Temas de relações internacionais, de política externa e de diplomacia brasileira, com ênfase em políticas econômicas, em viagens, livros e cultura em geral. Um quilombo de resistência intelectual em defesa da racionalidade, da inteligência e das liberdades democráticas.
O que é este blog?
Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.
segunda-feira, 14 de março de 2016
Podem os EUA (ja nem digo o Brasil) ser uma Dinamarca? Bernie Sanders computou os custos? - Steven Pearlstein (WP)
Mas, o candidato Bernie Sander acha que sim, que os EUA poderiam ser uma espécie de Dinamarca. Ele só esqueceu de informar sobre os custos de um United States of Scandinavia, e, mais ainda, quem iria pagar...
Mas a principal razão evidenciada por um especialista consultado para esta matéria de Steven Pearlstein é que os EUA não são um país homogêneo como a Dinamarca. Bem, o que pensar do Brasil então?
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Wonkbook: Can Bernie Sanders turn the United States into Denmark?
By Steven Pearlstein
The Washington Post, March 14, 2016
Government-provided health insurance. Free college tuition. A $15 minimum wage. Stronger unions. High gas taxes. Guaranteed parental leave. It sounds as though Bernie Sanders wants to turn America into Denmark or Sweden.
“And what’s wrong with that?” the Democratic presidential candidate replied when ABC’s George Stephanopoulos asked that question.
Indeed, a number of countries with bigger governments, higher taxes and more income equality than the United States are as prosperous, healthy and happy — in some cases, more so. Cross-country studies have found that big government is not a guarantee of a country’s economic success, but neither is it a barrier. Even here at home, the pollsters at Gallup found that most Democrats — and a near majority of all Americans — would be open to voting for a socialist.
According to economists, however, the question is not whether it is theoretically possible for Americans to adopt Scandinavian policies and still be prosperous. The issue is whether Americans would be willing to accept the tradeoffs that go along with such a system — higher taxes and unemployment rates, open trade, slower growth, more income redistribution — and whether Sanders has overestimated the benefits and underestimated the costs of adopting it.
“There’s nothing wrong with it other than that Americans are not Danes,” said Princeton’s Alan Blinder, a top economic adviser to President Bill Clinton.
“The number one reason why these policies are feasible in Denmark is that the country is extremely homogenous,” explained Jacob Kierkegaard, a Dane who is a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute of International Economics in Washington. “The perception among the electorate is that the government will provide for me and for people who, in a linguistic, cultural and ethnic sense, are just like me.” And because Danes view themselves as 'shareholders' in the state, he said, government is viewed as benign and trustworthy.”
“That situation is not present, nor has ever been present, in the United States,” Kierkegaard said.
Luigi Zingales, an Italian economist now at the University of Chicago, contrasts high-tax, high-trust socialist countries such as Denmark and Sweden with high-tax, low-trust countries where populations are ethnically and culturally diverse, politics are fractious and government is incompetent and corrupt. In terms of social trust, he said, the Americans are somewhere in between.
“The danger for the United States is that it would wind up looking more like Italy and Greece than Denmark and Sweden,” Zingales said.
Attitudes toward globalization is another difference. Free trade is so widely accepted in Scandinavia that it even has strong support from organized labor. “Their unions recognize that for their workers to have a job, companies need to export to grow and be successful,” Kierkegaard said. By contrast, Sanders has made common cause with American unions in proposing to roll back every trade treaty signed since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in the 1990s.
The world, in fact, may be better off when different countries adopt different economic systems, argue Daron Acemoglu, Thierry Verdier and James Robinson in a widely noted paper, “Can’t We All Be More Like Scandanavians?”
The United States, with its more “cutthroat” form capitalism, they argue, plays a unique role in the global economy because it generates a disproportionate share of innovative new technologies and business practices that are quickly adopted by other countries. If Americans were to embrace Denmark’s “cuddly” form of capitalism, they fear, there would be less of that disruptive innovation and both Americans and Danes would be worse off. A robust global economy requires the co-existence of both systems trading with each other.
Although economists are sympathetic to the direction of many of the individual policies that make up Sandernomics, even those who lean liberal worry they go too far.
The best example is the single-payer health plan that would effectively replace today’s private and public insurance programs with comprehensive medical, dental and optical services with no co-payments or deductibles for all Americans. Every other advanced country does it that way, at significantly lower cost and better health outcomes. Why, Sanders asks, can’t we do the same?
