Em tempos de quarentena, a melhor atividade é a leitura - The New York Times Book Review

March 20, 2020

Sam Weber

Dear Reader,

For years, I’ve been getting eager emails from readers that ask the same question: When is the final installment of Hilary Mantel’s “Wolf Hall” trilogy coming? Any word? Now there are many words (757 pages’ worth), with “The Mirror and the Light” finally here. The novelist and critic Thomas Mallon reviews it on our cover. And with coronavirus keeping many of us reading folk inside, there’s no better time to catch up on the full series. Here’s our review of the first book, 2009’s “Wolf Hall,” and the second, “Bring Up the Bodies.”

Now’s also a good time for some escape reading. For those who prefer to read on the dark side, you’ll be happy to know that Marilyn Stasio has some great recommendations in Crime. And for the many readers who have been writing and asking about our cherished crime columnist, you will be glad to know that the hardened New York City taxi that tried to mow her down found its match in Marilyn. She has fully recovered from the accident and is back to her biweekly habit of reviewing. We also have some global noir for you in this week’s Shortlist.

Lastly, if you want to read about another era under duress, you could do far worse than “The Splendid and the Vile,” Erik Larson’s latest best-selling work of narrative nonfiction, which looks at Winston Churchill’s leadership of Britain under the Blitz. Candice Millard, another writer of excellent narrative nonfiction (start with the gripping “Destiny of the Republic”), reviews.

Please stay safe, stay healthy, stay reading. It’s one of the few pleasures we can hold onto under these trying conditions. Sending well wishes to all our readers.

And, as usual, feel free to let us know what you think — whether it’s about this newsletter, our reviews, our podcast, our literary calendar, our Instagram or what you’re reading. We read and ponder all of it. I even write back, albeit belatedly. You can email me at books@nytimes.com.

Pamela Paul

Editor of The New York Times Book Review

@PamelaPaulNYT

A Europa e os movimentos migratórios pós-Segunda Guerra - Peter Gatrell book; review by Harun Buljina

H-Diplo Review Essay 205 on Gatrell. The Unsettling of Europe: How Migration Reshaped a Continent

by George Fujii

H-Diplo Review Essay 205

20 March 2020

Peter Gatrell:  

The Unsettling of Europe: How Migration Reshaped a Continent

New York:  Basic Books, 2019.  ISBN:  9780465093632 (hardcover, $19.99).

https://hdiplo.org/to/E205
Review Editor: Diane Labrosse | Production Editor: George Fujii

Review by Harun Buljina, Independent Scholar

Migration has formed an omnipresent feature of European politics and public discourse over the past several years, with commentators frequently referencing an unprecedented ‘migrant crisis’ and the challenge it poses to continental institutions. Peter Gatrell’s timely new book, The Unsettling of Europe, explicitly confronts these debates, opening with the all-too familiar image of desperate masses crowding into boats and trying to reach the safety of foreign shores. The episode Gatrell describes, however, belongs not to the contemporary Mediterranean, but to a similarly perilous crossing of the Baltic Sea in 1944. The author argues that far from being an apocalyptic novelty, migration forms a defining feature of the past 70-odd years of European history, with his book reinterpreting this period by centering it on the experience of “people on the move” (3).

In doing so, Gatrell draws on several discernible strands of the scholarly literature. The Unsettling of Europe fits neatly within an ongoing concern with ‘mobility,’ both within and without European historiography, with the author notably opting for the term ‘migration’ over such narrower counterparts as ‘immigration’ so as to emphasize the multiple dimensions and open-ended nature of the phenomenon.^[1] It also builds on an ongoing scholarly interest in the totality of the “postwar” years—epitomized by Tony Judt’s eponymous study—which has grappled with the consequences of Europe’s Cold War division and reunification by considering the two sides of the iron curtain in conjunction.^[2] Above all, however, Gatrell’s book testifies to a renewed methodological emphasis on personal narratives and experiences in public history and similarly-minded academic works.^[3] The result is a rich panoramic account of how migration shaped contemporary Europe, humanizing and bringing nuance to public debate while leaving open a number of further questions.

