O que é este blog?

Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.

Mostrando postagens com marcador propriedade intelectual. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador propriedade intelectual. Mostrar todas as postagens

domingo, 26 de novembro de 2017

Protecao da propriedade intelectual: citacao a trabalho de Paulo Roberto de Almeida

O Research Gate sempre me alerta quando existe um trabalho meu citado por outro scholar, como é o caso deste trabalho:
Paulo Roberto de Almeida:

“The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Protection: technological protectionism and transfer of revenue among nations”, International Journal of Technology Management (Cambridge: vol. 10, n°s 1/2, 1995, pp. 214-229). Relação de Trabalhos n° 205.

Ele foi citado no seguinte artigo publicado:




O link para ver o artigo inteiro é este aqui:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256804352_Protecting_intellectual_property_Strategies_and_recommendations_to_deter_counterfeiting_and_brand_piracy_in_global_markets

quinta-feira, 5 de maio de 2016

As patentes sao um, ou o problema para paises em desenvolvimento? - Philip Stevens (CapX)

A dose of reality on drug patents

By Philip Stevens 
Debates on how to improve healthcare in developing countries often start from the same premise: patents can potentially raise drug prices, so they should be abolished for better public health.
In the early 2000s this argument drove the campaign against patents on HIV drugs in South Africa. This month, it anchors new NGO campaigns against a proposed EU-India Free Trade Agreement and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership in Asia – both of which may include heightened intellectual property provisions.
NGO disquiet about drug patents has even led to the creation of a UN High Level panel on access to medicines, due to report its recommendations in New York next month.
Such concerns may in fact be overblown. This is an implication of an interesting new study by researchers at the University of Ottawa and published in April by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva.
To better understand how patents impact access to medicines, the researchers counted how many of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) List of Essential Medicines are subject to patent protection in developing countries. This list contains 375 or so medicines considered most important by WHO experts.
It’s a hugely influential list, and one based purely on the clinical usefulness of a medicine, not cost or patent status. Developing country governments and large international donors use it to guide which medicines they will procure.
The researchers checked national patent registries in developing countries and double-checked with manufacturers. They found that patents for 95% medicines on the list had expired.
Put simply, patents are not relevant to the vast majority of drugs typically used by physicians in developing countries.
Most of the remaining 5% of medicines – around 20 products – on the WHO list with patent protection are for HIV/AIDS. But patent owners either don’t register or enforce their patents in the poorest countries. For middle-income countries, manufacturers often enter into voluntary licensing deals with generic manufacturers to broaden access, meaning there are cheap generic copies on the international market.
The one medicine with no generic equivalent is the cancer drug, bevacizumab (marketed as Avastin by Swiss patent-owner Roche). This modern so-called ‘biologic’ drug is used against many cancers, and works by starving tumours of their blood supply through blocking a key protein.
Patented or not, these biologic drugs are difficult for generic competitors to copy cheaply.
Unlike most drugs, which are chemically synthesised and made from just a few molecules, biologic drugs are manufactured in living systems such as plant or animal cells, and have complex molecular structures. Their manufacture demands significant investment and technical know-how, meaning such drugs will never be as cheap as, say, generic aspirin.
One implication of the study is that if patents were abolished tomorrow it would make little difference to the cost or availability of most medicines used in developing countries.
Even so, these medicines are frequently unavailable in public health systems.
In 2014, researchers at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands found that, on average, essential medicines are available in public sector facilities in developing countries only 40% of the time.
While generic medicines are cheap to make with no royalties to pay, they are still too costly for most people in developing countries.
One example from the WHO list is budesonide, commonly used by asthma sufferers. A single inhaler costs a staggering 50 days wages in Mozambique. In the US, one inhaler costs only $5 to $7 – around 30 minutes work on the median hourly wage.
The reasons behind the expense and scarcity of essential medicines in developing countries are complex, but failures of governance loom large.
Mark-ups along the distribution chain inflate the final price of medicines and include import tariffs, sales taxes, value-added taxes and retailers’ and wholesalers’ margins. In Kenya, mark-ups add 300% to the manufacturer’s price; in Brazil it’s 200%, says IMS, the global healthcare data provider.
Dysfunctional medicine supply chain management is another culprit. A 2015 survey by humanitarian NGO Medecins Sans Frontières reported one in three health facilities in South Africa have shortages of key HIV and tuberculosis drugs. The drugs are imported in sufficient quantities but fail to reach patients due to “local logistical and management problems, ranging from inaccurate forecasting to storage or transport issues”, said MSF.
Governments under-invest in health too. While most European Union countries commit 8% to 11% of GDP to health, few Asian and African countries spend more than 5%: not nearly enough given their enormous health challenges.
These are the major influences on access to medicines. Public health would be best served if the political focus were on these issues, rather than patents.

Philip Stevens is director of Geneva Network, a research organization focusing on health, intellectual property and trade.
This article is an exclusive for CapX, and is available for syndication. Please contact editors@capx.co to discuss details.

sexta-feira, 19 de fevereiro de 2016

Esses aborrecidos europeus que nos querem impedir de chamar as coisas pelos seus nomes, que eles inventaram e espalharam pelo mundo...

Sacrebleu! Esses bachibozouks dos europeus querem nos impedir de usar os nomes que eles usam, há séculos, para designar produtos com características especiais, que eles pretendem associar a uma indicação geográfica precisa, a deles, exclusivamente a deles.
Não podemos chamar champagne de champanhe, por exemplo, ou parmigiano de parmesão, ou cognac de conhaque, só eles teriam o direito exclusivo da denominação.
Ils sont fous ces européens!
Querem inclusive nos impedir de usar o nome certo (ou errado, não importa) para esse produto horrível que se chama "conhaque de alcatrão de São João da Barra", sob risco que alguém o confunda com um cognac vrai et légitime...
Vão plantar batatas.
Basta dizer a eles: se vocês não querem que usemos, retrocedam na história, e desfaçam as invasões europeias sobre o mundo inteiro a partir das grandes navegações no século XV. Voltem atrás, e não exportem seus agricultores, seus artesão de queijos e vinhos, seus produtos, sua dominação política e econômica sobre nossos territórios (diriam os indígenas daqui e dali, não índios falsos como o Evo Morales).
Nós somos europeus, como o são os americanos, os argentinos, e como foram assimilados à cultura europeia outros povos, que souberam ou puderam preservar melhor seus costumes e tradições, a começar pela própria etnia, língua e religião.
Nós, latino-americanos somos absolutamente europeus (mesmo de segunda linha...).
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Reign of Terroir: Could the European Union Force Americans to Rename Some of Their Favorite Foods?
 
Cato Institute Weekley Dispatch, February 18, 2016

The European Union’s agenda in international trade negotiations includes an effort to secure the protection of their “geographical indications” (GIs) in foreign markets. If European officials have their way, American companies would have to make up new names for wines such as champagne, port, and sherry, and also for common cheeses such as parmesan, gorgonzola, and feta.

In a new paper, Cato scholar K. William Watson argues that Europe’s approach to GI protection mainly serves to privilege traditional producers at the expense of consumer welfare and economic growth.
Reign of Terroir: How to Resist Europe’s Efforts to Control Common Food Names as Geographical Indications,” by K. William Watson
"Reign of Terroir: Could the European Union Force Americans to Rename Some of Their Favorite Foods?," from the Cato Institute Tumblr