O que é este blog?

Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida;

Meu Twitter: https://twitter.com/PauloAlmeida53

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/paulobooks

quinta-feira, 28 de março de 2024

Brasil, um país de ponta-cabeça? As propostas constitucionais de Modesto Carvalhosa - Paulo Roberto de Almeida (Revista de Direito do IESB)

Brasil, um país de ponta-cabeça?

As propostas constitucionais de Modesto Carvalhosa

 

 

Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Diplomata, doutor em Ciências Sociais pela Universidade Livre de Bruxelas (1984);

Mestre em Planejamento Econômico pela Universidade do Estado de Antuérpia (1976). Diretor de Relações Internacionais no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do DF.

Publicado: Revista de Direito do IESB: Trabalho, Sociedade e Cidadania (Brasília: vol. 15, n. 15, jul./dez/ 2023; ISSN: 2448-2358; DOI: https://doi.org/10.61541/3x5gve70, p. 60-105, link: https://revista.iesb.br/revista/index.php/ojsiesb/issue/view/15; pdf do artigo: https://revista.iesb.br/revista/index.php/ojsiesb/article/view/197/174). Relação de Publicados n. 1555.

 

Resumo:

O último (sétimo) processo de elaboração constitucional do Brasil se fez em circunstâncias similares aos anteriores, sempre como resultado de uma ruptura de um determinado regime político e a inauguração de um novo. A despeito de todos os objetivos idealistas da CF-1988, a atual carta constitucional brasileira não logrou reduzir, como pretendido por muitos dos constituintes, os inúmeros privilégios ainda contidos ou implícitos ao texto constitucional, ou ampliar as oportunidades para a maioria do povo trabalhador. Estes dois conceitos, privilégios e oportunidades, situam-se no âmago do livro publicado pelo jurista Modesto Carvalhosa, em 2021, Uma nova constituição para o Brasilde um país de privilégios para uma nação de oportunidades; é em torno deles que se situa o presente texto analítico, mas de um ângulo bem especial: a perspectiva municipalista, que segundo o autor, deveria estar na base do sistema político brasileiro, mas que se tornou um mero apêndice de estados e da própria União. O que propõe Modesto Carvalhosa é a regeneração do Brasil pela sua base.

Palavras-chave: reforma constitucional; sistema administrativo; produtividade; municípios; história política brasileira.

 

Brazil, an upside-down country?

Modesto Carvalhosa’s constitutional proposals

 

Abstract:

The last (seventh) undertaking of constitutional reform in Brazil was done in similar circumstances to the previous exercises, always the outcome of a disruption of a former political regime, and the inauguration of a new. Despite its idealistic objectives, the 1988 Federal Constitution did not reach an optimistic result, as expected by the members of the Constitutional Assembly: the reduction of privileges still embedded in the chart, and the enlargement of opportunities for the whole working people. These two concepts, privileges and opportunities, are at the core of the work published in 2021 by the jurist Modesto Carvalhosa, A new Constitution for Brazil: from a country of privileges to a nation of opportunities; it is from that perspective that departs this analytical essay, but from a special angle: a municipality approach, which should be at the founding layer of the Brazilian political system, according to this author, albeit turned into a mere appendix of states and the Union itself. What Modesto Carvalhosa conversely proposes is the regeneration of Brazil taking support from its very basis. 

 

Keywords: constitutional reform; administrative system; productivity; municipal circumscriptions; Brazilian political history.

 

 

No Brasil o Estado é hegemônico, não restando à cidadania nenhum papel em nossa construção civilizatória. A sociedade civil é dominada por um Estado que se estruturou para preencher todos os espaços.

Esta dominação é fundada numa oligarquia que tem como instrumento a Constituição de 1988, que outorga privilégios institucionais à classe política e ao estamento burocrático, em detrimento daqueles que trabalham e empreendem no setor privado.