An analysis done for the Sanders campaign by Gerald Friedman, a University of Massachusetts economist, concluded that the single-payer plan would shave $1 trillion off what would otherwise be $6 trillion in national health spending by 2026, a decade after enactment—even after extending coverage to tens of millions of Americans who now are uninsured or underinsured.
The reduction, he calculates would come primarily from eliminating most of the billing and administrative expenses at doctors offices, hospitals, pharmacies and insurance companies—an immediate savings of 12 percent. Additional savings would come from government bargaining and controls that reduce – and slow the growth of -- prices for drugs and medical services.
The average family, Friedman estimated, would save nearly $6,000 a year, even after paying a new 8.4 payroll tax to the government instead of premiums and co-payments to insurance companies. At the same time, employers who offer insurance would save more than $9,000 per employee.
But Kenneth Thorpe, a widely respected health economist at Emory University, argues that Friedman overestimated the administrative savings and reduction in drug prices that the government could negotiate on generic drugs and home health care, both fast-growing segments. And he said that Friedman badly underestimated the additional demand for medical services induced by the total elimination of co-payments and deductibles, creating the health care equivalent of an all-you-can-eat buffet.
Thorpe is no stranger to single-payer health plans. His cost analyses lead Sanders’ own state of Vermont to scrap its plans for a statewide single-payer system. Sanders’ plan, he calculated, would require another trillion dollars a year in new taxes on top of the $1.3 billion that Sanders had proposed to fund the system.
Beyond the financial challenges are the political ones. Health economists predict the Sanders plan would reduce incomes for doctors, hospital administrators and drug company shareholders, much as happens in other countries. Warren Gunnels, Sanders’ policy director, acknowledged as much but argued that Canadian and British doctors and nurses still lived “very comfortably.”
Keeping a tighter rein on health spending could also result in fewer tests and procedures if they fail to meet strict cost-benefit guidelines, or longer wait times for non-urgent care, which are also common in other countries. Gunnels said that kind of rationing will be minimal and, in any case, is preferable to the kind of rationing of health care that now leaves 60 million Americans uninsured or underinsured.
Economists have also questioned Sanders plan for free tuition at all public colleges and universities.
Ron Ehrenberg, a Cornell University expert on higher education, notes that because of existing federal and state assistance, low- and moderate-income students already pay little or no tuition. Much of the tuition benefit, he predicts, will go to students from middle- and upper-income families.
“I’m not sure this is a wise thing,” Ehrenberg said. “It won’t affect the ability of lower income students to get higher education.”
Others predict that the plan could strain the capacity of public institutions as large numbers of students shift from private to public colleges. They also warn that the extra demand probably would ive up the annual cost of the program well beyond the $75 billion Sanders has projected. A recent study by the bipartisan Tax Policy Center found that the financial transaction tax which Sanders relies on to pay for the tuition-free initiative could raise, at most, $50 billion a year. Setting the tax as high as Sanders proposes, they warn, would simply cause investors and speculators to make fewer trades, or drive the trading offshore.
A cornerstone of Sandernomics is a promise to raise the national minimum wage to $15 an hour — enough to lift any full-time worker out of poverty. Other proposals — pay equity for women, stricter overtime enforcement and rules making it easier for workers to unionize—are also meant to push up working-class wages. These regulatory changes would increase average wages by 8 percent within a decade, according to Friedman at UMass.
Liberal economists auxh A Princeton’s Alan Krueger, former chief economist in the Obama White House, have long thought that, in modest doses, such policies can largely pay for themselves because of the reduced turnover and increased worker productivity that result from higher pay. But even Krueger has been reluctant to push the minimum wage as high as $15, calling it a “risk not worth taking.”
In his speeches, Sanders suggests the higher incomes at the bottom will be paid for in the form of lower incomes for shareholders and executives who have captured all of the benefit of economic growth in recent decades. But even Friedman estimates that about half of the cost of these wage-boosting policies will eventually be passed on to workers, in the form of higher prices for what they buy, smaller pay raises or higher unemployment as firms replace workers with new technology.
