O que é este blog?

Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.

sábado, 1 de abril de 2023

ORCID publications - Paulo Roberto de Almeida (1 Abril 2023)

Uma listagem retirada da minha página no ORCID: 

Works (3 of 53)

Brazil and the 1919 Peace Negotiations: a newcomer among the greats

Revista de Direito Internacional
2023-03-31 | Journal article
DOI: 10.5102/rdi.v19i3.8138
Contributors: Paulo Roberto Almeida

Contributors

Paulo Roberto Almeida (Author)

Added

2023-03-31

Last modified

2023-03-31
Source: Crossref

Eleições brasileiras de 2022: um cenário de terra arrasada

Revista InterAção
2022-09-19 | Journal article
DOI: 10.5902/2357797571719
Contributors: Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Source: Crossref

Direito e Regulação da Comunicação Social no Brasil: Breves Relatos Juseconômicos nas Políticas Públicas de Mídias

Economic Analysis of Law Review
2022-02-20 | Journal article
DOI: 10.31501/ealr.v12i3.13138
Contributors: Rhuan Filipe Montenegro dos Reis; Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Source: Crossref

Amado Luiz Cervo e a historiografia brasileira de relações internacionais

Intelligere
2020-12-29 | Journal article
DOI: 10.11606/issn.2447-9020.intelligere.2020.178316
Contributors: Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Source: Crossref

O Movimento comunista internacional e seu impacto no Brasil

O Livro Negro do Comunismo no Brasil)
2019-12-11 | Book chapter
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15046.63047
Source: Paulo Almeida

Miséria da Diplomacia - Apresentação Paulo R Almeida

Livraria Tapera Taperá
2019-08-10 | Conference paper
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23836.44169
Source: Paulo Almeida

A economia política de Rio Branco

Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies
2019-08-08 | Journal article
DOI: 10.20889/M47e20007
Contributors: Paulo Roberto De Almeida
Source: Crossref

Rubens Ferreira de Mello: o primeiro tratado brasileiro de direito diplomático

Diplomatizzando
2019-03-03 | Journal article
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36219.57120
Source: Paulo Almeida

Relatório de Atividades Gestão do diretor do IPRI Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Diplomatizzando
2018-12-24 | Journal article
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11298.89288
Source: Paulo Almeida

Estrutura Constitucional e Interface Internacional do Brasil

Estrutura Constitucional e Interface Internacional do Brasild
2018-08-10 | Journal article
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28791.11683
Source: Paulo Almeida

De la (Non) Démocratie en Amérique (Latine)

Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas Avançadas do Terceiro Setor, REPATS 
2018-06-01 | Journal article
Part of ISSN: 2359-5299
Source: Paulo Almeida

ELEIÇÕES PRESIDENCIAIS NO BRASIL

Author
2018-05-04 | Online resource
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10413.18404
Source: Paulo Almeida

Regional integration in Latin America

Meridiano 47 - Journal of Global Studies
2018-04-25 | Journal article
DOI: 10.20889/m47e19015
Part of ISSN: 1518-1219
Source: Paulo Almeida
grade 
Preferred source (of 2)‎

A Brazilian Adam Smith

MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, Law and Economics
2018-04-17 | Journal article
DOI: 10.30800/mises.2018.v6.64
Part of ISSN: 2594-9187
Part of ISSN: 2318-0811
Source: Paulo Almeida

Fim de reino na politica externa: o ocaso do lulopetismo diplomatico

Diplomatizzando
2018-02-18 | Journal article
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16348.69766
Source: Paulo Almeida

Uma visao critica da politica externa brasileira: a da SAE-SG/PR

Mundorama
2017-12-02 | Journal article
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29591.78249
Source: Paulo Almeida

Formação da Diplomacia Econômica no Brasil

Funag
2017-10-07 | Book
ISBN: 978-85-7631-675-6 
Source: Paulo Almeida

Teoria geral do lulopetismo: treze teses preliminares + O lulopetismo diplomatico: um experimento exotico no Itamaraty

Diplomatizzando
2016-09-07 | Journal article
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24865.20324
Source: Paulo Almeida

Capitalisme et democratie au Bresil 30 ans apres

Classes Sociales et Pouvoir Politique au Brésil
2015-08-03 | Book chapter
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2842.5448
Source: Paulo Almeida

Révolutions bourgeoises et modernisation capitaliste : Démocratie et autoritarisme au Brésil 

Éditions Universitaires Européennes
2015-08-03 | Book
ISBN: 978-3-8416-7391-6
Source: Paulo Almeida

