002);
1998 election results: Federal Senate -
seats by party: PMDB 27, PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5, PSB 3, PDT 2, PPS 1;
Chamber of Deputies: seats by party - PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58,
PTB 31, PDT 25, PSB 19, PL 12, PCdoB 7, other 14
Judicial Branch: Supreme Federal
Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed by the president and confirmed by the
Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are
appointed for life)
Main Political
Parties: Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Michel Temer, president];
Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto Jefferson]; Brazilian Social Democracy
Party or PSDB [José Anibal]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES,
president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist
Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman]; Democratic
Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL
[Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Francisco Teixeira de
OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Roberto FREIRE, president]; Worker's
Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU, president]
Pressure groups: left wing of the
Catholic Church, Landless Worker's Movement, and labor unions allied to leftist
Worker's Party are critical of government's social and economic policies
General Elections
2002
Registered Parties (by order of registration)
PMDB ** PARTIDO
DO MOVIMENTO DEMOCRÁTICO BRASILEIRO
30.06.81 MICHEL
TEMER; DEPUTADO: 15
PTB ** PARTIDO
TRABALHISTA BRASILEIRO
03.11.81; JOSÉ CARLOS DE CASTRO MARTINEZ;
DEPUTADO: 14
PDT ** PARTIDO
DEMOCRÁTICO TRABALHISTA
10.11.81 LEONEL
BRIZOLA -: 12
PT ** PARTIDO
DOS TRABALHADORES
11.02.82 JOSÉ
DIRCEU DE OLIVEIRA E SILVA; DEPUTADO: 13
PFL ** PARTIDO
DA FRENTE LIBERAL
11.09.86 JORGE
KONDER BORNHAUSEN; SENADOR: 25
PL * PARTIDO
LIBERAL
25.02.88 VALDEMAR
COSTA NETO; DEPUTADO: 22
PC do B * PARTIDO
COMUNISTA DO BRASIL
23.06.88 JOSÉ
RENATO RABELO; -: 65
PSB ** PARTIDO
SOCIALISTA BRASILEIRO
01.07.88 MIGUEL
ARRAES: -: 40
PSDB ** PARTIDO
DA SOCIAL DEMOCRACIA BRASILEIRA
24.08.89 JOSÉ
ANIBAL PERES PONTES; DEPUTADO: 45
PTC PARTIDO
TRABALHISTA CRISTÃO (ANTIGO PRN)
24.04.01 DANIEL
SAMPAIO TOURINHO; -: 36
PSD PARTIDO
SOCIAL DEMOCRÁTICO
16.03.90 NABI
ABI CHEDID; -: 41
PSC * PARTIDO
SOCIAL CRISTÃO
29.03.90 VICTOR
JORGE ABDALA NÓSSEIS; -: 20
PMN PARTIDO
DA MOBILIZAÇÃO NACIONAL
25.10.90 OSCAR
NORONHA FILHO; -:: 33
PRONA PARTIDO
DE REEDIFICAÇÃO DA ORDEM NACIONAL
30.10.90 ENEAS
FERREIRA CARNEIRO; -: 56
PRP PARTIDO
REPUBLICANO PROGRESSISTA
29.10.91 DIRCEU
RESENDE; -: 44
PPS ** PARTIDO
POPULAR SOCIALISTA- (ANTIGO PCB)
19.03.92 ROBERTO
J.P.FREIRE; SENADOR: 23
PV * PARTIDO
VERDE
30.09.93 JOSÉ
LUIZ DE FRANCA PENNA; -: 43
PT do B PARTIDO
TRABALHISTA DO BRASIL
11.10.94 CARLOS
ALBERTO DA SILVA; -: 70
PPB ** PARTIDO
PROGRESSISTA BRASILEIRO (PPR+PP)
16.11.95 PAULO
MALUF; -: 11
PSTU PARTIDO
SOCIALISTA DOS TRABALHADORES UNIFICADO-ANT. PRT
19.12.95 JOSÉ
MARIA DE ALMEIDA; -: 16
PCB PARTIDO
COMUNISTA BRASILEIRO
09.05.96 ZULEIDE
FARIA DE MELO; -: 21
PST * PARTIDO
SOCIAL TRABALHISTA
28.08.96 MARCILIO
DUARTE LIMA; -: 18
PRTB PARTIDO
RENOVADOR TRABALHISTA BRASILEIRO
18.02.97 JOSÉ
LEVY FIDELIX DA CRUZ; -: 28
PHS * PARTIDO
HUMANISTA DA SOLIDARIEDADE - (Antigo PSN)
20.03.97 PAULO
ROBERTO MATOS; -: 31
PSDC PARTIDO
SOCIAL DEMOCRATA CRISTÃO - ANT. PDC
05.08.97 JOSÉ
MARIA EYMAEL; -: 27
PCO PARTIDO
DA CAUSA OPERÁRIA
30.09.97 RUI
COSTA PIMENTA; -:29
PTN * PARTIDO
TRABALHISTA NACIONAL
02.10.97 JOSÉ
DE ABREU; DEPUTADO: 19
PAN PARTIDO
DOS APOSENTADOS DA NAÇÃO
19.02.98 DREYFUS
BUENO RABELLO; -: 26
PSL * PARTIDO
SOCIAL LIBERAL
02.06.98 LUCIANO
CALDAS BIVAR; DEPUTADO: 17
PGT PARTIDO
GERAL DOS TRABALHADORES
02.09.99 FRANCISCO
C.P.DO NASCIMENTO; -: 30
Total: 30
registered parties (half active in Parliament)
Portrait of the Brazilian Voter, 2002 |
||||||
|
|
Class A |
Class B
|
Class C
|
Class D
|
Class E
|
Total
|
How many? |
9 m
(8%)
|
14 m
(12%)
|
29 m
(25%)
|
28 m
(24%)
|
36 m
(31)
|
116 m
(100%)
|
|
Income Tax
|
90%
|
60%
|
0%
|
0%
|
0%
|
7 m pay
|
|
University studies
|
20%
|
10%
|
3%
|
3%
|
0%
|
|
|
Middle school
|
70%
|
60%
|
20%
|
15%
|
?