Certainly the most aggressive aspect of Sandernomics is the senator’s plan to collect an additional $1.6 trillion a year in taxes—the equivalent of 7 percent of GDP. Although all households would pay higher taxes, 40 percent of the extra taxes would come from households in the top 1 percent —those with annual incomes above $500,000, according to a Tax Policy Center analysis. Those households would see their overall federal tax bite rise from 34 percent to 55 percent.
Sanders argues that it is misleading to look at the tax increase he proposes without also considering the money households would not have to spend on health insurance premiums and co-payments as a result of his plan. A study by the liberal-leaning Citizens for Tax Justice found that 95 percent of American households—those with incomes below $225,000—would have more money to spend on everything other than taxes and health care.
But Sanders makes no apologies for the dramatic tax increase he wants to impose on “the billionaire class,” whose after-tax income would fall 40 percent, according to the Tax Policy Center.
For households with annual incomes above $10 million, the combined income and payroll tax bite on the last dollar of salary income— what economists call the marginal rate—would be 77 percent (after adding in the employer share of payroll taxes, as most economists would do). That compares to 43 percent today. For investment income—typically the bulk of income for wealthy households—the marginal rate would be 64 percent, compared to 24 percent today. None of those numbers includes state and city income taxes, which in some places could add another 10 percentage points to the tax bite.
Even households with incomes as low as $250,000 would face a marginal rate of 62 percent for earned income and 50 percent for investment income, significantly above today’s levels.
For years, mainstream economists have argued that governments could raise top marginal rates on salary income as high as 60 percent, and investment income to 30 percent, without causing high-income households to change their economic behavior. But with combined state and federal marginal rates reaching 70 or even 80 percent, they warn, it is likely that some business executives, hedge fund managers and well-paid professionals—or their spouses—will decide to hang it up and head for the beach. For sure they will hire armies of lawyers and accountants to help them convert salary income to lower-taxed investment income—and then move investment income offshore, where it is not subject to any U.S. tax.
“You will just never be able to tax [investment income] that highly,” warns Princeton’s Blinder, as European countries discovered years ago. Today, European tax rates on investment income are now half of what Sanders proposes.
And it’s not just rich people who would be affected by Sanders’S tax increases at the top. “Almost any economist would say that those taxes on investment will have a negative impact on economic growth,” said Len Burman, director of the Tax Policy Center. “It raises the costs for business of making new investment, so they will invest less. And it makes investors less inclined to own [stocks].”
Indeed, it would be surprising if Sanders’s plan for steep increase in taxes on investment income, corporate profit and financial transactions did not cause stock prices to fall significantly, reducing household wealth and, with it, consumer spending.
Sanders thinks this is nonsense. By redistributing spendable income to the poor and middle class and increasing government investment for infrastructure and education, he promises that Sandernomics would supercharge economic growth. According to Friedman’s analysis, it would add 25 million jobs over a decade, increase the income of the average household by more than $20,000 and drive the unemployment rate down to 3.8 percent.
Even Democratic economists, however, are skeptical of such claims.
Christina Romer, another former adviser to President Obama, with her husband, David, released a paper last week concluding that there just weren’t enough unemployed workers and unused capacity left in the economy to make it possible for the economy to grow 5 percent each year for a decade, as Sanders imagines. The more likely result, they said, would be dramatically higher inflation, not growth.
“A realistic examination of the impact of the Sanders policies on the economy’s productive capacity suggest[s] those effects are likely to be small at best, and possibly negative,” wrote the Romers, both professor at the University of California at Berkeley. The higher inflation would prompt the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates, further depressing business investment, they warned. And by providing free tuition to students and guaranteed health care to everyone, it was unlikely, they concluded, that Sanders would succeed in greatly expanding the workforce.
Some economists, such as Jamie Galbraith of the University of Texas, think the Romers are working from an outdated economic model.
At a time when there is slow economic growth because of a glut of savings and too few opportunities for private investment, shifting money to well-targeted public investments such as infrastructure and education would surely increase growth, Galbraith said.
Moreover, in the newly globalized economy, there is a greatly reduced inflation risk. If wages are pushed high enough, Galbraith says, there are plenty of students, retirees, stay-at home parents, under-employed freelancers and Mexican immigrants who could be lured back into the American workforce.
That, however, is not what generally happens in Denmark and Sweden. In those countries, higher wages, free tuition and universal health care come in an economic package that generally also includes modest growth, higher unemployment, limited immigration and significantly higher middle-class taxes. The problem with the Sanders program, say its critics, is that it promises all the good parts of the Scandinavian model without any of the bad parts — all dessert, no spinach.
