Zhalan (Jesuit Cemetery), Beijing
The oldest Christian cemetery in China. The Zhalan Cemetery lies in a quiet and secluded area shaded in the green foliage of cypresses and pines and the majestic beauty of yellow poplars. The cemetery includes the tombstones of Matteo Ricci, German John Adam Schall Von Bell (1591-1666), Belgian Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) and 60 other prominent clergy: 46 foreign missionaries and 14 Chinese priests, all worked in China during the Late Ming and Qing dynasties.
With almost 400 years of history, it is Beijing's oldest Christian cemetery. Matteo Ricci, the distinguished Jesuit scientist and missionary, and certainly one of the most admired missionaries ever to come to China, was the first person to be buried there. Adam Schall von Bell and Ferdinand Verbiest, two other distinguished Jesuit colleagues, later joined him. These three men brought about a mutually enriching exchange between China and the West. Of the three Ricci, through his love of the Chinese and his appreciation of their culture, has gone down in history as one of China's most sympathetic foreigners and a dear and trusted friend of Chinese emperors. As time passed, many other missionaries from many countries were buried there.
A gift of the emperor
The original land was an offering to the Jesuits, a donation by the Ming Emperor Wanli himself for the construction of Ricci's tomb. The Jesuits took over the property in 1610. Throughout the years Ricci's tomb has served as a witness and a challenge to Rome and China that dialogue between the two is not only possible but also mutually enriching.
The Boxer Rebellion
In June 1900, when the Boxers entered the Zhalan property, there were 88 gravesites. The Boxers leveled all the graves, opened the tombs, gathered the remains, burned them and scattered them anywhere. When the Boxer Rebellion finally ended, the property was returned to the Catholic Church. Out of respect for the dead, any remains that could be found were gathered, placed at the north end of the property and covered with a mound. The Church of All Saints was built and located at the south end of the cemetery, and the most ancient tombstones except those of Ricci, Schall and Verbiest and three others were located in the outer walls of the Church.
Beijing sets up the Party School
This was not the end of the cemetery's vicissitudes. When Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the property of missionaries was regarded like the property of any foreigners living in China and it was honored as theirs. Later the property of missionaries was turned over to the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association.
In 1954, the Municipal Party Committee of the Communist Party of Beijing began to make plans to set up a Party school on the Zhalan property. Zhou Enlai himself personally made the decision to keep the tombs of Matteo Ricci, Adam Schall von Bell and Ferdinand Verbiest in their original places. The Beijing Diocese purchased three large plots of land for the transfer of the bones and tombstones of the other missionaries and laity that had been buried in Zhalan during the intervening years. The cemeteries were located in northwest Wangxiang in the Haidian District of Beijing. Workers took over two years to move a total of 837 tombs. Besides the gravestones, the remains of each person were collected and placed in a receptacle and transported with the stone. Instead of standing the tall stones upright, they laid them flat on the ground with each person's remains under the proper stone.
The Cultural Revolution
Then came the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). Zealous Red Guards descended on foreign cemeteries with a special vengeance. From August to October 1966, Red Guards forced priests, brothers and Sisters to smash tombstones in these three cemeteries to pieces and to empty out the receptacles of all their remains. These pieces of stones were then given to peasants for building purposes. The remains were simply scattered. Today, nothing but a large field remains of these three cemeteries where more than 800 Catholics had once been laid to rest.
In August 1966 when the Red Guards descended upon Zhalan Cemetery itself, the tombs of Matteo Ricci, Adam Schall and Ferdinand Verbiest were relics protected by Beijing's Cultural Relics Bureau. The Red Guards ordered the Principal of the Party School to totally demolish the cultural relics within three days. The frightened principal went to the City Party Committee and the Religious Affairs Bureau. Nothing could be done. No one had power over the Red Guards. When the Red Guards returned three days later and saw that the steles were still standing, they demanded to know why their orders had not been obeyed. "We were waiting for you to help us," the custodian replied. "Let's dig a hole and bury the stones, and tell them never to come up again. Okay?" Strangely enough, the students agreed to this ruse. They dug three large pits and carefully lowered the steles and covered them with dirt. In this way, the steles of Ricci, Schall and Verbiest had been preserved.
In 1973, the Church of all Saints was also demolished to make room for a dining hall for the school. With the demolition of the church, the tombstones of 77 missionaries that had been placed in the church's exterior wall were scattered across the yard.
