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Mostrando postagens com marcador Thomas Friedman. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador Thomas Friedman. Mostrar todas as postagens

terça-feira, 7 de fevereiro de 2023

O segundo ano da guerra na Ucrânia será assustador - Thomas Friedman (NYT, Estadão)

O segundo ano da guerra na Ucrânia será assustador; leia o artigo de Thomas Friedman


Para o autor, uma geração sem uma guerra entre Grandes Potências fez muita gente esquecer o que tornou essa longa era de paz possível

Por Thomas Friedman
O Estado de S. Paulo, 06/02/2023

Conforme nos aproximamos do primeiro aniversário da invasão russa em escala total à Ucrânia — e da feroz resposta ucraniana apoiada pela coalizão ocidental liderada pelos Estados Unidos — a seguinte pergunta precisa ser respondida com urgência: Como foi possível que, em 23 de fevereiro de 2022, virtualmente ninguém nos EUA argumentava que estava no centro do nosso interesse nacional entrar em uma guerra indireta com a Rússia para impedi-la de subjugar a Ucrânia, um país que a maioria dos americanos não conseguia encontrar no mapa em dez tentativas?

E ainda assim, agora, quase um ano depois, pesquisas mostram sólidas maiorias americanas (apesar de diminuindo levemente) a favor do apoio aos ucranianos com armas e ajudas, mesmo que isso arrisque um conflito direto com a Rússia de Vladimir Putin.

Tratou-se de uma mudança diametral na opinião pública americana. Certamente isso se explica em parte pelo fato de que nenhuma força de combate dos EUA está na Ucrânia, então a sensação é como se estivéssemos arriscando, por agora, armas e dinheiro — enquanto o impacto total da guerra é absorvido pelos ucranianos.

Mas há outra explicação, apesar de a maioria dos americanos provavelmente não ser capaz de articulá-la e muitos poderem concordar com ela apenas relutantemente.

Eles sabem em algum nível profundo que o mundo em que vivemos hoje é enviesado da maneira que é por causa do poder americano. Isso não significa que sempre os EUA usam seu poder sabiamente, nem que teriam alcançado sucesso sem aliados. Mas na medida que usa seu poder sabiamente e em concerto com aliados, o país constrói e protege uma ordem mundial liberal desde 1945, o que atendeu enormemente a seus interesses — economicamente e geopoliticamente.

Esta é uma ordem na qual grandes potência autocráticas, como a Alemanha nazista, o Império do Japão ou a Rússia moderna não são livres para simplesmente devorar seus vizinhos. E trata-se de uma ordem em que mais democracias do que nunca foram capazes de florescer — e na qual mercados livres e comércio aberto tiraram mais gente da pobreza do que em qualquer outro período na história da humanidade. Ela nem sempre é perfeita — mas em um mundo em que a perfeição jamais está no cardápio, esta ordem produziu quase 80 anos sem uma guerra entre Grande Potências, do tipo capaz de desestabilizar todo o planeta.

Defender esta ordem liberal é a lógica subjacente que fez os EUA e seus aliados na Otan ajudar Kiev a reverter a invasão “casa comigo ou te mato” de Putin à Ucrânia — a primeira investida de um país da Europa contra outra nação europeia desde o fim da 2.ª Guerra.

Agora vem a má notícia: Durante o primeiro ano desta guerra, a coisa foi relativamente fácil para os EUA e seus aliados. Os americanos foram capazes de fornecer armas, ajudas e inteligência — assim como impor sanções sobre Moscou — e os ucranianos fizeram o resto, arruinando o Exército de Putin e empurrando suas forças de volta para o leste da Ucrânia. Não acho que o segundo ano será assim tão fácil.

Putin, está claro agora, decidiu dobrar a aposta, mobilizando nos meses recentes possivelmente até 500 mil novos soldados para um novo esforço no primeiro aniversário do conflito. Volume é importante na guerra — mesmo que essa massa contenha grandes números de mercenários, ex-presidiários condenados pela Justiça e conscritos sem treinamento.

Putin está basicamente dizendo o seguinte a Biden: Não posso me permitir perder esta guerra e pagarei qualquer preço e suportarei qualquer sacrifício para garantir que ficarei com um pedaço da Ucrânia que possa justificar minhas baixas. E você, Joe? E seus amigos europeus? Vocês estão dispostos a pagar qualquer preço e suportar qualquer sacrifício para manter a “ordem liberal”?

A coisa vai ficar assustadora. E porque ficamos quase uma geração sem uma guerra entre Grandes Potências, muita gente esqueceu o que tornou essa longa era de paz entre Grandes Potências possível.

‘Punho invisível’
Ainda que eu tenha argumentado no meu livro de 1999, O Lexus e a oliveira, que a explosão massiva de comércio global, negócios e conectividade desempenhava um papel importantíssimo nesta era de paz incomum, eu também argumentei que “a mão invisível do mercado jamais funcionará sem um punho invisível — o McDonald’s não pode sobreviver sem McDonnell Douglas, a fabricante do F-15″. Alguém tem de manter a ordem e fazer valer as regras.

Esse alguém tem sido os Estados Unidos, e acredito que esse papel será testado mais agora do que em qualquer outro momento desde a Crise dos Mísseis em Cuba, de 1962. Os americanos ainda estão dispostos a isso?

Há um novo livro importante que coloca esse desafio em um contexto histórico maior. Em The Ghost at the Feast: America and the Collapse of World Order, 1900-1941 (O fantasma no banquete: Os EUA e o colapso da ordem mundial, 1900-1941), o historiador Robert Kagan, da Brookings Institution, argumenta que, por mais espasmos isolacionistas que os americanos possam ter, a verdade é que, pelo menos ao longo do século recente ou pouco mais, a maioria deles apoiou a aplicação do poder dos EUA para forjar uma ordem mundial liberal que mantinha o mundo inclinado para sistemas políticos e mercados abertos em cada vez mais lugares, de cada vez mais maneiras e cada vez mais frequentemente — o suficiente para impedir que o mundo se tornasse uma selva hobbesiana.

