⚠️Atenção: os gráficos estão em escalas diferentes. |
Temas de relações internacionais, de política externa e de diplomacia brasileira, com ênfase em políticas econômicas, em viagens, livros e cultura em geral. Um quilombo de resistência intelectual em defesa da racionalidade, da inteligência e das liberdades democráticas.
O que é este blog?
Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.
quinta-feira, 30 de julho de 2020
Estamos caindo no fascismo? - Debatable The New York Times
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In a tweet on Thursday morning, President Trump floated the very bad idea of delaying the presidential election. (He does not have the legal authority to do so, though that doesn’t mean there are no reasons for concern — more on those here.) Within hours, the president’s statement was being condemned, by conservatives and progressives alike, as fascism. |
It’s a word that’s been appearing with increasing frequency recently, including in The Times. But what does fascism actually mean? To what extent can American politics, present and past, be described as fascist? And is it even a useful word anymore? Here’s what people are saying. |
How fascism works |
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The word fascism has become so freighted with meaning that it can be difficult to define; today, it is often used as a shallow epithet for any politics one strongly dislikes. As a historical term, however, fascism refers to the current of far-right, anti-democratic ultranationalism that coursed through Europe in the interwar period. Although primarily associated with Adolf Hitler, fascism first gained form as a paramilitary and political movement under Benito Mussolini in 1919. The name of Mussolini’s party derived from “fasces,” the Latin word for a bundle of wooden rods containing an ax that symbolized power in ancient Rome, and which Mussolini used to represent the Italian people bound by the authority of the state. |
A fascist government, as Ruth Ben-Ghiat, a historian of authoritarianism at New York University, explains, has only one party, led by a dictator who through violence has shut down all opposition, including from the judiciary, the press and so-called enemies of the state. |
But what makes fascism distinct from other forms of authoritarianism? Here are a few signature characteristics according to Jason Stanley, a philosophy professor at Yale and the author of “How Fascism Works.” |
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Is America slipping into fascism? |
Critics of President Trump have described him as promoting fascism since before he won the 2016 election. But the accusations have gained new force in recent months with the deployment of federal law enforcement in Washington, D.C.; Portland, Ore.; and potentially elsewhere to disperse protests, sometimes brutalizing protesters, journalists and politicians in the process. |
America, of course, does not have a one-party government, and it is still holding elections (though fears about their future legitimacy abound), so it cannot credibly be called a fascist state. But do recent events bear the mark of fascist tendencies? The Times columnist Michelle Goldberg thinks so. “This is a classic way that violence happens in authoritarian regimes, whether it’s Franco’s Spain or whether it’s the Russian Empire,” the historian Timothy Snyder told her. “The people who are getting used to committing violence on the border are then brought in to commit violence against people in the interior.” House Speaker Nancy Pelosi tweeted: |
In The New York Post, Norman Podhoretz describes such declarations as nothing more than “elite hysterics”: Presidents are perfectly within their rights to use federal forces to protect federal property, as many have done before. Federal forces were sent into Los Angeles in 1992, at the request of California’s governor, to control the Rodney King uprisings, into Washington, Chicago and Baltimore in 1968 after Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination and into Chicago in 1877 during the Great Railroad Strike. As the historian Heather Ann Thompson told The Times, “The idea of bringing in troops or law enforcement in its many forms to quell civilian protest is as American as apple pie — it is foundational to this nation.” |
It is on the shores of American history that arguments about domestic fascism tend to come to grief. For if one accepts Stanley’s description, most of the country’s politics to date could be said to evince elements of fascism, as the historian Samuel Moyn writes in The New York Review of Books. In fact, when the Nazis went about designing a legal regime to racialize citizenship and prevent miscegenation, they looked to American race law for a model, as the historian James Q. Whitman has documented: “In ‘Mein Kampf,’ Hitler praised America as nothing less than ‘the one state’ that had made progress toward the creation of a healthy racist order of the kind the Nuremberg Laws were intended to establish.” |