|
|
|
Basic school
|
100%
|
100%
|
50%
|
60%
|
70%
|
|
|
Illiterate
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
15%
|
20%
|
|
|
Television
|
100%
|
100%
|
100%
|
96%
|
80%
|
|
|
Newspapers, magaz.
|
80%
|
65%
|
47%
|
27%
|
17%
|
15 m read
|
|
Cable TV
|
60%
|
40%
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
Dissatisfied w. life
|
25%
|
27%
|
35%
|
37%
|
36%
|
|
|
Earned income (reais per month)
|
2,000
and plus
|
1,000 to
2,000
|
400 to
1,000
|
200 to
400
|
Up to
200
|
|
|
Lula voters *
|
34%
|
27%
|
32%
|
36%
|
37%
|
|
|
Ciro Gomes *
|
33%
|
32%
|
21%
|
17%
|
18%
|
|
|
Serra voters *
|
20%
|
12%
|
14%
|
15%
|
15%
|
|
|
Garotinho *
|
2%
|
10%
|
12%
|
11%
|
9%
|
|
|
|
Only 20% of the
voters pay income tax
|
80% of the
electorate does not pay income tax; earn R$ 200 to 1,000
|
|
|||
|
Source: * According to a pool in Veja, “O
retrato do eleitor”, nr. 1762, 31 jul 02
|
||||||
Distribution of Voters, 2002 |
||||
|
Regions
|
Municipalities
|
%
|
Number of
Voters
|
%
|
South-East |
1,668
|
29.48
|
50,696,091
|
43.98
|
|
North-East
|
1,793
|
31.69
|
31,015,810
|
26.91
|
|
South
|
1,189
|
21.01
|
17,833,502
|
15.47
|
|
Center-West
|
466
|
8.24
|
8,026,084
|
6.96
|
|
North
|
449
|
7.94
|
7,630,413
|
6.62
|
Abroad |
93
|
1.64
|
69,878
|
0.06
|
Total |
5,658
|
100
|
115,271,778
|
100
|
Fragmentation of Brazilian Parties, 1986-2001 |
||||
Represent. in the House |
1986
|
1990
|
1994
|
2001
|
|
100 ou +
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
75 à 99
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
|
50 à 74
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
25 à 49
|
3
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
|
0 à 24
|
3
|
11
|
10
|
9
|
|
Total number of parties:
|
11
|
19
|
17
|
16
|
Evolution of the number of Brazilian Voters, 1933-2000
(million)
|
|||||
|
Year
|
Number |
Year
|
Number
|
Year
|
Number |
|
1933
|
1.466
|
1982
|
58.616
|
1992
|
90.222
|
|
1945
|
7.459
|
1986
|
69.371
|
1994
|
94.000
|
|
1950
|
11.455
|
1988
|
75.813
|
1996
|
101.284
|
|
1960
|
15.543
|
1989
|
82.075
|
1998
|
106.101
|
|
1970
|
28.966
|
1990
|
83.817
|
2000
|
109.826
|
Presidential
Elections 2002
Registered
Candidates
1. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
(Coalition “Lula President”), 13
PT, PL, PcdoB, PCB, PMN
1. Economists’ Document - Instituto de Cidadania (June
2001)
2. Resolutions Recife convention (December 2001)
3. Letter to the Brazilian People (June 22, 2002)
4. Program (July 23, 2002)
site: www.lula.org.br
2. Ciro Ferreira Gomes (Coalition “Labor Front”), 23
PPS, PTB, PDT (informal
support of the PFL)
1. Program (February 2002)
site: www.ciro23.com.br
3. José Serra (Coalition “Big Alliance”), 45
PSDB, PMDB
1. Interview (June 25, 2002)
2. Program (August ?, 2002)
site: www.joseserra.com.br
4. Anthony William Garotinho (Coalition “Brazil Hope Front”), 40
site: www.garotinho40.com.br
5. José Maria de Almeida, 16
site: www.pstu.org.br
6. Rui Costa Pimenta, 29
PCO
site: www.pco.org.br
Analytical works by Paulo Roberto de Almeida
1. Análise do documento dos economistas do Instituto de Cidadania (PT)
2. Comentários ao Programa do Candidato Ciro Gomes
3. As campanhas presidenciais no Brasil, de 1994 a 2002
4. A política
externa e a campanha presidencial de 2002