Eu liguei para Kagan e lhe perguntei por que ele percebe a guerra na Ucrânia não como algo em que tropeçamos, mas, em vez disso, como o desdobramento natural de um arco de um século de política externa americana sobre o qual ele está escrevendo. As respostas de Kagan confortarão alguns e inquietarão outros, mas essa discussão é necessária conforme entramos no segundo ano da guerra.

“No meu livro”, afirmou Kagan, “eu cito o discurso sobre o Estado da União de Franklin Roosevelt de 1939. Em um momento em que a segurança dos EUA não estava de nenhuma maneira ameaçada — Hitler ainda não tinha invadido a Polônia, e a queda da França era quase impossível de imaginar — Roosevelt insistiu que havia, contudo, momentos ‘nos assuntos dos homens em que eles devem se preparar para defender não apenas seus lares, mas os princípios de fé e humanidade sobre os quais são fundados suas igrejas, seus governos e sua civilização’. Em ambas as guerras mundiais, e ao longo de toda a Guerra Fria, os americanos agiram não em autodefesa imediata, mas para defender o mundo liberal contra desafios de governos militaristas e autoritários, assim como estão fazendo hoje na Ucrânia”.

Mas por que apoiar a Ucrânia nesta guerra não atende apenas o interesse estratégico americano, mas também está em linha com os valores americanos?

“Os americanos têm dificuldades contínuas para conciliar interpretações contraditórias de seus interesses — um com foco em segurança dentro do país e outro com foco na defesa do mundo liberal para além das fronteiras americanas. O primeiro dialoga com a preferência dos americanos em ser deixados em paz e evitar os custos, responsabilidades e fardos morais de exercitar poder no exterior. O segundo reflete suas ansiedades enquanto um povo favorável à liberdade, sobre se tornar o que Franklin Delano Roosevelt qualificou como uma ‘ilha solitária’ em um mar de ditaduras militaristas. A oscilação entre essas duas perspectivas produziu tropeços recorrentes na política externa americana do século passado.”

Teóricos de relações internacionais, acrescentou Kagan, “nos ensinam a considerar ‘interesses’ e ‘valores’ como elementos distintos, com a ideia de que, para todos os países, os ‘interesses’ — preocupações materiais, como segurança e bem-estar econômico — necessariamente assumem primazia sobre os valores. Mas não é assim, na realidade, como as nações se comportam. A Rússia após a Guerra Fria desfrutou de mais segurança em sua fronteira ocidental do que em qualquer outro momento na história, mesmo com a expansão da Otan. Mas Putin tem se mostrado disposto a tornar a Rússia menos segura para cumprir as ambições tradicionais da grande potência russa, ambições que têm mais a ver com honra e identidade do que com segurança”. O mesmo parece verdadeiro para o presidente Xi Jinping em relação a recuperar Taiwan.

É interessante notar, porém, que um número crescente de republicanos, pelo menos na Câmara e na Fox News, não compra esse argumento, enquanto o presidente democrata e seu Senado o fazem. E no que dá?

“Debates de política externa americana nunca são apenas sobre política externa”, respondeu Kagan. “Os ‘isolacionistas’ nos anos 30 eram majoritariamente republicanos. Seu maior medo, conforme afirmavam, era que Franklin Delano Roosevelt estivesse liderando o país na direção do comunismo. Em assuntos internacionais, portanto, eles tendiam a ser mais simpáticos com potências fascistas do que os democratas progressistas. Eles gostavam de Mussolini, se opunham à ajuda aos republicanos espanhóis contra o fascista Franco, que era apoiado pelos nazistas, e consideravam Hitler uma fortaleza útil contra a União Soviética.

‘Cruzada global antiliberal’
“Então não surpreende hoje que tantos republicanos conservadores tenham uma queda por Putin, que eles consideram um líder da cruzada global antiliberal. Talvez valha a pena recordar Kevin McCarthy de que os republicanos foram destruídos politicamente por sua oposição à intervenção americana na 2.ª Guerra e só conseguiram ressurgir elegendo um internacionalista, Dwight Eisenhower, em 1952.”

Mas também há muitas vozes da esquerda perguntando legitimamente: Vale mesmo a pena arriscar a 3.ª Guerra Mundial para retirar a Rússia completamente do leste da Ucrânia? Nós já não machucamos Putin tanto, ao ponto dele não tentar mais nada na Ucrânia novamente no futuro próximo? Chegou a hora de um acordo sujo?

Já que, suspeito, essa questão estará no centro do nosso debate de política externa em 2023, pedi que Kagan começasse a respondê-la. “Qualquer negociação que permita às forças russas permanecer em território ucraniano será somente uma trégua temporária antes da nova tentativa de Putin”, afirmou ele. “Putin está no processo de militarizar completamente a sociedade russa, muito parecido com o que Stálin fez durante a 2.ª Guerra. Ele joga a longo prazo e conta com que os EUA e o Ocidente fiquem cansados diante da perspectiva de um conflito prolongado — como isolacionistas tanto de esquerda quanto de direita do Instituto Quincy e no Congresso já indicaram estar.

“Não há dúvida de que os EUA são falíveis e certas vezes usam seu poder de maneira insensata. Mas se você não é capaz de encarar francamente a questão do que aconteceria no mundo se os EUA não agissem no exterior, você não está levando essas questões difíceis a sério.” / TRADUÇÃO DE GUILHERME RUSSO


quinta-feira, 10 de março de 2022

O mundo confrontado à loucura de um único déspota - Tom Friedman (NYT)

 Só existe uma maneira de interromper a marcha da insensatez: os militares  russos tomarem o controle militar do Kremlin para depor o insano tirano. Como eles não o farão, o mundo caminhará to the brink…

Paulo Roberto de Almeida


Putin Has No Good Way Out, and That Really Scares Me

Thomas L. Friedman

The New York Times – 10.3.2022

 

If you’re hoping that the instability that Vladimir Putin’s war on Ukraine has wreaked on global markets and geopolitics has peaked, your hope is in vain. We haven’t seen anything yet. Wait until Putin fully grasps that his only choices left in Ukraine are how to lose — early and small and a little humiliated or late and big and deeply humiliated.

I can’t even wrap my mind around what kind of financial and political shocks will radiate from Russia — this country that is the world’s third-largest oil producer and possesses some 6,000 nuclear warheads — when it loses a war of choice that was spearheaded by one man, who can never afford to admit defeat.