O Panorama visto em Mundorama: Ensaios Irreverentes e Não Autorizados

Author
2015-07-04 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4406.7682
Source: Paulo Almeida

Transformações da ordem econômica mundial, do final do século 19 à Segunda Guerra Mundial

Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional
2015-06-05 | Journal article
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7329201500107
Part of ISSN: 0034-7329
Source: Paulo Almeida

Paralelos com o Meridiano 47: Ensaios Longitudinais e de Ampla Latitude

Author
2015-05-04 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1916.4006
Source: Paulo Almeida

Codex Diplomaticus Brasiliensis: livros de diplomatas brasileiros (2014)

Author edition
2014-10-07 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2008.9927
Source: Paulo Almeida

Polindo a Prata da Casa: mini-resenhas de livros de diplomatas (2014)

Author edition
2014-06-10 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4630.4325
Source: Paulo Almeida

Prata da Casa: os livros dos diplomatas

Author Edition
2014-06-10 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4908.9601
Source: Paulo Almeida

Rompendo Fronteiras: a Academia pensa a Diplomacia (2014)

Author edition
2014-05-13 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4106.1447
Source: Paulo Almeida

Volta ao Mundo em 25 Ensaios: relações internacionais e economia mundial

Author edition
2014-03-22 | Book
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3057.5683
Source: Paulo Almeida

Nunca Antes na Diplomacia…

Appris
2014-02-10 | Book
ISBN: 978-85-8192-429-8
Source: Paulo Almeida

<b>Brazilian trade policy in historical perspective: constant features, erratic behavior<b> - doi:10.5102/rdi.v10i1.2393

Revista de Direito Internacional
2013-06-20 | Journal article
DOI: 10.5102/rdi.v10i1.2393
Part of ISSN: 2237-1036
Part of ISSN: 2236-997X
Source: Paulo Almeida

O ano que ainda não terminou nas relações internacionais: 1962 nas páginas da RBPI

Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional
2012-12 | Journal article
DOI: 10.1590/s0034-73292012000200001
Part of ISSN: 0034-7329
Source: Paulo Almeida

As relações econômicas internacionais do Brasil dos anos 1950 aos 80

Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional
2007-12 | Journal article
DOI: 10.1590/s0034-73292007000200005
Part of ISSN: 0034-7329
Source: Paulo Almeida

As duas últimas décadas do século XX

História das Relações internacionais Contemporâneas: da sociedades internacional do século XIX à era da globalização 
2006-06-04 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-88270-03-X
Source: Paulo Almeida

OTAN e o fim da Guerra Fria

Enciclopédia de Guerras e Revoluções do Século XX - As Grandes Transformações do Mundo Contemporâneo: Conflitos, Cultura e Comportamento 
2004-10-10 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-352-1406-2
Source: Paulo Almeida

A Organização das Nações Unidas

Enciclopédia de Guerras e Revoluções do Século XX - As Grandes Transformações do Mundo Contemporâneo: Conflitos, Cultura e Comportamento 
2004-10-04 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-352-1406-2
Source: Paulo Almeida

Organização dos Estados Americanos

Enciclopédia de Guerras e Revoluções do Século XX: As Grandes Transformações do Mundo Contemporâneo: Conflitos, Cultura e Comportamento 
2004-10-04 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-352-1406-2
Source: Paulo Almeida

Uma política externa engajada: a diplomacia do governo Lula

Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional
2004-06 | Journal article
DOI: 10.1590/s0034-73292004000100008
Part of ISSN: 0034-7329
Source: Paulo Almeida

Objetivos do Tratado de Maastricht

Enciclopédia de Direito Brasileiro
2002-06-10 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-309-0860-0
Source: Paulo Almeida

Os primeiros anos do século XXI

Paz e Terra
2002-06-03 | Book
ISBN: 85-219-0435-5
Source: Paulo Almeida

Euro: a moeda europeia

Enciclopédia de Direito Brasileiro
2002-05-10 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-309-0860-0
Source: Paulo Almeida

Ministério das Relações Exteriores

Enciclopédia de Direito Brasileiro, 2º volume: Direito Comunitário, de Integração e Internacional 
2002-03-06 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-309-0860-0
Source: Paulo Almeida

OTAN: a Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte

Enciclopédia de Direito Brasileiro
2002-03-05 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-309-0860-0
Source: Paulo Almeida

Dez Anos de Mercosul: uma visão brasileira

Direito da Integração: estudos em homenagem a Werter Faria (
2001-08-06 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-7387-576-3
Source: Paulo Almeida

