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Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida;

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Mostrando postagens com marcador Cuba. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador Cuba. Mostrar todas as postagens

segunda-feira, 9 de outubro de 2017

9 de outubro de 1967: morte de Che Guevara na Bolivia - (NYTimes this day in History)


On This Day: October 9

Updated October 9, 2013, 2:28 pm
NYT Front Page
On Oct. 9, 1967, Latin American guerrilla leader Che Guevara was executed in Bolivia while attempting to incite revolution. 

Bolivia Confirms Guevara's Death; Body Displayed



Army Reports Fingerprints Prove Rebel Leader Was Killed in Sunday Clash
Confession Described
He Made Himself Known and Admitted Failure Before He Died, General Says
Bolivian Army Identifies body of Guerilla Slain in Clash
Confession Made, General Reports
Fingerprints Are Checked--Admission of Failure by Rebel Leader Described
By REUTERS
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Valle Grande, Bolivia, Oct. 10--The army high command officially confirmed today that Ernesto Che Guevara, the Latin revolutionary leader, was killed in a clash between guerrillas and Bolivian troops in southeastern Bolivia last Sunday.
The armed forces commander, Gen. Alfredo Ovando Candia, said Mr. Guevara had admitted his identity before dying of his wounds. General Ovando said at a news conference that the guerrilla leader had also admitted that he failed in the seven-month guerrilla campaign he organized in Bolivia.
The identification of the body was made after fingerprinting by the Eighth Army command.
[United States officials in Washington reacted cautiously to the Bolivian reports that Mr. Guevara had been killed, but there was an increasing tendency to regard them as true. Page 18.]
Arrives on Helicopter
The body was flown here yesterday, lashed to the landing runners of a helicopter that brought it from the mountain scene of the clash. The army said yesterday that it had received a report that Mr. Guevara had been killed near Higueras, but it declined to make immediate positive identification at the time.
After the body, dressed in bloody clothes, arrived here, it was fingerprinted and embalmed.
[The Guevara fingerprints are on file with the Argentine federal police. As an Argentine citizen, Mr. Guevara was required to be fingerprinted to obtain a passport when he left his homeland in 1952. These official records have provided the basis for comparison with the fingerprints taken by the Bolivians from the body said to be that of Mr. Guevara.]
The scanty beard, shoulder-length hair and shape of the head resembled the features of Mr. Guevara as shown in earlier photographs. He was 39 years old.
An Englishman in the crowd, which except for the press was kept away at bayonet point, said that he had seen Mr. Guevara in Cuba and that he was "absolutely convinced" it was the long- sought revolutionary leader.
The body appeared to bear wounds in at least three places--two in the neck and one in the throat.
It was dressed in a green jacket with a zippered front, patched and faded green denim pants, green woolen socks and a pair of homemade moccasins.
A nun assisted doctors and intelligence men in preparing the body for display. After the work was finished, the body was raised on a stretcher for the crowd, which appeared jubilant.
General Ovando arrived from la Paz and immediately went to the officers' mess to pay his respect to the four soldiers killed in the clash.
The first news of the fight was brought to Valle Grande, 80 miles southwest of Santa Cruz [CHECK] by Col. Joaquin Zenteno Anaya, commander of the Eighth Division.
Others Reported Slain
He said that six other guerrillas had been killed in the clash and that their bodies would also be brought here. He said four of them were Cubans.
Mr. Guevara was a familiar bearded figure in olive green fatigues in Havana, where he was Minister of Industries before he dropped out of sight in March, 1965.
His whereabouts since has remained a mystery, leading to rumors that he had been killed in a dispute with Premier Fidel Castro and later that he was leading guerrillas in various parts of Latin America.
His name was linked with guerrilla activity in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia.
On Sept. 10, the Bolivian President, Rene Barrientos Ortuno, described reports that Mr. Guevara was active in Bolivia as a myth. The next day he announced a $5,000 reward for his capture dead or alive.
Reports published in the press here today said that a diary believed to have belonged to Mr. Guevara was in Army hands. These reports said that the diary had been found in a knapsack owned by the guerrilla leader.
Report Ignored in Havana
A non-Cuban informant, reached by telephone in Havana last night, said that officials of the Castro regime were regarding the reports of Mr. Guevara's death as unconfirmed and were declining to comment on them. The Cuban broadcasts ignored the news, the informant said, adding: "My feeling is that the newspapers tomorrow won't publish a line."

sexta-feira, 28 de outubro de 2016

Guerra Fria, 1962: término da crise dos misseis em 28 de outubro


NESTA DATA

Crise dos Mísseis chega ao fim

Em 28 de outubro de 1962, a União Soviética concordou em retirar seus mísseis de sua base militar em Cuba, encerrando a Crise dos Mísseis