Why not? Because Putin surely knows that “the Russian national tradition is unforgiving of military setbacks,” observedLeon Aron, a Russia expert at the American Enterprise Institute, who is writing a book about Putin’s road to Ukraine.

“Virtually every major defeat has resulted in radical change,” added Aron, writing in The Washington Post. “The Crimean War (1853-1856) precipitated Emperor Alexander II’s liberal revolution from above. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) brought about the First Russian Revolution. The catastrophe of World War I resulted in Emperor Nicholas II’s abdication and the Bolshevik Revolution. And the war in Afghanistan became a key factor in Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms.” Also, retreating from Cuba contributed significantly to Nikita Khrushchev’s removal two years later.

In the coming weeks it will become more and more obvious that our biggest problem with Putin in Ukraine is that he will refuse to lose early and small, and the only other outcome is that he will lose big and late. But because this is solely his war and he cannot admit defeat, he could keep doubling down in Ukraine until … until he contemplates using a nuclear weapon.

Why do I say that defeat in Ukraine is Putin’s only option, that only the timing and size are in question? Because the easy, low-cost invasion he envisioned and the welcome party from Ukrainians he imagined were total fantasies — and everything flows from that.

Putin completely underestimated Ukraine’s will to be independent and become part of the West. He completely underestimated the will of many Ukrainians to fight, even if it meant dying, for those two goals. He completely overestimated his own armed forces. He completely underestimated President Biden’s ability to galvanize a global economic and military coalition to enable Ukrainians to stand and fight and to devastate Russia at home — the most effective U.S. coalition-building effort since George H.W. Bush made Saddam Hussein pay for his folly of seizing Kuwait. And he completely underestimated the ability of companies and individuals all over the world to participate in, and amplify, economic sanctions on Russia — far beyond anything governments initiated or mandated.

When you get that many things wrong as a leader, your best option is to lose early andsmall. In Putin’s case that would mean withdrawing his forces from Ukraine immediately; offering a face-saving lie to justify his “special military operation,” like claiming it successfully protected Russians living in Ukraine; and promising to help Russians’ brethren rebuild. But the inescapable humiliation would surely be intolerable for this man obsessed with restoring the dignity and unity of what he sees as the Russian motherland.

Incidentally, the way things are going on the ground in Ukraine right now, it is not out of the realm of possibility that Putin could actually lose early and big. I would not bet on it, but with every passing day that more and more Russian soldiers are killed in Ukraine, who knows what happens to the fighting spirit of the conscripts in the Russian Army being asked to fight a deadly urban war against fellow Slavs for a cause that was never really explained to them.

Given the resistance of Ukrainians everywhere to the Russian occupation, for Putin to “win” militarily on the ground his army will need to subdue every major city in Ukraine. That includes the capital, Kyiv — after probably weeks of urban warfare and massive civilian casualties. In short, it can be done only by Putin and his generals perpetrating war crimes not seen in Europe since Hitler. It will make Putin’s Russia a permanent international pariah.

Moreover, how would Putin maintain control of another country — Ukraine — that has roughly one-third the population of Russia, with many residents hostile to Moscow? He would probably need to maintain every one of the 150,000-plus soldiers he has deployed there — if not more — forever.

There is simply no pathway that I see for Putin to win in Ukraine in any sustainable way because it simply is not the country he thought it was — a country just waiting for a quick decapitation of its “Nazi” leadership so that it could gently fall back into the bosom of Mother Russia.

So either he cuts his losses now and eats crow — and hopefully for him escapes enough sanctions to revive the Russian economy and hold onto power — or faces a forever war against Ukraine and much of the world, which will slowly sap Russia’s strength and collapse its infrastructure.

As he seems hellbent on the latter, I am terrified. Because there is only one thing worse than a strong Russia under Putin — and that’s a weak, humiliated, disorderly Russia that could fracture or be in a prolonged internal leadership turmoil, with different factions wrestling for power and with all of those nuclear warheads, cybercriminals and oil and gas wells lying around.

Putin’s Russia is not too big to fail. It is, however, too big to fail in a way that won’t shake the whole rest of the world.

quinta-feira, 29 de abril de 2021

A paranoia anti-China alcança um dos melhores jornalistas americanos: Thomas Friedman (NYT)

 Normal entre os generais do Pentágono, a obsessão por um conflito direto entre os EUA e a China contaminou os acadêmicos e agora atinge também um dos melhores jornalistas americanos: Tom Friedman. Abastecido por informações dos próprios militares, ele entrou na onda da paranoia que pretende que a China pretende alcançar hegemonia mundial — um objetivo que é exatamente o dos EUA, que já o exerce de maneira arrogante — pela via militar.

Paulo Roberto de Almeida

The New York Times – 28/04/2021

Is There a War Coming Between China and the U.S.?

Thomas L. Friedman

 

If you’re looking for a compelling beach read this summer, I recommend the novel “2034,” by James Stavridis, a retired admiral, and Elliot Ackerman, a former Marine and intelligence officer. The book is about how China and America go to war in 2034beginning with a naval battle near Taiwan and with China acting in a tacit alliance with Iran and Russia.

I’m not giving it all away to say China and the U.S. end up in a nuclear shootout and incinerate a few of each other’s cities, and the result is that neutral India becomes the dominant world power. (Hey, it’s a novel!)

What made the book unnerving, though, was that when I’d put it down and pick up the day’s newspaper I’d read much of what it was predicting for 13 years from now:

Iran and China just signed a 25-year cooperation agreement. Vladimir Putin just massed troops on the border of Ukraine while warning the U.S. that anyone who threatens Russia “will regret their deeds more than they have regretted anything in a long time.” As fleets of Chinese fighter jets, armed with electronic warfare technology, now regularly buzz Taiwan, China’s top foreign affairs policymaker just declared that the U.S. “does not have the qualification … to speak to China from a position of strength.”

Yikes, that’s life imitating art a little too closely for comfort. Why now?

The answer can be found, in part, in a book I have written about before: Michael Mandelbaum’s “The Rise and Fall of Peace on Earth.” It tracks how we went from a world defined by the Cold War between American democracy and Soviet communism — 1945 to 1989 — to a singularly peaceful quarter century without big power conflict, buttressed by spreading democracy and global economic interdependence — 1989 to about 2015 — to our current, much more dangerous era in which China, Iran and Russia are each deflecting the pressures of democracy and the need to deliver constant economic growth by offering their people aggressive hypernationalism instead.