(CARVALHOSA, 2021, p. 27)

 

 

1. O Brasil de ponta cabeça?

Karl Marx, num de seus trabalhos mais pretensiosos da juventude – possivelmente na Ideologia Alemã, obra composta com a colaboração de seu amigo Friedrich Engels –, se vangloriava de ter colocado o sistema hegeliano sobre os seus pés, ou seja, invertido a filosofia dialética, que, supostamente, estaria de ponta-cabeça na concepção do filósofo prussiano, ao colocar a razão do Estado como elemento fundacional da nação. Para Marx, o substrato básico de toda formação social estaria nas forças produtivas da nação, e sua organização social seria determinada, em grande medida pelas relações de produção; estas, por sua vez, seriam determinadas pela luta de classes, que, para ambos, seria o “motor da história”, como está registrado em outro trabalho de juventude, o Manifesto Comunista

Essa concepção determinista da História foi há muito confrontada, contestada, negada e praticamente excluída das modernas interpretações do processo histórico por muitos intelectuais, historiadores ou analistas dos sistemas políticos, entre eles o grande filósofo da Escola de Viena Karl Popper, notadamente em dois de seus livros clássicos: The Open Society and its Enemies, publicado no imediato pós-Segunda Guerra (1945), e The Poverty of Historicism (1957). O filósofo liberal de origem letã Isaiah Berlin também se pronunciou diversas vezes sobre a inconsistência da interpretação marxista da História, cuja principal contribuição a determinadas concepções políticas acadêmicas foi, paradoxalmente, o reforço da centralidade do Estado nos processos de estruturação política e social das nações. Os argumentos marxianos e marxistas sobre o “ulterior desaparecimento do Estado”, na fase comunista da construção socialista, se revelaram, assim, uma pretensão totalmente contrária ao que ocorreu, de fato, em todas as sociedades “socialistas”; ou seja, a concepção marxista sobre o desenvolvimento futuro do “modo de produção socialista” também estava assentada sobre sua cabeça, isto é, sempre esteve de ponta-cabeça, ou de pernas para o ar.

(...)


Ler a íntegra num destes dois links: 

https://revista.iesb.br/revista/index.php/ojsiesb/issue/view/15 

https://revista.iesb.br/revista/index.php/ojsiesb/article/view/197/174

https://www.academia.edu/116809954/4100_Brasil_um_pa%C3%ADs_de_ponta_cabe%C3%A7a_As_propostas_constitucionais_de_Modesto_Carvalhosa_2022_

Daniel Kahneman, psicólogo que revolucionou a economia, morre aos 90 anos - Stephen Miller (Bloomberg)

Daniel Kahneman, psicólogo que revolucionou a economia, morre aos 90 anos

Vencedor do Prêmio Nobel ajudou a dar origem ao campo da economia comportamental junto do colega Amos Tversky; pesquisas mostraram a relevância dos vieses em tomadas de decisões, que afetam escolhas financeiras

Stephen Miller

Bloomberg, 27/03/2024

 Daniel Kahneman, um psicólogo cujo trabalho lançou dúvidas sobre a racionalidade da tomada de decisões, ajudou a originar o campo da economia comportamental e lhe rendeu um Prêmio Nobel, faleceu. Ele tinha 90 anos.

Ele morreu nesta quarta-feira (27), relatou o Washington Post, citando sua enteada, Deborah Treisman, editora de ficção da New Yorker. Não há outros detalhes disponíveis.

Kahneman contestou pressupostos sobre a racionalidade que dominavam a economia por décadas. Ele conseguiu mostrar a lógica por trás de diversos comportamentos intrigantes — por que as pessoas se recusam a vender ações que perderam valor, ou por que irão dirigir até uma loja distante para economizar em um pequeno item, mas não para obter a mesma economia em um item caro. 

Kahneman era “o psicólogo mais influente do mundo em vida”, disse o professor da Universidade Harvard, Steven Pinker, ao Guardian em 2014. “Seu trabalho é realmente monumental na história do pensamento.”

Trabalhando com o psicólogo Amos Tversky, Kahneman isolou vieses que distorcem a tomada de decisões. Estes incluem aversão à perda e como a forma como uma pergunta é formulada pode afetar a resposta. Por exemplo, se um programa de saúde salvará 200 vidas e resultará em 400 mortes, se será aceito pode depender se seus proponentes destacam as vidas salvas ou as vidas perdidas.

Kahneman afirmou que o cérebro reage rapidamente e com base em informações incompletas, muitas vezes com resultados infelizes. “As pessoas são projetadas para contar a melhor história possível”, disse em uma entrevista de 2012 à Associação Americana de Psicologia. “Não gastamos muito tempo dizendo: ‘Bem, há muito que não sabemos.’ Nos viramos com o que sabemos.”

Sob o rótulo “teoria do prospecto”, Kahneman e Tversky iniciaram uma revolução na psicologia e depois na economia, que raramente era considerada uma ciência experimental. O campo da economia comportamental surgiu no final do século XX, à medida que um grupo de jovens economistas usava suas percepções para desafiar noções clássicas de “homo economicus”, o ator racional.