O Brasil e os primeiros 500 anos de globalização capitalista

Estudos Ibero-Americanos
2000-12-31 | Journal article
DOI: 10.15448/1980-864x.2000.s.25197
Part of ISSN: 1980-864X
Part of ISSN: 0101-4064
Source: Paulo Almeida

Le Mercosud

2000-06-10 | Book
ISBN:

2-7384-9350-5

Source: Paulo Almeida

Le Mercosud: un marché commun pour l’Amérique du Sud

L'Harmattan
2000-06-02 | Book
ISBN: 978-2738493507
Source: Paulo Almeida

O Brasil e os impactos econômicos e sociais da globalização

Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento Regional 
2000-05-03 | Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-86591-21-1
Source: Paulo Almeida

Brasileiros na Guerra Civil Espanhola, 1936-1939

Revista de Sociologia e Política
1999-06-15 | Journal article
Part of ISSN: 0104-4478
Source: Paulo Almeida

Os limites do alinhamento 

Estudos Ibero-Americanos
1993-12-31 | Journal article
DOI: 10.15448/1980-864x.1993.1.29200
Part of ISSN: 1980-864X
Part of ISSN: 0101-4064
Source: Paulo Almeida

Contribuições à história diplomática do Brasil

Estudos Ibero-Americanos
1992-12-31 | Journal article
DOI: 10.15448/1980-864x.1992.2.29229
Part of ISSN: 1980-864X
Part of ISSN: 0101-4064
Source: Paulo Almeida

Revolution Bourgeoise et Modernisation Capitaliste au Bresil

1984-06-10 | Dissertation/Thesis
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2318.2560
Source: Paulo Almeida

O futuro do Mercosul

O Mercosul no limiar do século XXI 
Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-249-0749-5
Source: Paulo Almeida

ONU e o fim da Guerra Fria

Enciclopédia de Guerras e Revoluções do Século XX - As Grandes Transformações do Mundo Contemporâneo: Conflitos, Cultura e Comportamento 
Book chapter
Part of ISBN: 85-352-1406-2
Source: Paulo Almeida
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Brazil and the 1919 Peace Negotiations: a newcomer among the greats - Paulo Roberto de Almeida (Revista de Direito Internacional)

 Meu mais recente artigo publicado, mas foi elaborado em 2019, para uma conferência sobre as negociações de paz de Paris, em 1919: 

Revista de Direito Internacional (Uniceub)

Brazil and the 1919 Peace Negotiations: a newcomer among the greats

Paulo Roberto Almeida


Resumo

After some huge funding loans at the end of the Monarchy and in early Republic, to consolidate old debt into new debt, the Great War represented a serious disturbance for Brazil’s fragile economy: reduction of its exports (mainly coffee) to Europe and no one cent lent by Brazil’s official bankers, the London Rothchilds, during the whole duration of the war. Brazil had a minor participation in the fights, either naval or terrestrial, having declared a state of war against the German Empire only in the second semester of 1917, with some naval patrols in the Atlantic waters and a “Brazilian hospital” in Paris, but most of the personnel sent to Europe succumbed to the Spanish flu at the end of the conflict. Brazilian participation in the peace conference was assured by an especial delegation, having at the head a prestigious envoy, Mr. Epitácio Pessoa, who was not only selected as presidential candidate, but also was to be elected while in Paris, without any campaign at home. Main issues in defense of Brazilian interests at the Paris Peace Conference were the payment of Brazilian coffee stocks in Hamburg and Trieste, retained by the central empires, and a financial or material compensation to be offered against German ships retained in Brazilian ports. Brazil signed only the Versailles treaty, was admitted in the League of Nations, but choose to quit the organization five years later, when Germany was elected to a post Brazil expected to be assigned for it.

Palavras-chave


Great War. Paris Peace negotiations. Brazil’s delegation. Epitácio Pessoa.

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referências

Sources:

BRASIL. Câmara dos Deputados. Mensagens presidenciais (1919-1922): Delfim Moreira e Epitácio Pessoa. Brasília: Centro de Documentação e Informação, 1978.

_____ . Diplomatic Historical Archives of the Brazilian Foreign Ministry (AHD-Itamaraty), in Rio de Janeiro; series Paris Peace Conference (273, 2, 08-11).

_____ . Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Guerra da Europa: documentos diplomáticos, atitude do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1918.

LYRA, Heitor. Minha vida diplomática. Brasília: UnB, 1981, 2 vols.