What has made this return of Chinese, Iranian and Russian aggressive nationalism even more dangerous is that, in each country, it is married to state-led industries — particularly military industries — and it’s emerging at a time when America’s democracy is weakening.

Our debilitating political and cultural civil war, inflamed by social networks, is hobbling Americans’ ability to act in unison and for Washington to be a global stabilizer and institution builder, as the United States was after World War II.

Our foolish decision to expand NATO into Russia’s face — after the fall of the Soviet Union — hardened post-Communist Russia into an enemy instead of a potential partner, creating the ideal conditions for an anti-Western autocrat like Putin to emerge. (Imagine if Russia, a country with which we have zero trade or border disputes, were OUR ally today vis-à-vis China and Iran and not THEIR ally in disputes with us.)

Meanwhile, the failure of the U.S. interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq to produce the pluralism and decency hoped for after 9/11, coupled with the 2008 economic crisis and the current pandemic — together with the general hollowing out of America’s manufacturing base — has weakened both American self-confidence and the world’s confidence in America.

The result? Right when China, Russia and Iran are challenging the post-World War II order more aggressively than ever, many wonder whether the United States has the energy, allies and resources for a new geopolitical brawl.

 “Just because communism is gone — and we don’t have two political and economic systems that claim universal legitimacy competing to govern every country — doesn’t mean that ideological considerations have disappeared from international politics,” Mandelbaum argued to me.

Regimes like those in China, Iran and Russia feel much more threatened — more than we think — by democracy, Mandelbaum added. During the first decade of the 21st century, these regimes were able to generate sufficient public support through economic progress. But after that proved more difficult in the second decade of the 21st century, “the leaders of these countries need to find a substitute, and the one they have chosen is hypernationalism.”

Are we up to the challenge? I’m pretty sure we can keep a more aggressive, nationalistic Russia and Iran deterred at a reasonable cost, and with the help of our traditional allies.

But China is another question. So we’d better understand where our strengths and weaknesses lie, as well as China’s.

China is now a true peer competitor in the military, technological and economic realms, except — except in one critical field: designing and manufacturing the most advanced microprocessors and logic and memory chips that are the base layer for artificial intelligence, machine learning, high-performance computing, electric vehicles, telecommunications — i.e., the whole digital economy that we’re moving into.

China’s massive, state-led effort to develop its own vertically integrated microchip industry has so far largely failed to master the physics and hardware to manipulate matter at the nano-scale, a skill required to mass produce super-sophisticated microprocessors.

However, just a few miles away from China sits the largest and most sophisticated contract chip maker in the world: Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. According to the Congressional Research Service, TSMC is one of only three manufacturers in the world that fabricate the most advanced semiconductor chips — and by far the biggest. The second and third are Samsung and Intel.

Most chip designers, like IBM, Qualcomm, Nvidia, AMD (and even Intel to some extent) now use TSMC and Samsung to make the microprocessors they design.

But, just as important, three of the five companies that make the super-sophisticated lithography machines, tools and software used by TSMC and others to actually make the microchips — Applied Materials, Lam Research Corporation and KLA Corporation — are based in the United States. (The other two are Dutch and Japanese.) China largely lacks this expertise.

As such, the American government has the leverage to restrict TSMC from making advanced chips for Chinese companies. Indeed, just two weeks ago, the U.S. made TSMC suspend new orders from seven Chinese supercomputing centers suspected of assisting in the country’s weapons development.

The South China Morning Post quoted Francis Lau, a University of Hong Kong computer scientist, as saying: “The sanctions would definitely affect China’s ability to keep to its leading position in supercomputing,” because all of its current supercomputers mostly use processors from Intel or designed by AMD and IBM and manufactured by TSMC. Although there are Korean and Japanese alternatives, Lau added, they are not as powerful.

China, though, is doubling down on research in the physics, nanotechnology and material sciences that will drive the next generation of chips and chip-making equipment. But it could take China a decade or more to reach the cutting edge.

That’s why — today — as much as China wants Taiwan for reasons of ideology, it wants TSMC in the pocket of Chinese military industries for reasons of strategy. And as much as U.S. strategists are committed to preserving Taiwan’s democracy, they are even more committed to ensuring that TSMC doesn’t fall into China’s hands for reasons of strategy. (TSMC is now building a new semiconductor factory in Phoenix.) Because, in a digitizing world, he who controls the best chip maker will control … a lot.

Just read “2034.” In the novel, China gains the technological edge with superior A.I.-driven cybercloaking, satellite spoofing and stealth materials. It’s then able to launch a successful surprise attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet.

And the first thing China does is seize Taiwan.

Let’s make sure that stays the stuff of fiction.

 


domingo, 30 de junho de 2013

Tom Friedman on manifestations (NYT)