Em entrevista à Bloomberg Línea em 2022, o psicólogo afirmou que a inteligência artificial obrigaria as lideranças nas empresas a conviver, em um futuro próximo, com uma realidade em que decisões estratégicas de negócios dentro de corporações serão tomadas também pela IA.

“Não vai demorar muito até que a inteligência artificial seja melhor do que as pessoas porque ela aprende mais rápido (...) Portanto, podemos esperar que haverá cada vez mais áreas em que a inteligência artificial se tornará cada vez mais importante”, disse Kahneman.

‘Campo minado cognitivo’

Em 2011, Kahneman publicou o best-seller Rápido e devagar: Duas formas de pensar, encontrando uma grande audiência para suas ideias. O estudo apresentou uma visão abrangente da mente como contendo dois sistemas, um rápido e intuitivo, o outro lento e mais racional. Ofereceu conselhos para tomar melhores decisões, começando com: “Reconheça os sinais de que você está em um campo minado cognitivo.”

Daniel Kahneman nasceu em 5 de março de 1934, em Tel Aviv, onde sua mãe estava visitando parentes. A família morava na França, tendo emigrado de lá da Lituânia. Seu pai, um químico judeu, foi preso por causa de sua religião durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, sendo depois libertado. Após a guerra, a família mudou-se para a Palestina.

Kahneman recebeu um diploma de bacharel em psicologia pela Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém em 1954. Mais tarde naquele ano, ele se juntou às Forças de Defesa de Israel, onde foi designado para o ramo de psicologia e encarregado de avaliar recrutas. O sistema que ele desenvolveu foi usado por décadas, ele escreveu em sua autobiografia do Prêmio Nobel.

Ele recebeu um Ph.D. da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley em 1961 e retornou à Universidade Hebraica para ensinar no departamento de psicologia. Em 1969, ele conheceu Tversky, que se tornou seu colaborador por mais de uma década em seu trabalho vencedor do Prêmio Nobel.

“Amos e eu compartilhamos o espanto de possuir juntos uma gansa que podia pôr ovos de ouro - uma mente conjunta que era melhor do que nossas mentes separadas”, escreveu Kahneman. “Provavelmente compartilhei mais da metade das risadas da minha vida com Amos.”

O jogo do ultimato

A colaboração entre eles produziu artigos, livros e experimentos inovadores como o jogo do ultimato, no qual uma pessoa recebe dinheiro com a condição de compartilhá-lo com uma segunda pessoa. Tipicamente, a segunda pessoa não aceitará menos do que uma parcela de 20% ou 30%, mesmo que fosse racional aceitar qualquer quantia.

A parceria próxima de décadas entre Kahneman e Tversky se tornou mais conhecida com a publicação em 2016 de “O Projeto Desfazer” (”The Undoing Project”), do premiado autor Michael Lewis.

Kahneman teve cargos na Universidade da Colúmbia Britânica, em Vancouver, e em Berkeley. Em 1993, mudou-se para a Universidade de Princeton, em Nova Jersey, onde foi professor de psicologia e também lecionou na Escola de Política Pública e Assuntos Internacionais Woodrow Wilson.

Nos últimos anos, ele estudou a felicidade - mais tecnicamente, a hedônica: coisas que tornam as experiências agradáveis ou desagradáveis, e como medir isso. Uma descoberta notável foi que as pessoas ricas raramente eram mais felizes do que aquelas com rendas mais baixas, desafiando a ideia de que dinheiro compra felicidade.

Kahneman dividiu o Prêmio Nobel de 2002 com Vernon Smith, outro economista experimental.

Kahneman e sua esposa, Irah Kahn, tiveram dois filhos: Michael e Lenore. O casal se divorciou e ele mais tarde se casou com a psicóloga Anne Treisman, que faleceu em 2018.


Russia Is Back to the Stalinist Future - Adrian Karatnycky Foreign Policy

 Essay

Russia Is Back to the Stalinist Future

With a Soviet-style election, Vladimir Putin’s Russia has come full circle.

By Adrian Karatnycky, a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and the founder of Myrmidon

FOREIGN POLICY, MARCH 24, 2024

https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/03/24/russia-putin-stalin-soviet-election-war-repression-political-prisoners/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=World%20Brief%20-%2003272024&utm_term=world_brief

 

In 1968, the American scholar Jerome M. Gilison described Soviet elections as a “psychological curiosity”—a ritualized, performative affirmation of the regime rather than a real vote in any sense of the word. These staged elections with their nearly unanimous official results, Gilison wrote, served to isolate non-conformists and weld the people to their regime.