Much has also been made of recent incidents of unidentified federal agents pulling protesters into unmarked vehicles. Yet as Brandon Soderberg and Baynard Woods report for The Guardian, local police departments have used this “quasi-fascist tactic” for years. The plainclothes officers who were seen in a widely shared video pulling a New York City protester into an unmarked van on Tuesday, for example, did so under the authority not of Donald Trump but of Mayor Bill de Blasio. |
Still, Thompson said of Trump, “There is a way in which he is taking this to the next level.” Clark Neily, the vice president for criminal justice at the Cato Institute, pointed out that the Trump administration seems to be using federal agents as a “run-of-the-mill domestic policing force,” including in cities where no violent protest has occurred. Unlike in 1968 or 1992, local officials have not asked for federal intervention. And since then, the number of federal agencies at the president’s disposal has grown. (The Department of Homeland Security was established only in 2002, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement only in 2003.) |
Ultimately, the semblance of fascism is still very different from the fact of it. But the journalist Masha Gessen, like Stanley himself, believes that the former is reason enough to worry. After all, fascists have historically come to power through elections. “Trump is now performing his idea of power as he imagines it,” Gessen wrote in The New Yorker last month. “In his intuition, power is autocratic; it affirms the superiority of one nation and one race; it asserts total domination; and it mercilessly suppresses all opposition. Whether or not he is capable of grasping the concept, Trump is performing fascism.” |
The cost of calling ‘fascism’ |
The appeal of reading history into the present is plain enough. But what cost does it incur to understanding? The act of comparison can obscure distinctions even as it illuminates similarities. Moyn argues that by comparing the current moment in America to fascism, one relieves oneself of the responsibility to analyze what is truly new about it. “For all its other virtues,” he writes, “comparison in general does not do well with the novelty that Trump certainly represents, for all of his preconditions and sources.” Nor do analogies to fascism spare much room to appreciate the ways in which the country’s present is continuous with its past. The historian David A. Bell tweeted: |
Might there also be a political cost to invoking fascism? Perhaps, Moyn says. But in Trump’s case, the problem with such analogies may be that they’re not so much harmful as useless. “Occluding what led to the rise of Trump (who posed as a victims’ candidate) and ‘Trump-washing’ the American political elite before him who led to so much suffering are less serious mistakes than delaying and distorting a collective resolve about what steps would lead us out of the present morass,” he writes. “Charging fascism does nothing on its own. Only building an alternative to the present does, which requires imagining it first.” |
Do you have a point of view we missed? Email us at debatable@nytimes.com. Please note your name, age and location in your response, which may be included in the next newsletter. |
MORE ON THE F WORD |
“The Debate Over the Word ‘Fascism’ Takes a New Turn” [The New York Times] |
Is Trump a fascist? That may be the wrong question. [Business Insider] |
“The Failure to Define Fascism Today” [The New Republic] |
“Defining fascism isn’t as important as subjecting all political movements to moral scrutiny” [Slate] |
“Why Historical Analogy Matters” [The New York Review of Books] |
“Donald Trump Doesn’t Want Authority” [The New York Times] |
Primeira Circum-navegação brasileira e a primeira missão do Brasil à China (1879)
PRIMEIRA CIRCUM-NAVEGAÇÃO BRASILEIRA E PRIMEIRA MISSÃO DO BRASIL À CHINA (1879)
Autores: Marli Cristina Scomazzon e Jeff Franco
Editora: Dois Por Quatro
Número de páginas: 360
Formato: 18 x 24 cm
ISBN: 978-85-69609-43-8
Já está disponível o livro sobre a primeira volta ao mundo feita por navio e tripulação brasileira e os bastidores da primeira missão diplomática brasileira à China, fatos ocorridos entre 1879 e 1883
O feito de tão arriscada viagem coube à Marinha do Brasil com 197 homens - 22 oficiais, 126 marinheiros imperiais, 15 foguistas e 21 soldados navais. Muitos marinheiros acabaram ceifados por enfermidades como o beribéri. Alguns, desertaram e outros não puderam voltar com a guarnição, pois permaneceram hospitalizados. A viagem de volta ao mundo durou 430 dias, sendo 268 de viagem e 162 nos portos e foi comandada pelo capitão de fragata Júlio César de Noronha.