OP-ED COLUMNIST

Takin’ It to the Streets



THE former C.I.A. analyst Paul R. Pillar asked this question in a recent essay in The National Interest: Why are we seeing so many popular street revolts in democracies? Speaking specifically of Turkey and Brazil, but posing a question that could be applied to Egypt, Israel, Russia, Chile and the United States, Pillar asks: “The governments being protested against were freely and democratically elected. With the ballot box available, why should there be recourse to the street?”
It is an important question, and the answer, I believe, is the convergence of three phenomena. The first is the rise and proliferation of illiberal “majoritarian” democracies. In Russia, Turkey and today’s Egypt, we have seen mass demonstrations to protest “majoritarianism” — ruling parties that were democratically elected (or “sort of” in Russia’s case) but interpret their elections as a writ to do whatever they want once in office, including ignoring the opposition, choking the news media and otherwise behaving in imperious or corrupt ways, as if democracy is only about the right to vote, not rights in general and especially minority rights.
What the protesters in Turkey, Russia and Egypt all have in common is a powerful sense of “theft,” a sense that the people who got elected are stealing something more than money: the people’s voice and right to participate in governance. Nothing can make a new democrat, someone who just earned the right to vote, angrier.
Here is what the satirist Bassem Youssef, the Jon Stewart of Egypt, wrote in the Egyptian daily Al Shorouk last week, on the first anniversary of the election of President Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood’s party: “We have a president who promised that a balanced constituent assembly would work on a constitution that everyone agrees on. We have a president who promised to be representative, but placed members of his Muslim Brotherhood in every position of power. We have a president and a party that broke all their promises, so the people have no choice but to take to the streets.”
A second factor is the way middle-class workers are being squeezed between a shrinking welfare state and a much more demanding job market. For so many years, workers were told that if you just work hard and play by the rules you’ll be in the middle class. That is just not true anymore. In this age of rapid globalization and automation, you have to work harder, work smarter, bring more innovation to whatever job you do, retool yourself more often — and then you can be in the middle class. There is just so much more stress on people in, or aspiring to be in, the middle class, and many more young people wondering how they’ll ever do better than their parents.
Too few leaders are leveling with their people about this shift, let alone helping them navigate it. And too many big political parties today are just vehicles for different coalitions to defend themselves against change rather than to lead their societies in adapting to it. Normally, this would create opportunities for the opposition parties, but in places like Turkey, Brazil, Russia and Egypt the formal opposition is feckless. So people take to the streets, forming their own opposition.
In America, the Tea Party began as a protest against Republicans for being soft on deficits, and Occupy Wall Street as a protest against Democrats for being soft on bankers. In Brazil, a 9 cent increase in bus fares set off mass protests, in part because it seemed so out of balance when the government was spending some $30 billion on stadiums for the Olympics and the World Cup. Writing in The American Interest, William Waack, an anchorman on Brazil’s Globo, probably spoke for many when he observed: “Brazilians don’t feel like their elected representatives at any level actually represent them, especially at a time when most leaders fear the stigma of making actual decisions (otherwise known as leading). ... It’s not about the 9 cents.”
China is not a democracy, but this story is a sign of the times: In a factory outside Beijing, an American businessman, Chip Starnes, president of the Florida-based Specialty Medical Supplies, was held captive for nearly a week by about 100 workers “who were demanding severance packages identical to those offered to 30 recently laid-off employees,” according to Reuters. The workers feared they would be next as the company moved some production from China to India to reduce costs. (He was released in a deal on Thursday.)
Finally, thanks to the proliferation of smartphones, tablets, Twitter, Facebook and blogging, aggrieved individuals now have much more power to engage in, and require their leaders to engage in, two-way conversations — and they have much greater ability to link up with others who share their views to hold flash protests. As Leon Aron, the Russian historian at the American Enterprise Institute, put it, “the turnaround time” between sense of grievance and action in today’s world is lightning fast and getting faster.
The net result is this: Autocracy is less sustainable than ever. Democracies are more prevalent than ever — but they will also be more volatile than ever. Look for more people in the streets more often over more issues with more independent means to tell their stories at ever-louder decibels.

quarta-feira, 3 de abril de 2013

Educacao: desempenho americano em ascensao - Tom Friedman (NYT)

My Little (Global) School

Thomas Friedman

OP-ED COLUMNIST

The New York Times, April 2, 2013 

There was a time when middle-class parents in America could be — and were — content to know that their kids’ public schools were better than those in the next neighborhood over. As the world has shrunk, though, the next neighborhood over is now Shanghai or Helsinki. So, last August, I wrote a column quoting Andreas Schleicher — who runs the global exam that compares how 15-year-olds in public schools around the world do in applied reading, math and science skills — as saying imagine, in a few years, that you could sign on to a Web site and see how your school compares with a similar school anywhere in the world. And then you could take this information to your superintendent and ask: “Why are we not doing as well as schools in China or Finland?”
Josh Haner/The New York Times
Thomas L. Friedman
Well, that day has come, thanks to a successful pilot project involving 105 U.S. schools recently completed by Schleicher’s team at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which coordinates the Program for International Student Assessment, or PISA test, and Jon Schnur’s team at America Achieves, which partnered with the O.E.C.D. Starting this fall, any high school in America will be able to benchmark itself against the world’s best schools, using a new tool that schools can register for atwww.americaachieves.org. It is comparable to PISA and measures how well students can apply their mastery of reading, math and science to real world problems.
The pilot study was described in an America Achieves report entitled “Middle Class or Middle of the Pack?” that is being released Wednesday. The report compares U.S. middle-class students to their global peers of similar socioeconomic status on the 2009 PISA exams.
The bad news is that U.S. middle-class students are badly lagging their peers globally. “Many assume that poverty in America is pulling down the overall U.S. scores,” the report said, “but when you divide each nation into socioeconomic quarters, you can see that even America’s middle-class students are falling behind not only students of comparable advantage, but also more disadvantaged students in several other countries.”
American students in the second quarter of socioeconomic advantage — mostly higher middle class — were significantly outperformed by 24 countries in math and by 15 countries in science, the study found. In the third quarter of socioeconomic advantage — mostly lower middle class — U.S. students were significantly outperformed by peers in 31 countries or regions in math and 25 in science.
The good news, though, said Schnur, “is that, for the first time, we have documented that there are individual U.S. schools that are literally outperforming every country in the world.”
“BASIS Tucson North, a nonselective high school serving an economically modest middle-class student population in Arizona, outperformed the average of every country in the world in reading, math, and science,” the report said. “Three nonselective high schools in Fairfax, Va., outperformed the average of virtually every country in the world.” One of them, Woodson, outperformed every region in the world in reading, except Shanghai. But the pilot also exposed some self-deception. “One school, serving students similar to Woodson’s, lags behind 29 countries in math but received an A on its state’s accountability system based primarily on that state’s own test,” Schnur said.
Paul Bambrick-Santoyo is managing director of North Star Academies in Newark, an Uncommon Schools network of nine low-income charter schools that took part and cracked the world’s Top 10. “We have always had state tests and SATs,” he told me, “but we never had an international metric. This was a golden opportunity to see where we stand — if we have to prepare our kids to succeed not only in this country but in a global marketplace.” He said he was particularly motivated by the fact that Shanghai’s low-income kids “could outperform” most U.S. schools, because this gave his school a real international peer for a benchmark.
“We got 157 pages of feedback” from participating in the pilot, added Jack Dale, the superintendent of Fairfax County’s schools, which is so valuable because the PISA test exposes whether your high school students can apply their math, science and reading skills to 21st-century problems. “One of my principals said to me: ‘This is not your Virginia Standards of Learning Test.’ ”
So what’s the secret of the best-performing schools? It’s that there is no secret. The best schools, the study found, have strong fundamentals and cultures that believe anything is possible with any student: They “work hard to choose strong teachers with good content knowledge and dedication to continuous improvement.” They are “data-driven and transparent, not only around learning outcomes, but also around soft skills like completing work on time, resilience, perseverance — and punctuality.” And they promote “the active engagement of our parents and families.”
“If you look at all the data,” concluded Schnur, it’s clear that educational performance in the U.S. has not gone down. We’ve actually gotten a little better. The challenge is that changes in the world economy keep raising the bar for what our kids need to do to succeed. Our modest improvements are not keeping pace with this rising bar. Those who say we have failed are wrong. Those who say we are doing fine are wrong.” The truth is, America has world-beating K-12 schools. We just don’t have nearly enough.

domingo, 24 de fevereiro de 2013

Ah, essa rivalidade diplomatica com o Mexico... - Thomas Friedman

Não, não é da tradicional rivalidade diplomática brasileira com o México por uma ilusória liderança na América Latina de que trata este artigo do conhecido colunista americano do NYTimes.
É apenas da nova ascensão do México.
Apenas duas informações que por acaso lhes tenham passado despercebidas.
Com 44 acordos de livre comércio, o México é a nação mais livre-cambista do mundo, pelo menos em quantidade (e quatro vezes mais do que o Brasil, que pela qualidade, aliás, fica ainda mais abaixo).
E, sozinho, o México exporta mais manufaturados do que todo o resto da América Latina junta, o Brasil inclusive.
Como isso foi possível?
Bem, quem sabe trabalhando?
Outra informação, talvez interessante para o Brasil, diretamente:
"Mexico’s three major political parties have just signed “a grand bargain,” a k a “Pact for Mexico,” under the new president, Enrique Peña Nieto, to work together to fight the big energy, telecom and teacher monopolies that have held Mexico back."
 Quem sabe a gente consegue combater os sindicatos mafiosos de professores, o estatismo ineficiente na energia e os carteis pornográficos das telefônicas, para também crescer e se desenvolver?
Apenas uma sugestão...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Op-Ed Columnist

How Mexico Got Back in the Game

Adriana Zehbrauskas for The New York Times
Mexico is attracting more global investment in autos, aerospace and household goods. General Electric has an office in Querétaro.
MONTERREY, Mexico
Josh Haner/The New York Times
Thomas L. Friedman

IN India, people ask you about China, and, in China, people ask you about India: Which country will become the more dominant economic power in the 21st century? I now have the answer: Mexico.
Impossible, you say? Well, yes, Mexico with only about 110 million people could never rival China or India in total economic clout. But here’s what I’ve learned from this visit to Mexico’s industrial/innovation center in Monterrey. Everything you’ve read about Mexico is true: drug cartels, crime syndicates, government corruption and weak rule of law hobble the nation. But that’s half the story. The reality is that Mexico today is more like a crazy blend of the movies “No Country for Old Men” and “The Social Network.”
Something happened here. It’s as if Mexicans subconsciously decided that their drug-related violence is a condition to be lived with and combated but not something to define them any longer. Mexico has signed 44 free trade agreements — more than any country in the world — which, according to The Financial Times, is more than twice as many as China and four times more than Brazil. Mexico has also greatly increased the number of engineers and skilled laborers graduating from its schools. Put all that together with massive cheap natural gas finds, and rising wage and transportation costs in China, and it is no surprise that Mexico now is taking manufacturing market share back from Asia and attracting more global investment than ever in autos, aerospace and household goods.
“Today, Mexico exports more manufactured products than the rest of Latin America put together,” The Financial Times reported on Sept. 19, 2012. “Chrysler, for example, is using Mexico as a base to supply some of its Fiat 500s to the Chinese market.” What struck me most here in Monterrey, though, is the number of tech start-ups that are emerging from Mexico’s young population — 50 percent of the country is under 29 — thanks to cheap, open source innovation tools and cloud computing.
“Mexico did not waste its crisis,” remarked Patrick Kane Zambrano, director of the Center for Citizen Integration, referring to the fact that when Mexican companies lost out to China in the 1990s, they had no choice but to get more productive. Zambrano’s Web site embodies the youthful zest here for using technology to both innovate and stimulate social activism. The center aggregates Twitter messages from citizens about everything from broken streetlights to “situations of risk” and plots them in real-time on a phone app map of Monterrey that warns residents what streets to avoid, alerts the police to shootings and counts in days or hours how quickly public officials fix the problems.
“It sets pressure points to force change,” the center’s president, Bernardo Bichara, told me. “Once a citizen feels he is not powerless, he can aspire for more change. ... First, the Web democratized commerce, and then it democratized media, and now it is democratizing democracy.”
If Secretary of State John Kerry is looking for a new agenda, he might want to focus on forging closer integration with Mexico rather than beating his head against the rocks of Israel, Palestine, Afghanistan or Syria. Better integration of Mexico’s manufacturing and innovation prowess into America’s is a win-win. It makes U.S. companies more profitable and competitive, so they can expand at home and abroad, and it gives Mexicans a reason to stay home and reduces violence. We do $1.5 billion a day in trade with Mexico, and we spend $1 billion a day in Afghanistan. Not smart.
We need a more nuanced view of Mexico. While touring the Center for Agrobiotechnology at Monterrey Tech, Mexico’s M.I.T., its director, Guy Cardineau, an American scientist from Arizona, remarked to me that, in 2011, “my son-in-law returned from a tour of duty in Afghanistan and we talked about having him come down and visit for Christmas. But he told me the U.S. military said he couldn’t come because of the [State Department] travel advisory here. I thought that was very ironic.”
Especially when U.S. companies are expanding here, which is one reason Mexico grew last year at 3.9 percent, and foreign direct investment in Monterrey hit record highs.
“Twenty years ago, most Mexican companies were not global,” explained Blanca Treviño, the president and founder of Softtek, one of Mexico’s leading I.T. service providers. They focused on the domestic market and cheap labor for the U.S. “Today, we understand that we have to compete globally” and that means “becoming efficient. We have a [software] development center in Wuxi, China. But we are more efficient now in doing the same business from our center in Aguascalientes, [Mexico], than we are from our center in Wuxi.”
Mexico still has huge governance problems to fix, but what’s interesting is that, after 15 years of political paralysis, Mexico’s three major political parties have just signed “a grand bargain,” a k a “Pact for Mexico,” under the new president, Enrique Peña Nieto, to work together to fight the big energy, telecom and teacher monopolies that have held Mexico back. If they succeed, maybe Mexico will teach us something about democracy. Mexicans have started to wonder about America lately, said Bichara from the Center for Citizen Integration. “We always thought we should have our parties behave like the United States’ — no longer. We always thought we should have the government work like the United States’ — no longer.”