Last Sunday, Russia completed the circle and returned to Soviet practice. State election officials reported that 87 percent of Russians had cast their vote for Vladimir Putin in national elections, giving the Russian president a fifth term in office. Not only were many of the reported election numbers mathematically impossible, but there was also no longer much of a choice: All prominent opposition figures had been either murderedimprisoned, or exiled. Like in Soviet times, the election also welded Russians to their regime by serving as a referendum on Putin’s war against Ukraine. All in all, last weekend’s Soviet-style election sealed Putin’s transformation of post-Communist Russia into a repressive society with many of the features of Soviet totalitarianism.

Russia’s return to Soviet practice goes far beyond elections. A recent study by exiled Russian journalists from Proekt Media used data to determine that Russia is more politically repressive today than the Soviet Union under all leaders since Joseph Stalin. During the last six years, the study reports, the Putin regime has indicted 5,613 Russians on explicitly political charges—including “discrediting the army,” “disseminating misinformation,” “justification of terrorism,” and other purported crimes, which have been widely used to punish criticism of Russia’s war on Ukraine and justification of Ukraine’s defense of its territory. This number is significantly greater than in any other six-year period of Soviet rule after 1956—all the more glaring given that Russia’s population is only half that of the Soviet Union before its collapse.

 

In addition to repressive criminal charges and sentences, over the last six years more than 105,000 people have been tried on administrative charges, which carry heavy fines and compulsory labor for up to 30 days without appeal. Many of these individuals were punished for taking part in unsanctioned marches or political activity, including anti-war protests. Others were charged with violations of COVID pandemic regulations. Such administrative punishments are administered and implemented rapidly, without time for an appeal.

On March 4, 2022, a little over a week after the Russian invasion of Ukraine began, Russia’s puppet parliament rapidly adopted amendments to the Russian Criminal Code and Criminal Procedure Code that established criminal and administrative punishments for the vague transgressions of “discrediting” the Russian military or disseminating “false information” about it. This widely expanded the repressive powers of the state to criminally prosecute political beliefs and activity. Prosecutions have surged since the new laws were passed, likely leading to a dramatic increase in the number of political prisoners in the coming years. In particular, punishments for “discrediting the army” or “justification of terrorism”—which includes voicing support for Ukraine’s right to defend itself—have resulted in hundreds of sentences meted out each year since the war began. The most recent such case: On Feb. 27, the 70-year-old co-chairman of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning human rights group Memorial, Oleg Orlov, was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for “discrediting” the Russian military.

As the Proekt report ominously concludes, “[I]n terms of repression, Putin has long ago surpassed almost all Soviet general secretaries, except for one—Joseph Stalin.” While this conclusion is in itself significant, it is only the tip of the iceberg of the totalitarian state Putin has gradually and systematically rebuilt.

As in the Soviet years, there is no independent media in Russia today. The last of these news organizations were banned or fled the country after Putin’s all-out war on Ukraine, including Proekt, Meduza, Ekho Moskvy, Nobel Prize-winning Novaya Gazeta, and TV Dozhd. In their place, strictly regime-aligned newspapers, social media, and television and radio stations emit a steady drumbeat of militaristic propaganda, promote Russian imperialist grandeur, and celebrate Putin as the country’s infallible commander in chief. In another reprise of totalitarian practice, lists of banned books have been dramatically expanded and thousands of titles have been removed from the shelves of Russian libraries and bookstores. Bans have been extended to numerous Wikipedia pages, social media channels, and websites.

Human rights activists and independent civic leaders have been jailed, physically attacked, intimidated into silence, or driven into exile. Civic organizations that show independence from the state are banned as “undesirable” and subjected to fines and prosecution if they continue to operate. The most recent such organizations include the Andrei Sakharov Foundation, Memorial, the legendary Moscow Helsinki Group, and the EU-Russia Civil Society Forum. In their place, the state finances a vast array of pro-regime and pro-war groups, with significant state resources supporting youth groups that promote the cult of Putin and educate children in martial values to prepare them for military service. Then there are the numerous murders of opposition leaders, journalists, and activists at home and abroad. Through these various means, almost all critical Russian voices have been silenced.