PESSOA, Epitácio. Pela Verdade. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Francisco Alves, 1925.

_____ . Obras completas, vol. XIV: Conferência da Paz; diplomacia e direito internacional. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1961

_____ . Obras completas, vol. XVII: Mensagens ao Congresso. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1956.

U.S. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Treaty of Versailles; text in English; available at: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0043.pdf ; access in June 4, 2019.

Bibliography:

BARACUHY, Braz. Vencer ao perder: a natureza da diplomacia brasileira na crise da Liga das Nações (1926). Brasília: Funag, 2005.

BARRETO, Fernando de Mello. Os sucessores do Barão: relações internacionais do Brasil, 1912-1964. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2001.

CARDIM, Carlos Henrique. A Raiz das Coisas: Rui Barbosa, o Brasil no mundo. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2007.

CARVALHO, Carlos Delgado de. História Diplomática do Brasil (1959). 3rd. ed.; Brasília: Senado Federal, 2016.

DUROSELLE, Jean-Baptiste. Histoire diplomatique de 1919 à nos jours. 11ème éd.; Paris: Dalloz, 1993.

GABAGLIA, Laurita Pessoa Raja. Epitácio Pessoa (1865-1942). São Paulo: Livraria José Olympio Editora, 1951, 2 vols.

GARCIA, Eugenio Vargas. Entre América e Europa: a política externa brasileira na década de 1920. Brasília: Editora da UnB-Funag, 2006.

_____ . O Brasil e a Liga das Nações (1919-1926): vencer ou não perder. Porto Alegre-Brasília: Editora da UFRGS-Funag, 2000.

MARTINS, Pedro Augusto Amorim Parga. Epitácio Pessoa e a política externa brasileira: estudo histórico, diplomático e cultural. Brasília: Brasília: Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Instituto Rio Branco, Mestrado em Diplomacia, 2011.

MELO FRANCO, Afonso Arinos. Um estadista da República: Afrânio de Melo Franco e seu tempo. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José Olympio Editora, 1955, 3 vols.

NICOLSON, Harold. Peacemaking 1919. London: Constable, 1933.

PARDELLAS, Carlos Alberto Pessoa. Epitácio Pessoa: na Europa e no Brasil. Brasília: Funag, 2018.

ROCHA, Regina da Cunha. Parlamento brasileiro e política exterior na República (1889-1930). Curitiba: Juruá, 2010.

SIMONSEN, Roberto et al. Calógeras na opinião de seus contemporâneos. São Paulo: Siqueira, 1934.

SMITH, Joseph. Unequal giants: diplomatic relations between the United States and Brazil, 1889-1930. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991.

VINHOSA, Francisco Luiz Teixeira. O Brasil e a Primeira Guerra Mundial: a diplomacia brasileira e as grandes potências. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, 1990.


DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v19i3.8138 

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)
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Investigating the terrorist attack on Nord Stream is a matter of Germany’s sovereignty - Sevim Dagdelen (John Menadue Blog)

 Um assunto intrigante, em face do qual devemos perguntar, como qualquer investigador policial: a quem beneficia o crime? 

Acho que a resposta é clara...

Paulo Roberto de Almeida


Defence and Security, International relations, Politics, Top 5

Investigating the terrorist attack on Nord Stream is a matter of Germany’s sovereignty

By Sevim Dagdelen
John Menadue Blog, Apr 1, 2023
https://johnmenadue.com/investigating-the-terrorist-attack-on-nord-stream-is-a-matter-of-germanys-sovereignty/

Who was behind the terrorist attacks on Nord Stream?

Half a year after the pipeline explosions, there is growing public interest in finally learning more about the circumstances of the attacks on what is important energy infrastructure for Germany and Europe. This is due to the versions of events published in the New York Times and the Hamburg weekly DIE ZEIT, in “research” collaboration with public broadcasting media, which came out almost simultaneously just days after Germany’s Chancellor Scholz and US President Biden met behind closed doors in the White House in early March. In contrast to the benign resonance this found in the press, the revelations by US investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published a few weeks earlier, stating that the United States and Norway were responsible for the terrorist attack, were either ignored or discredited – as was the latest follow-up from Hersh alleging that the US and German secret services provided the press with false information about the said alternative narrative. This is thoroughly strange, given that the accounts in the New York Times and DIE ZEIT give rise to more questions than they answer.