As Denmark’s Kierkegaard sees it, in the modern world, existing social, economic, political and cultural institutions are so complex and interdependent that it’s not possible to bring about radical change in one area without changing everything else. And even if Sanders did manage to pull off all those changes, he said, the process would generate disruption and uncertainty that would slow the economy for years.
“Revolutions in advanced economies are extraordinarily costly,” he said. “That’s why incremental change is preferred.”
Steven Pearlstein is a business and economics columnist who writes about local, national and international topics.
quarta-feira, 4 de dezembro de 2013
A falencia inevitavel de todos os Estados de bem-estar social - RichardFulmer
O paradoxo do estado de bem-estar social
Tags Artigos, estado de bem-estar social, Richard Fulmer, Autor Richard Fulmer
terça-feira, 21 de fevereiro de 2012
Welfare State (nouvelle maniere): alternativas a uma assistencia publica deficiente...
Não tem problema, veja a solução, criativa, para dizer o mínimo, encontrada nos EUA, uma terra em que revólver é como chiclete: dá para comprar fácil e ninguém fica perguntando para o que você vai usar:
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Precisa de dentadura? OK. Precisa de óculos? OK. Alguma operação, próteses? Sem problemas. Quem paga este plano é o mesmo Governo que não podia arcar com as despesas de um velhinho doente e carente no asilo.
E o melhor de tudo: estando preso, você não tem de pagar imposto de renda.
quarta-feira, 4 de janeiro de 2012
Delenda social-democracia?: o fim de uma epoca - João Luiz Mauad
A festa acabou
quarta-feira, 25 de maio de 2011
Qual a medida do seu bem-estar? A OCDE vai lhe dizer...
Economie
L'OCDE lance un indicateur du bien-être
Le Monde, 25/05/2011
Capture d'écran du site internet de l'OCDE qui permet de calculer l'indicateur de bien-être.
A l'occasion de son cinquantième anniversaire, l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) a présenté, mardi 24 mai, une initiative visant à mesurer le bien-être des habitants des pays riches en vue d'améliorer leur existence. Pour mieux appréhender les conditions de vie des populations de ses 34 pays membres, l'organisation a lancé un indice baptisé "vivre mieux" accompagné d'un site Internet, première traduction concrète du rapport Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi.
En 2009, une commission présidée par le prix Nobel d'économie Joseph Stiglitz avait en effet soumis à Nicolas Sarkozy des pistes pour améliorer la mesure de la croissance économique et corriger les carences de l'indicateur de référence, le produit intérieur brut (PIB), depuis longtemps critiqué. Elle avait prôné la mise en place d'une série d'indicateurs afin de mettre davantage l'accent sur la mesure du "bien-être" dans les statistiques économiques.
L'OCDE a voulu "s'intéresser plus précisément aux gens en mesurant ce qui compte pour eux", détaille Martine Durand, directrice des statistiques de l'organisation. Il ne s'agit pas, par exemple, de calculer les dépenses de santé effectuées par un gouvernement mais d'évaluer l'efficacité d'un système de soins dans tel ou tel pays, a-t-elle souligné. L'indice de l'OCDE permet aux citoyens de ses Etats membres de comparer leur bien-être à partir de onze critères : logement, revenu, travail, communauté, éducation, environnement, gouvernance, santé, bien-être subjectif, sécurité, et conciliation travail-vie privée.
AUSTRALIE ET CANADA BIEN CLASSÉS
Afin de préserver les susceptibilités, l'OCDE ne livre pas son propre classement. Chaque utilisateur peut en revanche accorder aux différentes critères un poids variable en fonction de ce qu'il juge le plus important pour son bien-être et découvrir les pays qui arrivent alors en tête ou en queue de peloton. Dans un grand nombre de domaines, l'Australie et le Canada se retrouvent très bien classés. Mieux en tout cas que la Turquie qui obtient en moyenne un moins bon score.