Private and family life is also increasingly coming under the scope of government regulation and persecution. The web of repression particularly affects the LGBT community, putting large numbers of Russians in direct peril. A court ruling in 2023 declared the “international LGBT movement” extremist and banned the rainbow flag as a forbidden symbol, which was quickly followed by raids and arrests. Homosexuality has been reclassified as an illness, and Russian gay rights organizations have shut down their operations for fear of prosecution. Legislation aimed at reinforcing “traditional values”—including the right of husbands to discipline their wives—has led to the reduction in sentences and the decriminalization of some forms of domestic violence.

Many of the techniques of totalitarian control now operating throughout Russia were first incubated in territories where the Kremlin spread war and conflict. Chechnya was the first testing ground for widespread repression, including massive numbers of victims subjected to imprisonment, execution, disappearance, torture, and rape. Coupled with the merciless targeting of civilians in Russia’s two wars in Chechnya, these practices normalized wanton criminal behavior within Russian state security structures. Out of this crucible of fear and intimidation, Putin has shaped a culture and means of governing that were further elaborated in other places Russia invaded and eventually came to Russia itself.

In Russian-occupied Crimea and eastern Ukraine since 2014, there has been a widespread campaign of surveillance, summary executions, arrests, torture, and intimidation—all entirely consistent with Soviet practice toward conquered populations. More recently, this includes the old practice of forced political recantations: A Telegram channel ominously called Crimean SMERSH (a portmanteau of the Russian words for “death to spies,” coined by Stalin himself) has posted dozens of videos of frightened Ukrainians recanting their Ukrainian identity or the display of Ukrainian symbols. Made in conjunction with police operations, these videos appear to be coordinated with state security services.

In the parts of Ukraine newly occupied since 2022, human rights groups have widely documented human rights abuses and potential war crimes. These include the abduction of children, imprisonment of Ukrainians in a system of filtration camps that recall the Soviet gulags, and the systematic use of rape and torture to break the will of Ukrainians. Castrations of Ukrainian men have also been employed.

As Russia’s violence in Ukraine has expanded, so, too, has the acceptance of these abominations throughout the state and in much of society. As during the Stalin era, the cult of cruelty and the culture of fear are now the legal and moral standards. The climate of fear initially employed to assert order in occupied regions is now being applied to Russia itself. In this context, the murder of Alexei Navalny ahead of the presidential election was an important message from Putin to the Russian people: There is no longer any alternative to the war and repressive political order he has imposed, of which Navalny’s elimination is a part.

All the techniques and means of repression bespeak a criminal regime that now closely resembles the totalitarian rule of Stalin, whom Putin now fully embraces. After Putin first came to power in 1999, he often praised Stalin as a great war leader while disapproving of his cruelty and brutality. But as Putin pivoted toward war and repression, Russia has systematically promoted a more positive image of Stalin. High school textbooks not only celebrate his legacy but also whitewash his terror regime. There has been a proliferation of new Stalin monuments, with more than 100 throughout the country today. On state-controlled media, Russian propagandists consistently hammer away on the theme of Stalin’s greatness and underscore similarities between his wartime leadership and Putin’s. Discussion of Stalinist terror has disappeared, as has the memorialization of his millions of victims. Whereas only one in five Russians had a positive view of Stalin in the 1990s, polls conducted over the last five years show that number has risen to between 60 percent and 70 percent. In normalizing Stalin, Putin is not glossing over the tyrant’s crimes; rather, he is deliberately normalizing Stalin as a justification for his own war-making and repression.

Putin now resembles Stalin more closely than any other Soviet or Russian leader. Unlike Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, Konstantin Chernenko, and Yuri Andropov—not to mention Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin—Putin has unquestioned power that is not shared or limited in any way by parliament, courts, or a Politburo. State propaganda has created a Stalin-like personality cult that lionizes Putin’s absolute power, genius as a leader, and role as a brilliant wartime generalissimo. It projects him as the fearsome and all-powerful head of a militarized nation aiming, like Stalin, to defeat a “Nazi” regime in Ukraine and reassert hegemony over Eastern and Central Europe. Just as Stalin made effective use of the Russian Orthodox Church to support Russia’s effort during World War II, Putin has effectively used Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill as a critical ally and cheerleader of Russia’s brutal war in Ukraine. And just like Stalin, Putin has made invading neighboring countries and annexing territory a central focus of the Kremlin’s foreign policy.