segunda-feira, 18 de fevereiro de 2013

O futuro da universidade, e a universidade do futuro - Tom Friedman

Aliás, não é mais futuro, já está aqui...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Revolução nas universidades

Avanço do ensino superior online nas melhores escolas tornará o conceito de diploma algo arcaico; e isso é bom

Thomas L. Friedman
The New York Times, 30 de janeiro de 2013

Deus sabe que há muitas más notícias no mundo atual que nos derrubam, mas está ocorrendo alguma coisa formidável que me deixa esperançoso com relação ao futuro. Trata-se da revolução, incipiente, no ensino superior online.
Nada tem mais potencial para tirar as pessoas da pobreza - oferecendo a elas um ensino acessível que vai ajudá-las a conseguir trabalho ou ter melhores condições no seu emprego. Nada tem mais potencial para libertar um bilhão de cérebros para solucionar os grandes problemas do mundo. E nada tem mais potencial para recriar o ensino superior do que as MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), plataformas desenvolvidas por especialistas de Stanford, por colegas do MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) e por empresas como Coursera e Udacity.
Em maio, escrevi um artigo sobre a Coursera - fundada por dois cientistas da computação de Stanford, Daphne Koller e Andrew Ng. Há duas semanas, retornei a Palo Alto para saber do seu progresso. Quando visitei a Coursera, em 2012, cerca de 300 mil pessoas participavam de 38 cursos proferidos por professores de Stanford e de outras universidades de elite. Hoje, são 2,4 milhões de alunos e 214 cursos de 33 universidades, incluindo 8 internacionais.
Anant Agarwal, ex-diretor do laboratório de inteligência artificial do MIT, hoje é presidente da edX, uma plataforma sem fins lucrativos criada em conjunto pelo MIT e pela Universidade Harvard. Anant disse que, desde maio, cerca de 155 mil alunos do mundo todo participam do primeiro curso da edX: um curso introdutório sobre circuitos do MIT. “É um número superior ao total dos alunos do MIT em sua história de 150 anos”, afirmou.
Claro que somente uma pequena porcentagem desses alunos completa o curso, mas estou convencido de que, dentro de cinco anos, essas plataformas alcançarão um público mais amplo. Imagine como isso poderá mudar a ajuda externa dos EUA.
Gastando relativamente pouco, o país poderia arrendar um espaço num vilarejo egípcio, instalar duas dezenas de computadores e dispositivos de acesso à internet de alta velocidade via satélite, contratar um professor local como coordenador e convidar todos os egípcios que desejarem ter aulas online com os melhores professores do mundo e legendas em árabe.
É preciso ouvir as histórias narradas pelos pioneiros dessa iniciativa para compreender seu potencial revolucionário. Uma das favoritas de Daphne Koller é sobre Daniel, um jovem de 17 anos com autismo que se comunica por meio do computador.
Ele fez um curso online de poesia moderna oferecido pela Universidade da Pensilvânia. Segundo Daniel e seus pais, a combinação de um currículo acadêmico rigoroso, que exige que ele se concentre na sua tarefa, e do sistema de aprendizado online, que não força sua capacidade de se relacionar, permite que ele administre melhor o autismo.
Daphne mostrou uma carta de Daniel em que ele escreveu: “Por favor, relate à Coursera e à Universidade da Pensilvânia a minha história. Sou um jovem saindo do autismo. Ainda não consigo sentar-me numa sala de aula, de modo que esse foi meu primeiro curso de verdade. Agora, sei que posso me beneficiar de um trabalho que exige muito de mim e ter o prazer de me sintonizar com o mundo.”
Um membro da equipe do Coursera, que fez um curso sobre sustentabilidade, me disse que foi muito mais interessante do que um estudo similar que ele fez na faculdade. Do curso online participaram estudantes do mundo todo e, assim, “as discussões que surgiram foram muito mais valiosas e interessantes do que os debates com pessoas iguais de uma típica faculdade americana.
Mitch Duneier, professor de sociologia de Princeton, escreveu um ensaio sobre sua experiência ao dar aula num curso da Coursera. “Há alguns meses, quando o campus de Princeton ficou quase em silêncio depois das cerimônias de graduação, 40 mil estudantes de 113 países chegaram aqui via internet para um curso grátis de introdução à sociologia. Minha aula de abertura, sobre o clássico de C. Wright Mills, de 1959, The Sociological Imagination, foi concentrada na leitura minuciosa do texto de um capítulo-chave.
Pedi aos alunos para seguirem a análise em suas cópias, como faço em sala de aula. Quando dou essa aula em Princeton, normalmente, são feitas algumas perguntas perspicazes. Nesse caso, algumas horas depois de postar a versão online, os fóruns pegaram fogo, com centenas de comentários e perguntas. Alguns dias depois, eram milhares. Num espaço de três semanas, recebi mais feedback sobre minhas ideias na área de sociologia do que em toda a minha carreira de professor, o que influenciou consideravelmente cada uma das minhas aulas e seminários seguintes.”
Anant Agarwal, da edX, fala sobre um estudante no Cairo que teve dificuldades e postou uma mensagem dizendo que pretendia abandonar o curso online.
Em resposta, outros alunos no Cairo, da mesma classe, o convidaram para um encontro numa casa de chá, onde se ofereceram para ajudá-lo. Um estudante da Mongólia, de 15 anos, que estava na mesma classe, participando de um curso semipresencial, hoje está se candidatando a uma vaga no MIT e na Universidade da Califórnia, em Berkeley.
À medida que pensamos no futuro do ensino superior, segundo o presidente do MIT, Rafael Reif, algo que hoje chamamos “diploma” será um conceito relacionado com “tijolos e argamassa” - e as tradicionais experiências no campus, que influenciarão cada vez mais a tecnologia e a internet para melhorar o trabalho em sala de aula e no laboratório.
Ao lado disso, contudo, muitas universidades oferecerão cursos online para estudantes de qualquer parte do mundo, em que eles conseguirão “credenciais” - ou seja, certificados atestando que realizaram o trabalho e passaram em todos os exames. O processo de criação de credenciais fidedignas certificando que o aluno domina adequadamente o assunto - e no qual um empregador pode confiar - ainda está sendo aperfeiçoado por todos os MOOCs. No entanto, uma vez resolvida a questão, esse fenômeno realmente se propagará muito.
Posso ver o dia em que você criará o seu diploma universitário participando dos melhores cursos online com os mais capacitados professores do mundo todo - de computação de Stanford, de empreendedorismo da Wharton, de ética da Brandeis, de literatura da Universidade de Edimburgo - pagando apenas uma taxa pelo certificado de conclusão do curso.
Isso mudará o ensino, o aprendizado e o caminho para o emprego. “Um novo mundo está se revelando”, disse Reif. “E todos terão de se adaptar”.
* É COLUNISTA