Crise dos Mísseis chega ao fim
Após dias de negociações entre Kennedy e Kruschev, os dois líderes chegaram a um acordo pela retirada da base soviética em Cuba (Foto: Wikimedia)
Em 28 de outubro de 1962, o líder da União Soviética Nikita Kruschev decidiu retirar seus mísseis do território cubano, o que encerrou o episódio conhecido como a Crise dos Mísseis. Em troca, o presidente americano John Kennedy teve que respeitar soberania territorial de Cuba e também teve que retirar os mísseis americanos da Turquia.
O caso teve início após um avião de espionagem americano ter sobrevoado o território cubano em 14 de outubro de 1962 e visto o que parecia ser uma base militar em construção. Dias depois, as autoridades americanas descobriram que os soviéticos estavam instalando diversos mísseis nucleares na ilha caribenha, com alcance para atingir o solo americano.
Em 22 de outubro, o presidente americano comunicou a população sobre a existência desses mísseis e da possibilidade de um ataque nuclear soviético, o que iniciaria mais uma guerra mundial. No entanto, do lado soviético, Kruschev alegou que a instalação dos mísseis tinha como finalidade de impedir que houvesse uma nova invasão dos Estados Unidos à Cuba, como a ocorrida em 1961, no chamado “Ataque à Baia dos Porcos”, para derrubar o governo de Fidel Castro.
O período ficou marcado pela grande tensão dos dois lados, devido ao poderio bélico-nuclear de ambas as nações hegemônicas. Após dias de negociações entre Kennedy e Kruschev, os dois líderes chegaram a um acordo pela retirada da base soviética em Cuba no dia 28 de outubro.
Como consequência desse conflito, as relações diplomáticas entre os dois países ficaram bastante instáveis. Contudo, em 1968, Estados Unidos e União Soviética assinaram o Tratado de Não-Proliferação de Armas Nucleares.

quinta-feira, 25 de agosto de 2016

A crise dos misseis sovieticos em Cuba (1962): palestra do Prof. James Hershberg, no Uniceub (YouTube)

O Uniceub foi extremamente rápido, e faço meus cumprimentos à sua equipe de informática e de audiovisual por esta magnífica performance.
Acho que só vou organizar encontros desse tipo no Uniceub doravante.
Parabéns a todos e meus agradecimentos pelo gentil convite.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida


UniCEUB has uploaded EUA, Brasil e a crise dos mísseis em Cuba (1962)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8D5OaC-ifdg&feature=em-uploademail
EUA, Brasil e a crise dos mísseis em Cuba (1962)
         UniCEUB, 22/08/2016, 19h30-22h00
  
0:01 - Abertura com a professora doutora Renata de Mello Rosa, coordenadora do curso de Relações Internacionais do UniCEUB
4:37 - Abertura com o professor Paulo Roberto de Almeida, diplomata e diretor do IPRI
10:22 - Palestra com o professor James Hershberg, da George Washington University (em inglês)
34:48 - Tradução resumida da palestra, pelo professor Paulo Roberto (em português)
44:18 - Continuação da palestra com o professor James Hershberg (em inglês)
57:03 - Continuação da tradução resumida, pelo professor Paulo Roberto (em português)
1:05:30 - Comentário e perguntas do professor mestre Frederico Seixas, do UniCEUB (em inglês)
1:19:50 - Tradução resumida dos comentários e perguntas, pelo professor Paulo Roberto (em português)
1:25:07 - Perguntas dos participantes e respostas do professor James Hershberg (em inglês)
1:36:26 - Tradução resumida das perguntas e respostas, pelo professor Paulo Roberto (em português)

Professor James Hershberg, da George Washington University,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8D5OaC-ifdg&feature=em-uploademail

Faltam carregar os seguintes vídeos:
1) Palestra do Professor Hershberg sobre o mesmo tema no Itamaraty, feita na manhã do dia 22/08/2016, no Auditório Paulo Nogueira Batista, sob coordenação do IPRI (que dirijo) e da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão.
2) Entrevista com o Professor Hershberg, no mesmo local, feita pelo Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima, presidente da Funag, para o RI em Pauta, do IPRI
3) Debate com o embaixador Rubens Ricupero e o professor Hershberg, feita no quadro de colóquio sobre o Brasil e a crise dos mísseis, na Universidade Federal de Goiás, em Goiania, sob coordenação do Prof. Carlos Patti.

Abaixo, foto do evento em Goiânia, no auditório da Biblioteca Central: