L'Illustration, 100 anos atras: abril de 1914 visto pela maior revista francesa da epoca

Avril 1914 : c'est arrivé il y a 100 ans !

Alors que l’année 2014 sera marquée par les commémorations du centenaire de la Première Guerre Mondiale, nous vous proposons de revivre le mois d'avril 1914, à travers le regard de L’Illustration, premier magazine au monde au début de la Grande Guerre.

En ce début du mois d’avril 1914, la France est touchée par une vague de froid exceptionnelle. La neige est particulièrement abondante en montagne et le village de Chamonix subit de nombreuses avalanches destructrices. A Noailhac, c’est toute la montagne qui bouge sur 200 hectares, donnant lieu à des glissements de terrains spectaculaires.

A cinq mois du début de la Première Guerre Mondiale, le journal revient sur la loi du 5 avril 1910, qui fixe la dotation en navire de la marine militaire française. Les journalistes sont confiants : la France devrait être dotée pour 1920 de 28 cuirassés ! L’occasion de découvrir les chantiers navals de la Loire à Saint-Nazaire, mais aussi ceux de Lorient, de Brest, de Gironde et de Méditerranée.

A Paris, la mode impose la voilette turque : « Ne laissant apparaitre que les yeux, elle en fait ressortir l’éclat » ! Ainsi vêtue, La Parisienne peut s’adonner à un nouveau plaisir en vogue, la foire à la ferraille, l’ancêtre de nos vides greniers.

Sur la Côte d’Azur, la nature conserve encore ses droits. Monsieur Piaget nous fait découvrir : « ses rives enchantées… A côté de Nice, fleurie d’œillets qui pimentent l’atmosphère… Les îles de Lérins à quelques encablures de la blonde Cannes, nous offrent en dépit du tourisme, les beautés d’une nature presque vierge » Plus loin,  il profite des baignades azuréennes : « Dès avril, la tiédeur du flot invite à un bain délicieux comme sans péril. Les Dauphins se montrent vers l’aube, charme du regard. »

Le sud-est de la France s’impose déjà comme un haut lieu de divertissements. A Marseille et Monaco, des meetings aériens et maritimes sont organisés. Des hors-bords, alors appelés « autocanots », font la course, tandis que l’on apprend que Roland Garros doit recommencer son périple aérien, son avion ayant pris feu au niveau d’Orange !

La « villégiature de printemps » du Président de la République, Raymond Poincaré, qui s’installe pour quelques temps sur la Côte d’Azur, afin d’y profiter d’un climataccueillant apparait dans ce contexte, presque, comme une évidence !

La France est en pleine mutation, le paysage se transforme. Souvenez-vous, enfin ! « Tous les parisiens dignes de ce nom ont connu « le maquis de Montmartre, à dix minutes de l’Opéra, derrière le moulin de la galette, un parc champêtre. Les maisons rustiques offrant à leurs habitants tous les plaisirs de la campagne... Le métro et l’autobus ont tiré Montmartre de son isolement; l’audace des constructeurs n’a plus connus de limites… ». Pour L'Illustration, bientôt : « le bruit des pianos succédera au chant des pinsons ». Ainsi va « la création d’un quartier moderne à Montmartre ».

L’Illustration, Journal Universel par vocation, s’intéresse aussi à l’international.

Au début du mois d’avril 1914, l’hebdomadaire tourne son regard vers le Royaume-Uni. L’application du Home Rule et la résistance de l’Ulster, en Irlande, embrase la chambre des communes. En effet, pour les officiers de l’Armée d’Irlande du sud, il n’est pas question d’intervenir contre les civils du nord. Une position qui provoque un tollé, chez les lords londoniens, qui refusent que l’armée interfère sur le politique. Loin de ces turpitudes, le roi Georges V parcoure son royaume et est acclamé par une foule d’enfants, portant haut l’Union Jack, à Chester.

En Russie, le tsarévitch âgé de dix ans, commence son éducation militaire, aux côtés de son père, le tsar Nicolas II, empereur de Russie et chef suprême des armées. L’arrivée des enfants royaux en Albanie fait la couverture du journal.

Au Maroc, le Résident-Général, le Général Lyautey est reçu en grande pompe par le Sultan Moulay Youssef à Rabat. En exclusivité, l’hebdomadaire nous fait aussi découvrir les mystérieuses beautés du pays, mises à jour par une expédition. Le journal revient sur les récentes avancées au Maroc, avec l’arrivée d’une locomotive à Msoun, marquant l’achèvement prochain d’une ligne reliant Oudja à Taza. Sur la locomotive, une devise de France a été écrite : « En avant, quand même ? ». 

Le journal revient aussi sur un fait-divers tragique. Deux aviateurs, le capitaine Hervé et le caporal Rooland, victime d’une panne moteur, ont été contraint de se poser en rase campagne. Leurs cadavres ont été retrouvés par des indigènes, ainsi que leur avion intact, ce qui laisse supposer qu’ils ont été « surpris par des rôdeurs et assassinés ».

L’Illustration consacre un reportage à « la belle et malheureuse Epire », qui est à feu et sang : Grecs et Albanais se disputent cette magnifique région qualifiée « d’Alsace-Lorraine grecque ».

Le journal lève le voile sur le mystère du Sphinx de Gizeh en Egypte, avec la contribution du Professeur Hippolyte-Boussac, membre de l’institut oriental du Caire. En Chine, le magazine s’attarde sur les sculptures de Loung Men, dans la province du Honan et l’incroyable beauté de la pagode Koan-Ti-Mao.

Au Canada, l’amitié entre la France et le pays à l'érable est célébrée. L’occasion pour L’Illustration de revenir sur le parcours de Sir Wilfrid Laurier, qui est à la tête du gouvernement canadien depuis 16 ans. Cet homme politique d’origine française a profondément transformé et modernisé son pays.

L’hebdomadaire consacre l’une de ses couvertures à un grand américain, le colonel Goethals, qui vient d’achever le percement du canal de Panama. Plus au nord, au Mexique, la révolution se poursuit. L’Illustration revient sur les faits d’armes de Pancho Villa, et nous décrit ce golfe du Mexique, étendue d'eau « où le pétrole suinte littéralement du sol ».

En Turquie, L’Illustration nous emmène à la rencontre des « Demoiselles du Téléphone ». Le pays est en pleine modernisation, sous l’impulsion de ses jeunes ministres, qui parfois bousculent la tradition. Ainsi depuis un mois, le téléphone a fait son apparition à Constantinople. Pour ce faire une équipe de dames trilingues, « parlant les trois langues indispensables ici : turc, français et grec » a été constituée. « Mais comment appliquer sur de petites oreilles les récepteurs du casque téléphonique, avec le voile traditionnel ? Il a fallu sacrifier le voile. On s’y est résigné ! »

L’Illustration achève le mois d’avril 1914, par une couverture sur un toast à l’Elysée. Le roi Georges V, souverain du Royaume Uni de Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande, de l’empire des Indes et des territoires au-delà des mers, déclare : « Je souscris de tout mon cœur, Monsieur le Président, à votre éloquente définition des desseins élevés et nobles que nos deux pays poursuivent en commun… ». Cinq mois après cette festive visite, c’est effectivement ensemble, que les deux pays vont plonger dans l’une des plus effroyables guerres de l’histoire de l’humanité.

Accédez, dès maintenant, à tous ces articles et à toutes les photographies en vous connectant sur www.lillustration.com

Marcelo de Paiva Abreu sobre os ativos em libras esterlinas do Estado Novo Portugues

Um texto de história econômica de um conhecido pesquisador dessa área no Brasil:

A ‘Blank Cheque'? Portuguese Second World War Sterling Balances, 1940–73" 
The Economic History Review, Vol. 67, Issue 2, pp. 535-555, 2014

MARCELO DE PAIVA ABREU, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

The British effort in the Second World War required massive external financing which depended on Lend‐Lease and the accumulation of sterling balances. Indebtedness in sterling balances corresponded to almost 38 per cent of this total at the end of the war. Portuguese sterling balances, although a small share of the total, were important because of pre‐emptive purchases, especially of wolfram, and because of the ‘gold clause’ which was to be applied to outstanding balances. Portugal's willingness to finance British purchases contrasts with the requirement of German payments in goods or cash for their purchases in Portugal. The settlement of Portuguese sterling balances in August 1945 was singular as it preceded the Anglo‐American settlement of December 1945 which had important consequences for sterling balance holders, as the US insisted that the US$3.75 billion loan should not be used to settle British war debts. Postwar settlement of British debt through a long‐term loan from Portugal to Britain contrasts with settlements that involved the sale of British assets. Salazar's concerns about the postwar international position of Portugal, the Portuguese Empire, and the survival of the Portuguese regime are relevant in explaining his pro‐British stance during and after the war.

Censura democratica do Brasil companheiro - Guilherme Fiuza

O Brasil inventa a censura democrática

•  Guilherme Fiuza
• • Revista  Época, 5/04/2014

Meio século depois do golpe de Estado que feriu as liberdades no Brasil, um deputado foi impedido de discursar no Congresso Nacional. Mas não tem problema, porque esse deputado é de direita. Essa é a noção de democracia dos progressistas que abominam a ditadura militar: liberdade de expressão para os que falam as coisas certas. Para quem fala as coisas erradas, mordaça. E quem decide o que é certo são eles, os progressistas. Eles é que têm o dom da virtude (por coincidência, foi exatamente isso que os militares pensaram em 1964). Seria cômico se não fosse trágico: os que carregam a bandeira contra o autoritarismo podem mandar os outros calar a boca.

O deputado Jair Bolsonaro é um conhecido defensor da categoria militar. E defende o regime implantado em 1964. Numa sessão na Câmara dos Deputados que marcava os 50 anos do início da ditadura, deputados e militantes progressistas impediram Bolsonaro de falar. Viraram de costas no plenário, cantaram, tumultuaram e cassaram no grito a palavra do deputado de direita. Esses são os democratas brasileiros que defendem a liberdade.

Eles dizem que não podem tolerar a defesa de um regime imposto por golpe de Estado. Será então que ninguém mais poderá subir à tribuna para defender Getúlio Vargas? Não, isso pode. Na história em quadrinhos dos progressistas, Getúlio é de esquerda, assim como Fidel. A esquerda que amordaçou Bolsonaro vive (bem) dessa fábula da resistência à ditadura – uma ditadura que já acabou há quase 30 anos. E interessante observar que alguns dos símbolos dessa resistência estão presos por corrupção. Ou, mais especificamente: presos por roubar a pátria – essa que dizem defender contra a ameaça conservadora.

Chega a ser assustador que, enquanto busca a verdade sobre os desaparecidos e vítimas do regime brutal, a sociedade democrática fale a língua dos gorilas

Os que estão presos são aliados dos que governam essa mesma pátria. E todos eles são aliados de regimes que atropelam a liberdade de expressão, mesma tática da tropa do deputado Bolsonaro. A diferença é que a tropa de Bolsonaro fez isso no século passado, e a confraria chavista faz isso hoje. Outra diferença é que os militares eram autoritários, e os progressistas fingem que não são. Gato escondido com rabo de fora, como se vê nos projetos do PT para controlar a mídia — que o governo popular já tentou contrabandear até em programa de direitos humanos. Eles são assim, sempre bonzinhos, sempre colorindo com slogans humanitários seus pequenos e grandes golpes. A primeira denúncia do mensalão, como se sabe, foi classificada pelo companheiro Delúbio como “uma conspiração da direita contra o governo popular”.

A ação impedindo a fala de Bolsonaro fere a democracia. Mas ninguém é louco de dizer isso. Bolsonaro é uma figura grosseira e prepotente, enquanto seus algozes são os simpáticos heróis da resistência – na percepção cada vez mais abóbada da opinião pública. Para combater o mal, esses revolucionários puros defendem até black blocs assassinos e continuam bem na foto. A imprensa, as empresas e as instituições “burguesas” em geral morrem de medo deles e da incrível patrulha anticapitalista que tomou as redes sociais – onde a burrice se espalha mais rápido. Os 50 anos do golpe foram transformados numa estranha catarse anacrônica, com todos os perseguidos pela patrulha progressista gritando “abaixo a ditadura”. Só faltou denunciar os crimes de Adolf Hitler.

Chega a ser assustador que, enquanto busca a verdade sobre os desaparecidos e vítimas do regime brutal, a sociedade democrática fale a língua dos gorilas – e tente calar seus herdeiros políticos. Que democracia é essa?

O sotaque chavista é inconfundível. Se Bolsonaro é troglodita, deveria ser facilmente derrotado com argumentos e inteligência. Mas os heróis da resistência temem sua própria mediocridade, então preferem falar sozinhos. Nessa democracia seletiva, uma dissidente cubana foi impedida – no grito – de falar em público no Brasil. Entre outras ações autoritárias, no dia 31 de março um professor da USP foi impedido de criticar o comunismo. Estudantes “do bem” invadiram a sala de aula e abafaram sua voz cantando um samba. Truculência festiva pode.

Talvez o Brasil mereça mesmo ter como voz única a ex-guerrilheira e eterna vítima da ditadura, dizendo as coisas certas em rede obrigatória de rádio e TV.

Fonte: Época

Russia: a incrivel historia do pais que encolheu no seculo 20: 85 milhoes de pessoas "perdidas: (The Globalist)

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Russia’s Miserable Century: 85 Million “Gone Missing”

What was the human cost of Russia’s 20th century trials and tribulations?

By The Globalist, April 10, 2014

Early 20th century Russian peasants. Captured by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky.

Takeaways

• Russia's population of 143.6 million is well below projections (expected from natural growth) of 200 million.
  
• An estimated 85 million people were never born in 20th century Russia due to war, famine, purges & unrest.
  
• Russia's current population is 30% less now than it should be had it followed natural growth trends.
  

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1.The Russian population is currently around 143.6 million — putting in in the top ten globally.

2.Some demographers believe that natural growth since 1913 should have put Russia’s population to almost 200 million (or even 225 million).

3.Two World Wars, fought by Russian commanders without regard for losses, two famines in the early 1920s and 1930s, purges and social ills brought about by communist mismanagement, including alcoholism, have left their mark on the size of Russia’s population.

4.This resulted in as many as 85 million Russians “going missing” – not being born at all.

5.This represents a reduction of Russia’s population from its natural growth of about 30%.

From How Russia Botched an Entire Century by Alexei Bayer (The Globalist)

1913-2013: How Russia Botched an Entire Century

Could Russia have been as successful as the United States?

By Alexei Bayer, September 5, 2013

Russian Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917)

Takeaways

• A century ago, before the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, Russia was on the verge of becoming the China of the day.
  
• Pre-revolutionary Russia was developing into a major global economic power naturally and consistently.
  
• Russia had abolished serfdom in 1861, 2 years before President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in the US.
  
• Russia still suffers from Soviet legacies. It is among the poorest & technologically backward European states.
  
• In a serf-like state, Russia's raw material riches benefit small, kleptocratic elites, who shift assets abroad.
  
• Russia has wasted its resources, especially human ones. It literally killed off many talented people.
  
• Russia has been driven into the ground, but even now it has much unrealized potential and may yet rise up.
  
• To meet its potential, Russia will need to change its Soviet-inherited kleptocratic political system.

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One hundred years ago, shortly before the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917, Russia was on the verge of becoming the China of the day. It had embarked on the path to industrial capitalism two or three decades after the United States and Germany.

By the start of World War I, it was developing dynamically enough to get on track to catch up with the leading industrial powers of the day.

The Russia of that era was an enormous country, even larger than the Soviet Union at its peak, because it included both Poland and Finland within its borders. It also boasted tremendous natural resources and a vast, diversified population.

Russia featured remarkably modern elements. For example, it abolished serfdom in 1861, two years before President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in the United States.

In the countryside, a class of prosperous peasants was emerging. And in Russia’s southern provinces and in Ukraine, there were large, productive farms — similar to those later found in the American Midwest.

These farms made Russia the breadbasket of the world, accounting for around one-third of the global wheat trade before World War I. In fact, Russia’s early 20th century wheat traders were so sophisticated that they initiated hedging prices and used financial markets in London and New York for their crops.

In the Donetsk region in eastern Ukraine, coal and steel production was expanding, also using British investment and knowhow.

The construction of the Trans-Siberian railway, inaugurated in 1890, linked European Russia with the Pacific Coast. This made the economic development and exploration of Siberia possible, a move from which even today’s Russia benefits most handsomely.