The Unsettling of Europe is divided into five chronological sections, each of which further consists of four-to-five individual chapters focusing on particular national contexts or, occasionally, themes. Part 1 covers the period 1945-1956, with Gatrell arguing that accounts centered on recovery and reconstruction underplay the tremendous displacement that these processes entailed. Emerging Cold War rivalries thus combined with regional retaliations to further redraw Central and Eastern Europe along ethno-national lines, perhaps most notably in the case of the region’s large German minorities. At the same time, both the eastern and western blocs relied on migrants, whether internal or international, to facilitate their economic development. Part 2 consequently turns to the ‘golden age’ of this development between 1956 and 1973. Coinciding as it did with accelerating decolonization, this period saw growing numbers of collaborators, laborers, and repatriates arriving in metropoles from their former colonies. Gatrell particularly examines the questions that new migrants posed for governments and societies in Britain, France, and Germany, but also in the Communist East, whose economic modernization entailed both tremendous internal migration and growing contacts with migrants and visitors from the broader second and third worlds.

Economic concerns continue to structure the book in part 3, which spans from the 1973 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil embargo to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Gatrell documents how the former crisis accelerated rightwing backlash against migrants throughout Northwestern Europe, illustrating what political scientist James Hollifield described as the “liberal paradox”: as businesses demanded the free movement of labor, voters balked at sharing welfare benefits.^[4] Alongside these domestic divisions, however, migration from southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, and Portugal also contributed to the continent’s ongoing economic integration. Gatrell is further attuned to the intertwined intellectual development of the concept of multiculturalism and competing demands for assimilation during this same era, but is careful not to let these abstract debates monopolize the discussion, devoting greater attention to the experience of migrants themselves. For many, the reality of likely permanent settlement ran counter to their own initial expectations, opening up gender and generational cleavages that compounded the ‘disintegration’ of pre-migratory social ties. As in the preceding decades then, migration in late Cold War Europe represented a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, simultaneously tying the continent together and provoking anxieties over civilizational decline, “unsettling” both migrant communities and the larger societies around them.

Part 4 considers the period 1989-2008, during which the collapse of Communism appeared to herald a new Europe of obsolete borders and unprecedented mobility. Gatrell offers a critical reappraisal of these years in light of more recent developments, highlighting growing contradictions within the project of European integration. The break-up of Yugoslavia, for instance, demonstrated once again the link between national self-determination and mass displacement, while the rise of exceptionally mobile ‘Eurostar’ professionals and Western expatriates belied the parallel expansion of human trafficking and brutal exploitation of poorer migrants. Describing the archipelago of camps and detention centers that emerged in the early years of the new century to keep extra-European migrants out, Gatrell sets the stage for the book’s final part 5, which, analogously to part 3, pivots on the economic crisis of the 2008 financial crash. In contrast to the oil embargo of the early 70s, however, here the resulting downturn accompanied enormous political upheavals, most notably the Arab Spring, which sharply increased the numbers of those seeking refuge and stability within the European Union. After offering a pair of more conceptual chapters that consider contestations over migrants’ bodies and efforts at memorialization, Gatrell closes the section with a reflection on the “war on refugees” in Europe today, concluding that the continent seems to have come full circle to the displacement of 1945.