China opens to the world
Following the end of the Cultural Revolution (1976), and China's new openness to the outside world, the head of a delegation of scholars from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Xu Duxin, went to Italy. There he heard a great deal about Matteo Ricci and his contribution to the cultural exchange between East and West. He also met Professor Corradini, who lectured at the University of Macerata, Ricci's native place. In a friendly exchange, Professor Corradini expressed the hope that a memorial to Ricci could be set up on the original site. "Italy," he said, "had a replica of the original stele and would be happy to engrave a new marble stele and donate it to China." When Xu returned to China, he spoke to the Central Committee about having Ricci's tomb rebuilt. The Central Committee approved the suggestion and gave the responsibility for restoring the tomb to the Beijing City People's Government. The City People's Government promptly organized a team to start working. The team consulted with Wu Menglin of the Cultural Relics Bureau, who along with her co-workers thought that since the tombs of Ricci, Schall and Verbiest had always been together that all three should be restored. Wu had the steles of the three priests unearthed and with a bit of repair and adhesive the three original steles could again be used.
In 1984, the cemetery, now adjoining the Beijing Administrative College was again added to the list of Beijing's protected monuments. In a magnanimous gesture the Municipal Party Committee provided money to extend the missionaries cemetery. Sixty of the tombstones that had originally been placed in the wall of the church in 1903 and in 1978 were set up in neat rows.
In 1997, Jesuit Father Edward Malatesta (d.1999), together with Gao Zhiyu, Yu Sanle, and Lin Hua (researchers at the Beijing Administrative College), published a beautiful and notable book on the history of Zhalan Cemetery, with pictures of all the tombstones. The volume is entitled, Departed, Yet Present: Zhalan, The Oldest Christian Cemetery in Beijing, It is now available in English, Chinese and Portuguese at the Instituto Cultural de Macao. (Much of the material for this article has been taken from this book.)
Zhalan today
There are presently 63 tombs in Zhalan, a lasting memorial to an extraordinary Christian witness: Chinese, Macanese and Western, many of whom worked for emperors in a variety of capacities as astronomers, physicians, engineers, artists, musicians, etc. Most of the tombstones carry the three letters D.O.M. signifying the motivation for their life and presence. These letters are the Latin abbreviation of Deo Optimo Maximo. Loosely translated, this means "To the Most Good and Great God."
THE NAME LIST OF WESTERN MISSIONARIES WHOSE TOMBSTONES ARE IN ZHALAN CENETERY NOW
The missionaries who were Italian（11）
Matteo Ricci 1552--1610
Giacomo Rho 1593--1638 （12） Lodovico Buglio 1606--1682 （45）
Angelo de Burgo ?--1723 （35） Jacques Antoini 1701--1739 （4）
Jean-Joseph de Costa 1679--1747 （15）Ferdinad-Bonaventura Moggi 1684-1761 （44）
Giuseppe Castiglione 1688--1766 （60）Eusebio a Cittadella ?-- 1785 （54）
Giuseppe Francisco della Torre ?--1785 （25）Crescenzio Cavalli ?--1791 （7）
The missionaries who were German（10）
Jean Terrenz 1576-- 1630（51） Johann Adam Schall von Bell 1591--1669（1）
Gaspard Castner 1665--1709 （16） Bernard-Kilian Stumpf 1655--1720 （39）
Francisco -Louis Stadlin 1658--1740 （56） Xavier-Ehrenbert Fridelli 1673--1743 （50）
Ignaz Kogler 1680--1746 （37） Florian Bahr 1706--1771 （61）
Antoine Gogeisl 1701-- 1771 （55） Augustin von Hallerstein 1703--1774 （5）
The missionaries who were French（9）
Charles Dolze 1663--1701 （43） Louis Pernon 1663--1702 （36）
Pierre Frapperie 1664--1703 （59） Jean-Charles de Broissia 1660--1704（41）
Guillaume Bonjour Fabre ?--1714 （42） Bernard Rhodes ?--1715 （24）
Jacques Brocard 1661--1718 （17） Pierre Jartoux 1668--1721 （47）
Pierre Vincent de Tartre 1669--1723 （62）
The missionaries who were Portuguese（14）
Gabriel de Magalhaens 1609--1677 （28） Francisco Simois 1650--1694 （38）
Jean Francisco Cavdoso 1676--1723（23） Paulo de Mesquita 1696--1729 （26）
Antoin de Magalhaens 1677--1735 （52） Joseph Suarez 1656--1736 （46）
Barthelemy de Azevedo 1718--1745（6） Charles de Rezende 1664--1746（9）
Emmanuel de Mottos 1725--1764（40） Felix da Rocha 1713--1781（49）
Jean de Sexas 1710--1785（58） Joseph d'Espinha 1722--1788（33）
Inacio Frrancisco ?--1792 （20） Dominic Joachim Ferreyra ?--1824（29）
The missionaries who were Belgian（2）
Ferdinand Verbiest 1623--1689（3） Antoine Thomas 1644--1709（31）
The missionaries who were from other nations（3）
Charles Slaviczek 1678--1735（32） Jean Walter 1708--1759（13）
Ignaz Sichelbarth 1708--1780（57）
For further information, please contact:
Beijing Administrative College
（NO.6 Chegongzhuang St. BEIJING, CHINA 100044）
International Exchange Department
Tel:86-10-6800-7279
Fax:86-10-6800-6727
