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Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.

Mostrando postagens com marcador coffee. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador coffee. Mostrar todas as postagens

domingo, 25 de outubro de 2020

The Economics of Coffee in One Chart - Omri Wallach (Visual Capitalist)

AGRICULTURE

The Economics of Coffee in One Chart


Visual Capitalist, October 24, 2020

By Omri Wallach




Breaking Down the Economics of Coffee

What goes into your morning cup of coffee, and what makes it possible?

The obvious answer might be coffee beans, but when you start to account for additional costs, the scope of a massive $200+ billion coffee supply chain becomes clear.

From the labor of growing, exporting, and roasting the coffee plants to the materials like packaging, cups, and even stir sticks, there are many underlying costs that factor into every cup of coffee consumed.

The above graphic breaks down the costs incurred by retail coffee production for one pound of coffee, equivalent to about 15 cups of 16 ounce brewed coffee.

The Difficulty of Pricing Coffee

Measuring and averaging out a global industry is a complicated ordeal.

Not only do global coffee prices constantly fluctuate, but each country also has differences in availability, relative costs, and the final price of a finished product.

That’s why a cup of 16 oz brewed coffee in the U.S. doesn’t cost the same in the U.K., or Japan, or anywhere else in the world. Even within countries, the differences of a company’s access to wholesale beans will dictate the final price.

To counteract these discrepancies, today’s infographic above uses figures sourced from the Specialty Coffee Association which are illustrative but based on the organization’s Benchmarking Report and Coffee Price Report.

What they end up with is an estimated set price of $2.80 for a brewed cup of coffee at a specialty coffee store. Each store and indeed each country will see a different price, but that gives us the foundation to start backtracking and breaking down the total costs.


From Growing Beans to Exporting Bags

To make coffee, you must have the right conditions to grow it.

The two major types of coffee, Arabica and Robusta, are produced primarily in subequatorial countries. The plants originated in Ethiopia, were first grown in Yemen in the 1600s, then spread around the world by way of European colonialism.

Today, Brazil is far and away the largest producer and exporter of coffee, with Vietnam the only other country accounting for a double-digit percentage of global production.


Country

Coffee Production (60kg bags)

Share of Global Coffee Production

Brazil

64,875,000

37.5%

Vietnam

30,024,000

17.4%

Colombia

13,858,000

8.0%

Indonesia

9,618,000

5.6%

Ethiopia

7,541,000

4.4%

Honduras

7,328,000

4.2%

India

6,002,000

3.5%

Uganda

4,704,000

2.7%

Peru

4,263,000

2.5%

Other

24,629,000

14.2%


How much money do growers make on green coffee beans? With prices constantly fluctuating each year, they can range from below $0.50/lb in 2001 to above $2.10/lb in 2011.

But if you’re looking for the money in coffee, you won’t find it at the source. Fairtrade estimates that 125 million people worldwide depend on coffee for their livelihoods, but many of them are unable to earn a reliable living from it.

Instead, one of the biggest profit margins is made by the companies exporting the coffee. In 2018 the ICO Composite price (which tracks both Arabica and Robusta coffee prices) averaged $1.09/lb, while the SCA lists exporters as charging a price of $3.24/lb for green coffee.


Roasting Economics

Roasters might be charged $3.24/lb for green coffee beans from exporters, but that’s far from the final price they pay.

First, beans have to be imported, adding shipping and importer fees that add $0.31/lb. Once the actual roasting begins, the cost of labor and certification and the inevitable losses along the way add an additional $1.86/lb before general business expenses.

By the end of it, roasters see a total illustrated cost of $8.73/lb.


Roaster Economics

($/lb)

Sales Price

$9.40

Total Cost

$8.73

Pre-tax Profit

$0.67

Taxes

$0.23

Net Profit

$0.44

Net Profit (%)

7.1%


When it comes time for their profit margin, roasters quote a selling price of around $9.40/lb. After taxes, roasters see a net profit of roughly $0.44/lb or 7.1%.


Retail Margins

For consumers purchasing quality, roasted coffee beans directly through distributors, seeing a 1lb bag of roasted whole coffee for $14.99 and higher is standard. Retailers, however, are able to access coffee closer to the stated wholesale prices and add their own costs to the equation.

One pound of roasted coffee beans will translate into about 15 cups of 16 ounce (475 ml) brewed coffee for a store. At a price of $2.80/cup, that translates into a yield of $42.00/lb of coffee.

That doesn’t sound half bad until you start to factor in the costs. Material costs include the coffee itself, the cups and lids (often charged separately), the stir sticks and even the condiments. After all, containers of half-and-half and ground cinnamon don’t pay for themselves.

Factoring them all together equals a retail material cost of $13.00/lb. That still leaves a healthy gross profit of $29.00/lb, but running a retail store is an expensive business. Add to that the costs of operations, including labor, leasing, marketing, and administrative costs, and the total costs quickly ramp up to $35.47/lb.

In fact, when accounting for additional costs for interest and taxes, the SCA figures give retailers a net profit of $2.90/lb or 6.9%, slightly less than that of roasters.


A Massive Global Industry

Coffee production is a big industry for one reason: coffee consumption is truly a universal affair with 2.3 million cups of coffee consumed globally every minute. By total volume sales, coffee is the fourth most-consumed beverage in the world.

That makes the retail side of the market a major factor. Dominated by companies like Nestlé and Jacobs Douwe Egberts, global retail coffee sales in 2017 reached $83 billion, with an average yearly expenditure of $11 per capita globally.

Of course, some countries are bigger coffee drinkers than others. The largest global consumers by tonnage are the U.S. and Brazil (despite also being the largest producer and exporter), but per capita consumption is significantly higher in European countries like Norway and Switzerland.

The next time you sip your coffee, consider the multilayered and vast global supply chain that makes it all possible.

 


domingo, 18 de abril de 2010

2038) Brasil: uma economia exportadora baseada no cafe - recomendacao bibliografica

Brazil as an Export Economy, 1880-1930
Marcelo De Paiva Abreu
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

Afonso S. Bevilaqua
Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

Abstract link

Abstract:
The paper examines the Brazilian core coffee export economy from the 1880s to 1930. Analysis is centered on coffee because of its dominant role in the Brazilian economy and to the persistent high share of Brazilian exports in the world market, which has allowed Brazil to exploit its market power. The implications of Brazil's position as the main world supplier of coffee are analyzed empirically, particularly the links between domestic policy and world coffee prices. The fact that Brazil was the leading coffee producer and exporter implies that production costs in Brazil had a significant influence on world coffee prices. The relevance of this link is shown using econometric techniques for exchange rate fluctuations and tariffs. Due to the magnitude of Brazil's coffee exports in the world market, fluctuations of the Brazilian foreign exchange rate influenced world coffee prices. Most of the effects of the traditionally high tariff were also transferred with a lag to world coffee prices. This is a new interpretation of the political economy of coffee and industry in the golden age of the Brazilian export economy. The paper also looks at commodity exports outside the core: rubber, sugar, and cotton. A section on the export economy, 1930-1960 is included as a coda.

JEL Classifications: F14, N66
Working Paper Series
Date posted: July 21, 1998 ; Last revised: July 21, 1998
Suggested Citation

De Paiva Abreu , Marcelo and Bevilaqua, Afonso S., Brazil as an Export Economy, 1880-1930. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=37857