O navio carregou consigo também a primeira missão diplomática brasileira que por três anos buscou um acordo para trazer ao Brasil mão de obra chinesa. A missão, cercada de polêmica no Brasil e no mundo, teve como enviados extraordinários o diplomata Eduardo Callado e o contra-almirante Arthur Silveira da Motta, futuro barão de Jaceguai.
Marli Cristina Scomazzon e Jeff Franco, coautores das obras
“Nossa proposta foi recuperar uma aventura levada com heroísmo por centenas de marinheiros anônimos, alguns dos quais até perderam a vida. A viagem é um episódio da história brasileira que estava escondido em vários repositórios. Em outros arquivos foi possível recuperar os registros da primeira missão brasileira à China, envolvendo uma grande polêmica, o que é um exemplo de como os fatos evoluem na crônica da vida política do nosso país”, explicam os autores. “Escrevemos este livro com muito entusiasmo por recuperar um tema até então inédito, uma parte interessante da memória nacional e também por ser uma história repleta de curiosidades”.
O livro pode ser adquirido em https://www.doisporquatro.com/primeira-circum-navegacao-brasileira-e-primeira-missao-do-brasil-a-china-1879
MAIS INFORMAÇÕES
Valmor Fritsche – Editor: (48) 98409-8222 – editora@doisporquatro.com
Marli Cristina Scomazzon – Autora: (48) 98809-6761 – cri_130@hotmail.com
A China tem algum modelo agrícola digno de ser copiado pela Índia? - Ding Gang (Global Times)
China’s growth inseparable from its system
Ding Gang
Global Times, Pequim – 31.10.2019
In the article "Farm lessons from China" published on The India Express, Indian scholars Ashok Gulati and Sakshi Gupta suggest that India should pay attention to China's three lessons to improve agricultural production.
First, China spends a lot more on agriculture knowledge and innovation system (AKIS), which includes agricultural R&D and extension. Second, the incentive structure as measured by producer support estimates (PSEs) is much better for Chinese farmers than Indian farmers. The third lesson pertains to direct income support schemes.
These three lessons have indeed captured the key to China's successful agricultural reform. We know that Indian scholars are intensely researching Chinese agriculture. If India can learn from China's experience in combination with its own agricultural practices, it will undoubtedly help promote its agricultural development.
However, what Indian scholars should also see is the institutional context that has supported the three specific ways. If there is no corresponding institutional reform, it will be difficult for India to promote those methods.
In the West, it is now fashionable to discuss the legitimacy of the Chinese government, and they believe it is based on economic development rather than through elections like the West. Some Indian scholars have the same understanding of China's political system.
This view is a misunderstanding of the Chinese political system. It focuses on the form of the system rather than its function and role, thus ignoring the institutional factors in China's development. In fact, in any Western country, no matter how the government has achieved its ruling status, if it cannot improve the economy, it has to step down. An election is just a form.
China has historically always been an agricultural country. The legitimacy of the government is closely related to agricultural development, and it is primarily achieved through the leadership in the construction of water conservancy.
So what role does this system play in the development of China's modern agriculture? Only by answering this question can you find the secret of the three lessons.
Taking the first, investment in agricultural technology by Chinese governments at various levels has been increasing heavily, and it is tightly integrated with poverty alleviation.
I was born in Shaanxi Province, a landlocked and medium-level developed province in Northwest China. The government there invested 318 million yuan ($45 million) in agricultural industry assistance this year, an increase of 10 percent compared with last year. That's only a small part of the provincial government's yearly agricultural investment. The money will be used to support relatively poor areas for some key projects such as planting apples and kiwis and raising dairy goats.