Cet indicateur se veut également une opportunité pour les citoyens d'exprimer auprès des gouvernements leurs principales préoccupations, fait valoir l'OCDE. "Cela permettra de comprendre quelles sont les priorités des gens par sexe, âge et par pays", souligne Anthony Gooch, directeur de la communication de l'organisation. En France par exemple, le fait d'avoir un emploi et d'être en bonne santé sont considérés comme les facteurs de bien-être les plus importants. L'OCDE espère bientôt ouvrir l'indicateur, qui doit être affiné dans les mois à venir, à d'autres pays que les plus développés, en premier lieu des émergents comme le Brésil.
quarta-feira, 30 de junho de 2010
A falencia do Estado (supostamente) de bem-estar - Ubiratan Iorio
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
A FALÊNCIA DO WELFARE STATE"...
Ubiratan Iório, 30/06/2010
A Wikipedia – o “pai dos burros” da era cibernética – define o Estado de bem-estar social ou Estado-providência como “a organização política e econômica que coloca o Estado como agente da promoção (protetor e defensor) social e organizador da economia. Nesta orientação, o Estado é o agente regulamentador de toda vida e saúde social, política e econômica do país em parceria com sindicatos e empresas privadas, em níveis diferentes, de acordo com a nação em questão. Cabe ao Estado do bem-estar social garantir serviços públicos e proteção à população.
Pois bem, os fatos estão sobejamente a mostrar que essa concepção de Estado está falida. Na Europa, foram seis décadas em que os estados gastaram acima de suas possibilidades. O resultado não podia ser outro: dívidas públicas astronômicas (que estão, ne média da Europa, em cerca de 90% do PIB), ameaça de inflação, desemprego e um legado moral de gastança que cairá sobre os ombros inocentes das futuras gerações. A Europa, enfim, acordou e hoje vemos diversos países tentando adotar medidas duras para a correção do problema das imensas necessidades de financiamento do setor público. Os governos asiáticos também sinalizam estar despertando, embora preguiçosamente. O governo de Obama ainda não acordou. Parece dormir ainda um sono profundo, povoado por falsos sonhos em que os gastos públicos são capazes de gerar o bem estar de todos...
Na América Latina e no Brasil, os governos (com as honrosas exceções do Chile, da Colômbia e do Peru), permanecem em sono pesado, como indica a manchete principal do jornal O Globo de hoje: "gastos levam contas públicas ao pior resultado em 18 anos”. Ainda é possível encobrir a gravidade do problema, porque o crescimento do PIB e a elevação da arrecadação tributária podem, durante algum tempo, fazer isso. Mas a hora do ajuste de contas não tardará e nem falhará...
A bomba vai estourar nas mãos do próximo presidente, seja ele quem for. Quem viver verá.
=============
Addendum PRA:
De fato, a herança (esta sim, maldita) a ser deixada por este governo será uma bomba-relógio fiscal, que vai estourar no colo do próximo presidente, que será assim obrigado a corrigir (pelo menos parcialmente) o festival de gastança em que o Brasil incorreu pelas mãos (e pés, sobretudo) do Estado nos últimos oito anos...
terça-feira, 15 de junho de 2010
Tempos duros para a social-democracia europeia
De fato, os cidadãos eleitores das democracias avançadas, nos EUA e na Europa, alternam suas preferências políticas entre partidos conservadores e socialistas desde muito tempo, há décadas, senão há mais de um século. A única novidade no cenário foi o ingresso dos partidos verdes (mas sempre limitados em sua base eleitoral), além da mais evidente implosão e desaparecimento dos partidos comunistas (onde eles subsistem, se tornaram partidos populistas, apenas).
Durante algum tempo, os eleitores premiam a distribuição, com os socialistas (ou democratas, nos EUA), depois a situação fiscal se agrava, a inflação volta, e os eleitores se assustam, e votam para os conservadores, que voltam a reduzir impostos, privatizar e reduzir a inflação. Também acabam fazendo bobagens, e são por sua vez colocados para fora do poder por uma nova tropa de redistributivistas-socialistas, que prometem fazer melhor. Não fazem, ficam algum tempo e depois se vão.
Assim são as democracias avançadas, com alternâncias aparentes no quadro de uma grande continuidade, que é a do Estado organizador e eventualmente protetor.
Até que chega a China e rouba emprego de todo mundo, socialistas e conservadores.