Putin’s descent into tyranny has been accompanied by his gradual isolation from the rest of society. Like the latter-day Stalin, Putin began living an isolated life as a bachelor even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Like the later Stalin, Putin lacks a stable family life and is believed to have replaced it with a string of mistresses, some of whom are reported to have borne him children for whom he remains a remote figure. Like Stalin, he stays up late into the early-morning hours, and like the Soviet dictator, Putin has assembled around him a small coterie of trusted intimates, mostly men in their 60s and 70s, with whom he has maintained friendships for decades, including businessmen Yury Kovalchuk and Igor Sechin, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, and security chief Nikolai Patrushev. This coterie resembles Stalin’s small network of cronies: security chief Lavrentiy Beria, military leader Kliment Voroshilov, and Communist Party official Georgy Malenkov. To others in leadership positions, Putin is a distant, absolute leader who openly humiliates seemingly powerful officials, such as spy chief Sergey Naryshkin, when the latter seemed to hesitate in his support during Putin’s declaration of war on Ukraine.

Through near-total control of domestic civic life and media, his widening campaign of repression and terror, relentless state propaganda promoting his personality cult, and his vast geopolitical ambitions, Putin is consciously mimicking the Stalin playbook, especially the parts of that playbook dealing with World War II. Even if Putin has no love for Soviet Communist ideology, he has transformed Russia and its people in ways that are no less fundamental than Stalin’s efforts to shape a new Soviet man.

Putin’s massive victory in a Soviet-style election last weekend represents the ratification by the Russian people of his brutal war, militarization of Russian society, and establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship. It is a good moment to acknowledge that Russia’s descent into tyranny, mobilization of society onto a war footing, spread of hatred for the West, and indoctrination of the population in imperialist tropes represent far more than a threat to Ukraine. Russia’s transformation into a neo-Stalinist, neo-imperialist power represents a rising threat to the United States, its European allies, and other states on Russia’s periphery. By recognizing how deeply Russia has changed and how significantly Putin is borrowing from Stalin’s playbook, we can better understand that meeting the modern-day Russian threat will require as much consistency and as deep a commitment as when the West faced down Stalin’s Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War.

ARTICLES BY ADRIAN KARATNYCKY

A protester sits on a monument in central Kyiv during the Maidan uprising on Feb. 20, 2014.
A protester sits on a monument in central Kyiv during the Maidan uprising on Feb. 20, 2014.
A woman poses for a photo in front of a tall decorated Christmas tree in front of a war-damanged building in Melitopol in Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia region with a Russian flag flying from a tall pole overhead.
A woman poses for a photo in front of a tall decorated Christmas tree in front of a war-damanged building in Melitopol in Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia region with a Russian flag flying from a tall pole overhead.
A man suspected to be a Russian collaborator is seen facing away through a slightly open doorway with his hands cuffed behind his back during an operation in Ukraine. He is inside a home with ornate wallpaper and wall hangings, including a calendar with a pinup girl and a framed image of Jesus.
A man suspected to be a Russian collaborator is seen facing away through a slightly open doorway with his hands cuffed behind his back during an operation in Ukraine. He is inside a home with ornate wallpaper and wall hangings, including a calendar with a pinup girl and a framed image of Jesus.
Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President Barack Obama chat after a bilateral meeting at the G-20 summit in Los Cabos, Mexico.
Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President Barack Obama chat after a bilateral meeting at the G-20 summit in Los Cabos, Mexico.
A poster of Russian President Vladimir Putin is used as target practice near Zolote, Ukraine, on Jan. 21, 2022.
A poster of Russian President Vladimir Putin is used as target practice near Zolote, Ukraine, on Jan. 21, 2022.
Russians protest against President Vladimir Putin's government at Pushkin Square in Moscow on Jan. 23.
Russians protest against President Vladimir Putin's government at Pushkin Square in Moscow on Jan. 23.
Viktor Medvedchuk gives a speech in Ukraine.
Viktor Medvedchuk gives a speech in Ukraine.
Volodymyr Zelensky arrives at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City.
Volodymyr Zelensky arrives at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City.
Top U.S. diplomat in Ukraine William Taylor and Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs George Kent are sworn in prior to testifying before the House Intelligence Committee in Washington on Nov. 13.
Top U.S. diplomat in Ukraine William Taylor and Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs George Kent are sworn in prior to testifying before the House Intelligence Committee in Washington on Nov. 13.
502370482 crop
502370482 crop