domingo, 5 de fevereiro de 2012

Republica Putinesca da Russia: sort of, not really - Tom Friedman (NYT)


OP-ED COLUMNIST

Russia: Sort of, but Not Really

Denis Sinyakov/Reuters
Protesters in Moscow have gotten more brazen. This banner, which says “Putin, Go Away,” faces the Kremlin.
Moscow

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Josh Haner/The New York Times
Thomas L. Friedman

Readers’ Comments

AS a journalist, the best part of covering the recent wave of protests and uprisings against autocrats is seeing stuff you never imagined you’d see — like, in Moscow last week, when some opponents of Vladimir Putin’s decision to become president again, for possibly 12 more years, hung a huge yellow banner on a rooftop facing the Kremlin with Putin’s face covered by a big X, next to the words “Putin Go Away” in Russian.
The sheer brazenness of such protests and the anger at Prime Minister Putin among the urban middle classes here for treating them like idiots by just announcing that he and President Dmitri Mevedev were going to switch jobs were unthinkable a year ago. The fact that the youths who put up the banner were apparently not jailed also bespeaks how much Putin understands that he is on very thin ice and can’t afford to create any “martyrs” that would enrage the antigovernment protesters, who gathered again in Moscow on Saturday.
But what will Putin do next? Will he really fulfill his promise to let new parties emerge or just wait out his opposition, which is divided and still lacks a real national leader? Putin’s Russia is at a crossroads. It has become a “sort-of-but-not-really-country.” Russia today is sort of a democracy, but not really. It’s sort of a free market, but not really. It’s sort of got the rule of law to protect businesses, but not really. It’s sort of a European country, but not really. It has sort of a free press, but not really. Its cold war with America is sort of over, but not really. It’s sort of trying to become something more than a petro-state, but not really.
Putin himself is largely responsible for both the yin and the yang. When he became president in 2000, Russia was not sort of in trouble. It was really in trouble — and spiraling downward. Using an iron fist, Putin restored order and solidified the state, but it was cemented not by real political and economic reforms but rather by a massive increase in oil prices and revenues. Nevertheless, many Russians were, and still are, grateful.
Along the way, Putin spawned a new wealthy corrupt clique around him, but he also ensured that enough of Russia’s oil and mineral bounty trickled down to the major cities, creating a small urban middle class that is now demanding a greater say in its future. But Putin is now stalled. He’s brought Russia back from the brink, but he’s been unable to make the political, economic and educational changes needed to make Russia a modern European state.
Russia has that potential. It is poised to go somewhere. But will Putin lead? The Times’s Moscow bureau chief, Ellen Barry, and I had a talk Thursday at the Russian White House with Putin’s spokesman, Dmitri Peskov. I left uncertain.
All these urban protests, said Peskov, are a sign that economic growth has moved ahead of political reform, and that can be fixed: “Ten years ago, we didn’t have any middle class. They were thinking about how to buy a car, how to buy a flat, how to open bank accounts, how to pay for their children to go to a private school, and so on and so forth. Now they have got it, and the interesting part of the story is that they want to be involved much more in political life.”
O.K., sounds reasonable. But what about Putin’s suggestion that the protests were part of a U.S. plot to weaken him and Russia. Does Peskov really believe that?
“I don’t believe that. I know it,” said Peskov. Money to destabilize Russia has been coming in “from Washington officially and non-officially ... to support different organizations ... to provoke the situation. We are not saying it just to say it. We are saying it because we know. ... We knew two or three years in advance that the next day after parliamentary elections [last December] ... we will have people saying these elections are not legitimate.”
This is either delusional or really cynical. And then there’s foreign policy. Putin was very helpful at the United Nations in not blocking the no-fly zone over Libya, but he feels burned by it — that we went from protecting civilians to toppling his ally and arms customer, Muammar el-Qaddafi. It’s true. But what an ally! What a thing to regret! And, now, the more Putin throws his support behind the murderous dictatorship of Bashar al-Assad in Syria, the more he looks like a person buying a round-trip ticket on the Titanic —after it has already hit the iceberg. Assad is a dead man walking. Even if all you care about are arms sales, wouldn’t Russia want to align itself with the emerging forces in Syria?
“There is a strong domestic dimension to Russian policy toward Syria,” said Vladimir Frolov, a Russian foreign policy expert. “If we allow the U.N. and the U.S. to put pressure on a regime — that is somewhat like ours — to cede power to the opposition, what kind of precedent could that create?”
This approach to the world does not bode well for reform at home, added Frolov. “Putin was built for one-way conversations,” he said. He has overseen a “a very personalized, paternalistic system based on arbitrariness.”
Real reform will require a huge re-set on Putin’s part. Could it happen? Does he get it? On the evidence available now, I’d say: sort of, but not really.