The story that a “pro-Ukrainian group” of six private individuals is supposed to be responsible for the complex terrorist attacks on Nord Stream on 26 September 2022, without being in contact with Ukraine’s leaders, contradicts the reports that the German Government and its subordinate authorities had previously given to parliament, according to which the only plausible perpetrators were state actors. Numerous experts, including Commander Göran Swistek, maritime security specialist at the government-aligned think tank German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin, agree that a terrorist attack of this scale and complexity will have required not only time-consuming preparation but also, and above all, a lot of expertise and corresponding resources and could not have been carried out by a small group acting autonomously. It is indeed a stretch to imagine a small group without state or secret service support transporting two tonnes of explosives and diving equipment on a yacht only 15 metres long and then positioning them unnoticed, without possessing a decompression chamber, in several dives at what happens to be one of the deeper points of the Baltic Sea, 80 metres down.

Even a confidential hearing held by the Bundestag Committee on Foreign Affairs on 15 March 2023, to which the investigating Federal Prosecutor’s Office and the Federal Intelligence Service were invited at the initiative of the Left Party opposition parliamentary group, was unable to resolve the obvious contradictions in the supposed investigation findings and the circumstances of the terrorist attack. On the contrary, after that meeting, the impression has been reinforced that the German government and its investigative authorities by themselves lack the power and the will needed to illuminate the circumstances of the attack.

Getting to the bottom of the terrorist attack on Nord Stream is a matter of the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany in two respects. First, it was an unprecedented assault on Germany’s energy sovereignty. To anyone watching from outside, it must seem downright absurd that broad swathes of Germany’s political community and media apparently have no interest at all in having the circumstances properly investigated. On the contrary, the reactions of German politicians and journalists reveal pleasure – sometimes more blatant, sometimes less – at this infrastructure, unloved particularly in transatlantic-leaning political circles, finally being destroyed. The fact that the destruction of the Nord Stream pipeline caused a further rise in gas prices which have put vast additional pressure on private households and businesses and jeopardised the survival of some sectors has no place in that thinking.

Second, the German Government’s inability or unwillingness to brief parliament and the public with investigative findings that stand up to scrutiny, half a year after the terrorist act, raises serious doubts about its sovereignty in foreign and security policy. It stands to reason that the Government’s supine behaviour has its cause in Germany’s almost complete subordination to US interests. As with the incubation of and response to the Ukraine war, the German Government is not able to break free, in the interests of its own people, of its vassalage to the US Administration. Let us not forget, on that point, the remarkable press conference at the White House on 7 February 2022, when US President Joe Biden announced, without a word to the contrary from Federal Chancellor Olaf Scholz, that the United States would “bring an end” to the pipeline if Russia invaded Ukraine. In the same spirit, at a hearing in the US Congress on 26 January 2023, Under Secretary of State Victoria Nuland revealingly told Senator Ted Cruz of her gratification at knowing that the terrorist act had left Nord Stream “a hunk of metal at the bottom of the sea”.

Especially in view of Seymour Hersh’s latest allegations that Federal Chancellor Scholz, irrespective of whether he had prior information about the destruction of the pipeline, “has clearly been complicit since last fall in support of the Biden Administration’s cover-up of its operation in the Baltic Sea”, we urgently need an international commission of inquiry under the supervision of the United Nations, not least so that the lead casting suspicion on the United States can even be followed up. Actual investigation of the explosions on the two Nord Stream pipelines is moreover a high global priority, as US economist Jeffrey Sachs rightly pointed out in a recent hearing on the matter before the UN Security Council. After all, not only did this act of international terrorism cause huge economic losses for the states involved; the attack is also a danger to peace and a threat to the security of the cross-border critical infrastructure of all states around the world.

US Democrat Dennis Kucinich has pointed out that, if the national investigative authorities responsible are unwilling or unable to discover the truth, this act of aggression ought to be investigated by the International Criminal Court. The fact is that neither Germany or Sweden nor Denmark, in whose territory the attack took place and which, as a State Party to the Rome Statute, comes under the remit of the International Criminal Court, have yet given any public account of the results of their investigations.

The lack of investigation into the Nord Stream terrorism is a millstone on the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany and the EU countries involved, and it has global ramifications. For the sake of all states and people around the world, such an act of international terrorism cannot be left uninvestigated.

Sevim Dagdelen has been a Member of the German Bundestag since 2005. She is the spokeswoman for the Left Party parliamentary group on the Bundestag’s Committee on Foreign Affairs, a deputy member of the Defence Committee and spokeswoman for international policy and disarmament. From 2017 to 2020, she served on the executive committee of the Left Party parliamentary group as vice chair. Sevim Dagdelen is a member of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly and a deputy member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

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