Lagging literacy

At the same time, Russia’s educational system was poor. Around 70% of the population was still illiterate at the start of the 20th century. However, the illiterate were mainly peasants. In cities, primary and secondary schools were being established, benefiting even the urban poor.

Russia also had very modern universities and a substantial scientific research establishment. Mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky pioneered hyperbolic geometry and chemist Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with creating the first periodic table of elements, both in the 19th century.

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was the fourth winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1904, followed by immunologist Ilya Mechnikov in 1908. No Russian has won the prize since.

Professional and technical education, too, was increasingly open to children of lower-ranking officials, workers and even peasants. The ranks of the Russian intelligentsia, the educated class, were swelling. By the start of World War I, the literacy rate rose to 40%.

Despite lagging behind in terms of literacy, Russia managed to develop world-class culture and arts. Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky were probably the most internationally famous and influential fiction writers of their time.

Chekhov’s plays shaped the development of theater throughout the 20th century and Gorky’s plays were performed all over Europe in the years before World War I.

Stanislavsky developed an acting method that is still widely used in Hollywood. The Actors’ Studio and Lee Strasberg, who trained some of the brightest stars of American theater and cinema in the middle of the 20th century, adapted it.

Meanwhile, Stravinsky, Prokofiev and Shostakovich were at the origins of modern classical music, and Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe created modern dance.

In 1913, the Armory Show became a major sensation in New York City. It brought the French post-impressionist art of Van Gogh, Gauguin and others to America for the first time. While Americans were just catching on to these trends, Russian artists had already moved beyond post-impressionism.

Just two years later, in 1915, Kazimir Malevich created his Black Square, the first abstract painting.

An economic boom

While it is hard to assess economic growth in the early 1900s — few institutions collected data back then, any available figures were notoriously unreliable and modern statistical tools had not yet been developed — there is evidence that Russia stormed into the modern era after 1905.

There was rapid urbanization, with men increasingly moving to towns in search of employment. The share of the agricultural sector fell from 58% of the economy in 1885 to 51% before World War I.

Meanwhile, industry, construction and transportation accounted for 32% of the Russian economy, up from 23% in 1885. The rail network increased from 2,000 km to 70,000 km.

Like all rapidly developing nations, including the United States shortly before, Russia was a huge user of foreign capital. In the final decades of the czars’ rule, foreign investment accounted for 40% of all industrial investment, and a substantial portion of agricultural investment as well.

Western Europe, notably England, France and Belgium, provided most of that capital. By the start of World War I, Russia accounted for 15% of all international debt.

Even though Russia was still an underdeveloped country by prevailing Western European standards, it was not as backward as it is commonly portrayed. Just look at Russia’s performance in World War I, when it confronted Europe’s leading industrial power, Germany.

At the start of the conflict, Russia was not only able to mobilize quickly. It also managed to deliver troops and supplies to the front fast enough to start an invasion of Galicia in September 1914.

In fact, Russia was able to help its Western allies by forcing Germany to divert forces out of France in order to use them to assist Austria-Hungary, which was reeling from Russia’s assault.

In World War I, Russians certainly were outmatched by German efficiency and military technology. But the czar’s troops held up a lot better than Stalin’s Red Army did in the summer of 1941.

Soviet failures

After the Bolshevik revolution, the introduction of the command economy did manage to mobilize the Soviet Union. Later on, by channeling much of the country’s immense resources into the military-industrial complex, the communists were able to defeat Nazi Germany. Thereafter, they were able to come close to matching American military prowess for around half a century.

But such a gigantic effort could not be sustained. To get close, the Soviet government wasted and destroyed much of the resources on which Russia’s economic success relied.

First and foremost, it squandered Russia’s human resources. Russia’s population is currently around 140 million. Some demographers believe that natural growth since 1913 should have put its population to almost 200 million or even 225 million.

Two World Wars, fought by Russian commanders without regard for losses, two famines in the early 1920s and the 1930s, purges and social ills brought about by communist mismanagement have resulted in as many as 85 million in today’s Russia “going missing” — not being born at all.