What is more worthy of mention are China's water conservancy, highways, and other infrastructure. In the 70 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's investment in water conservancy has created a record in human history. By the end of 2018, China had completed more than 11 million rural water supply facilities, benefiting 940 million rural people, and the rural centralized water supply rate reached 86 percent.
These achievements would be impossible with any single or group of private companies. Without such large-scale and organized national input, it is unlikely China's agriculture would have reached the level it has today.
Now we can see the relationship between China's development and China's existing political system. This is also what all parties have to pay attention to when learning from China's experience. Those specific experiences do reflect the solutions to problems in the process of China's agricultural reform. But if these lessons are separated from the Chinese system, they may not necessarily become "lessons."
If India intends to learn from China's experience, then it has to reform its agricultural governance system, make it more efficient, with stronger organizational functions and more input, which is precisely the most difficult thing to achieve.
The author is a senior editor with People's Daily, and currently a senior fellow with the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies at Renmin University of China.
Servidor que criticar órgão em que atua nas redes sociais deve ser punido, diz CGU
O governo se prepara para evitar críticas de servidores. A intenção é claramente punitiva e intimidatória.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Servidor que criticar órgão em que atua nas redes sociais deve ser punido, diz CGU
Por Congresso Em Foco Em 29 jul, 2020 - 13:38
Reprodução
ReproduçãoUma nota técnica publicada pela Controladoria-Geral da União defende que a divulgação por servidores federais "de opinião acerca de conflitos ou assuntos internos, ou de manifestações críticas ao órgão ao qual pertença" em suas redes sociais são condutas passíveis de de apuração disciplinar. O documento foi assinado no dia 3 de junho e é de responsabilidade da Coordenação-Geral de Uniformização de Entendimentos (CGUNE).
Esta não é a primeira vez que o tema vem à tona no governo federal. Em maio, uma nota técnica elaborada pela Comissão de Ética do Ibama também pretendia coibir as manifestações políticas contrárias ao governo nas redes sociais dos agentes ambientais.
Em outra ação vista como tentativa de cerceamento da opinião dos servidores federais, o Ministério da Justiça elaborou um dossiê sigiloso contra servidores associados a grupos antifascistas.
A nota é uma manifestação interpretativa da CGUNE "quanto ao alcance e conteúdo dos arts. 116, inciso II e 117, inciso V, da Lei nº 8.112/1990, visando, especialmente, promover a justa adequação destes às hipóteses de condutas irregulares de servidores públicos federais pela má utilização dos meios digitais de comunicação online".
As principais conclusões do documento são:
- A divulgação pelo servidor de opinião acerca de conflitos ou assuntos internos, ou de manifestações críticas ao órgão ao qual pertença, em veículos de comunicação virtuais, são condutas passíveis de apuração disciplinar;
- As condutas de servidores que tragam repercussão negativa à imagem e credibilidade de sua instituição, na forma da alínea anterior, caracterizam o descumprimento do dever de lealdade expresso no art. 116, II, da Lei nº 8.112/90;
- As responsabilidades estatutárias e éticas impostas ao servidor público atuam como circunstâncias limitadoras dos seus interesses privados, permitindo a sua responsabilização disciplinar por condutas irregulares praticadas na esfera privada, desde que estas estejam relacionadas às atribuições do cargo em que se encontre investido;
- A solução de conflitos de entendimento e interesses que extrapolem a esfera comum dos debates de ordem interna deve, ordinariamente, ocorrer no âmbito do próprio órgão de lotação do servidor, por meio dos canais internos competentes;
- A identificação funcional do servidor nas mídias sociais, por si só, não é motivo de responsabilização disciplinar, exigindo, além da efetiva divulgação do conteúdo, a verificação de impropriedades no teor das manifestações nele expostas, especialmente no que diz respeito à possível repercussão negativa à imagem ou credibilidade de sua instituição ou em relação aos demais servidores da casa.
Nota Técnica: https://drive.google.com/file/d/173eN_4AXrxs7PWN52siz97TnSbflApMU/view