Mas essa é outra história...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Malos tiempos para la socialdemocracia
El País, 13/06/10
Bruxelas – Más de dos años de crisis financiera y económica con las secuelas de fuerte crecimiento del paro y amenazas para el Estado de bienestar han puesto de relieve el fracaso de las políticas conservadoras neoliberales. Sin embargo, este cambio de escenario no ha supuesto ninguna ventaja para el centro-izquierda. Los electores europeos siguen sin confiar en los socialdemócratas, cuyo declive en los Gobiernos e instituciones de la Unión es incesante, aunque con ciertas excepciones. Después de las últimas elecciones en Reino Unido y Hungría, solo seis primeros ministros socialistas se sientan en el Consejo Europeo cuando hace una década eran mayoría. En el Parlamento Europeo, los socialistas registraron el año pasado el peor resultado de su historia, y en la Comisión Europea han sido relegados al tercer puesto, detrás de los liberales.
Malos tiempos para la socialdemocracia, pero también momentos de catarsis interna y búsqueda de nuevas ideas, como el creciente interés por el individuo. Sin embargo, en el norte de Europa, como en Dinamarca, Holanda y Suecia, que cuentan con los modelos sociales más eficientes, y en Irlanda, los socialdemócratas están recuperando territorio. Los vaticinios de Ralf Dahrendorf que apuntaban a “un fin de la socialdemocracia cercano” no parecen tan evidentes. Pero la izquierda sufre muchas fugas. La consolidación del movimiento ecologista y la extensión de las ONG ocupan cada vez más espacios de la izquierda, cuyo sector más ortodoxo también mantiene sus posiciones.
Desde las propias filas socialistas existe una clara conciencia de la falta de respuestas a los desafíos actuales. Antoine Quero, secretario de Organización del PSOE en Europa, sostiene que “la socialdemocracia no tiene la respuesta adecuada ni a nivel local ni global”. “De la izquierda”, precisa, “se espera una respuesta para que la dimensión humana domine sobre el capitalismo y no al revés, como ocurre”. Quero cree que “el Estado de bienestar ha producido una cierta externaliza-ción de la solidaridad. El ciudadano paga sus impuestos y ya está”. En su opinión, el futuro debe pasar por prestar más atención al individuo y a su participación social. Está convencido de que el futuro de la socialdemocracia exige “desarrollar los modelos de democracia participativa y deliberativa”. Esta mayor atención al individuo constituye una de las bases del discurso de la líder socialista francesa, Martine Aubry, con su sociedad del care (cuidado). “Una sociedad en la que el Estado cuide a cada uno, lo que implica una revolución de los servicios públicos, que hasta ahora han funcionado sobre la base de reglas generales, sin encargarse de cada uno”, explica Aubry en Le Monde.
Ramón Jáuregui, secretario general de los socialistas españoles en la Eurocámara, considera que uno de los problemas más serios es que “la izquierda sigue dando respuestas en clave nacional cuando los problemas del mundo se gobiernan en mesas internacionales” como el G-20. “Y ahí”, añade, “la izquierda se pierde porque solo ofrece una mirada nacional”. Recuerda que el “modelo de progresividad fiscal y cohesión social tiene una dimensión nacional”. Y lamenta las dificultades de implantar iniciativas supranacionales. “Europa”, afirma, “sigue arrastrando los pies y compite cada vez peor en un mundo al que se han incorporado mil millones de trabajadores”.
Piotr Maciej Kaczynski, investigador del Center for European Policy Studies, señala varias razones para explicar por qué “no se ha producido un revival de la izquierda a pesar de la crisis”. Las fronteras entre izquierda y derecha se han hecho muy borrosas. “Los partidos conservadores”, señala, “asumen o toleran valores sociales que hasta ahora eran patrimonio de la izquierda, como el matrimonio de homosexuales o el aborto”. De la misma manera apunta que “los desempleados y trabajadores temporales tampoco se sienten defendidos por los partidos socialdemócratas”. Kaczynski advierte también que “la Unión Europea es en una fuente de división entre los dirigentes socialistas, muy europeístas, y unas bases más escépticas”.
No obstante, otros análisis son menos categóricos sobre este declive. Bernhard Webels, investigador del Social Science Research Center, observa que la proporción de los votantes socialdemócratas durante los últimos 20 años en 12 países europeos “no ha identificado ninguna tendencia de declive significativa” y su peso oscila sin grandes variaciones en torno al 30%. Cree que los socialdemócratas han “sabido identificar los desafíos actuales y formular las repuestas políticas adecuadas que contienen las opciones políticas por un mundo social más justo”.