The communists did create a good educational system and achieved nearly 100% literacy, but they managed to waste human capital in other ways. Peasants were herded into collective farms, effectively reintroducing serfdom.

Life expectancy for men in Russia now is an extremely low 64.3 years — on a par with or less than in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chronic illnesses and alcoholism that often precede an early death rob society of the most productive years of its males.

Moreover, the economic system that prohibited private enterprise kept several generations of Russians from fulfilling their potential and benefiting society as a whole.

While pre-revolutionary Russia was developing into a major global economic power naturally and consistently, the USSR was a colossus with feet of clay.

Today’s Russia still suffers from the disastrous legacy of the Soviet era. Instead of co-leading the world, as its potential suggested at the start of the 20th century, it is, on average, one of the poorest and technologically backward countries in Europe.

In a 19th century kind of way, Russia produces little and survives by selling its vast array of raw materials to the world’s leading industrial nations.

With that as economic strategy, the country itself exists in a serf-like state. The raw material riches benefit small, kleptocratic elites, who shift their assets abroad. Considerable parts of the country’s infrastructure are as if they dated back to the medieval era. Social services are rudimentary and the quality of life is extremely poor.

The United States has spent much of the past 100 years relentlessly developing, perfecting its industrial base and its technological infrastructure and investing into human capital. It has focused on creating optimal conditions for individuals to achieve their potential.

Despite various mistakes and setbacks, the United States still sets the direction of technological innovation and its culture dominates the world.

Russia, in contrast, has wasted its resources, especially human ones. It literally killed off many talented people. Others were able to escape in time and achieved fame in Europe and, especially, in the United States, thus contributing notably to America’s economy and culture.

Choreographer George Balanchine, writer Vladimir Nabokov and, most recently, Google founder Sergei Brin are just a few examples among many.

Russia’s political economy has not moved forward much over the past 100 years. Despite mind-boggling mistakes, mismanagement and crimes of its leaders, Russia even now has much unrealized potential.

Russians may yet rise up and fulfill their human potential. But for that to happen, they will need to change the country’s kleptocratic political system and end their own serf-like mentality. Both are, in so many ways, the direct descendants of the Soviet era.

Alexei Bayer is a contributing editor of The Globalist. His debut novel, Murder at the Dacha, which is set in 1960s Moscow, was published in May.

Venezuela-Brasil-OEA: Itamaraty sempre atua por instrucoes de Brasilia, sempre (ou quase sempre)

Só alguns diplomatas malucos -- mas esses não devem contar nem com uma meia mão, o que daria 2,5 diplomatas -- ousam não seguir as instruções de Brasília.
A deputado venezuelana está certa, mas nada do que ocorreu foi por iniciativa do diplomata em questão. Aposto até que ele deve ter se sentido ultra-constrangido por atuar, não exatamente como capitão do mato, mas como guardião dos novos valores que se levantam (ou ao contrário) na diplomacia brasileira...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Deputada cassada na Venezuela María Corina Machado (Fonte: Reprodução)

COLUNA ESPLANADA

Deputada cassada acusa diplomata brasileiro de liderar censura

María Corina Machado revelou que Breno Dias da Costa foi o principal articulador para barrar seu discurso na Assembleia da OEA, que acarretou em sua cassação

por Leandro Mazzini

Opinião e Notícia, 10 de abril, 2014

    

fonte | A A A

No jantar em sua homenagem em Brasília, a deputada cassada na Venezuela María Corina Machado revelou que o diplomata brasileiro Breno Dias da Costa foi o principal articulador, nos bastidores, para barrar seu discurso na Assembleia da OEA em Washington dia 21 de março, que acarretou em sua cassação. Com aval do Itamaraty, o diplomata atuou para excluir dos discursos o tema da crise na Venezuela. Conseguiu apoio de 22 nações, contra votos de Canadá, Panamá e EUA a favor do depoimento.

Fantoche

Em nota, o Itamaraty informou que o Encarregado de Negócios Breno Dias, da Delegação Permanente junto à OEA, agiu sob orientação do governo brasileiro.

Hum…

Segundo o Itamaraty, não houve ‘qualquer forma de manobra, mas procedimento oficial e transparente (..), o que constitui o procedimento de praxe em reuniões do Conselho’.