In the conclusion, Gatrell distills the preceding narrative into a handful of overarching points. He reiterates that the history of migration in modern Europe is multi-layered and open-ended, a catalyst for both interstate cooperation and disagreement, the cause as well as consequence of European integration. Situating the current “migrant crisis” within the longer convoluted history that his book described, he takes aim at both popular historical amnesia and such academic formulations as Ivan Krastev’s reference to a newly “barricaded continent.”^[5] While Gatrell is a harsh critic of ‘fortress Europe,’ he warns that notions of an unprecedented hostility to migrants obscure how mobility has always worked in tandem with incarceration, as well as the selective embrace of wealthier migrants in the EU today—a filter rather than a fortress. Conceding that questions of identity are never far from the surface, he proposes re-conceptualizing Europe’s history of migration not through the symbol of an arriving boat, but with that of a bridge: the continent may have been less unsettled without it, but it would have also emerged greatly diminished and impoverished.

Besides historicizing the public debate over migration in Europe today, another central intervention of The Unsettling of Europe is to restore historical agency to migrants themselves. Gatrell thus sees dehumanizing descriptions of migrants as an amorphous mass or of waves of migration as comparable to natural phenomena as reflecting not only contemporary anxieties, but also a consistent failure on the part of commentators and policy makers to take into account their diverse perspectives over the preceding decades. Chapters throughout the book therefore repeatedly highlight how socio-political polemics ignored migrants’ varied backgrounds, motivations, and responses to life in new lands, with debates over “assimilation,” for example, showing little concern for how migrants understood the concept themselves. In an effort to rectify this, Gatrell incorporates a broad range of primary sources, from individual memoirs to a wealth of anthropological studies and works of film and literature. The Unsettling of Europe consequently teems with personal stories of migrants from virtually every locale and period under discussion, perhaps taking its cue from similar trends in European museums, which themselves form a major subject of a chapter toward the end of the book.

Taken on its own terms then, The Unsettling of Europe largely succeeds, providing a cohesive and intimate reinterpretation of European history since the close of the Second World War with migration—and migrant voices—at its center. Certain drawbacks emerge, however, precisely at the boundaries of this spatial and temporal scope. Much of the post-1945 displacement Gatrell describes in Eastern Europe, for instance, has its roots in the longer-term demise of pluralistic dynastic empires and the proliferation of nation-states in their wake. Several chapters thus refer to Bulgarian state pressures on the country’s Turkish minority, but while these unfolded within the geopolitical circumstances of the Cold War, they were also rooted in much older local dynamics surrounding the break-up of the Ottoman Empire, which in turn cast their shadow on the present-day ‘Balkan route.’ Taking 1945 as the starting point also conceals other longer-term structural trends, such as the fact that Europe entered the twentieth century as a net exporter of peoples but closed it with the significant in-migration that Gatrell describes; where the interwar overpopulation of the Balkans made them a formative site for theories of economic development that economists later applied to Africa and Asia, today they register some of the steepest rates of population decline in the world. In effect, while focusing on the post-1945 period highlights the relationship between migration, political economy, and state-building, it also risks obscuring the longer-term changes and continuities that shape regional responses to migration today.

In spatial terms too, the European political framing occasionally sidelines certain global and trans-continental developments that are crucial for making sense of migration in Europe itself. As mentioned, the global economic shocks such as 1973 and 2008 structure the book’s narrative, but the focus is on how they affected the European nation-states that drew in migrants rather than on how their global ramifications spurred migration in the first place. In other words, while The Unsettling of Europe more explicitly situates the ‘pull’ factors behind migration within the historical development of the modern European political economy, the corresponding ‘push’ factors emerge largely from the composite of individual experiences. In fairness, however, Gatrell is clearly attuned to the global factors behind migration into Europe, notably criticizing the parochialism of European debates in which commentators ignore the fact that the bulk of those fleeing Syria have ended up in Lebanon, Turkey, and elsewhere. Moreover, with 24 chapters, 70-odd years, and a geographic range stretching from Portugal to the Urals, one can hardly fault The Unsettling of Europe for a lack of breadth. To the contrary, while the above issues of scope testify to the challenges and trade-offs of fitting global phenomena into a European frame, Gatrell’s study makes an important historical contribution to one of the most far-reaching debates shaping Europe today.

Harun Buljina received his Ph.D. in History from Columbia University in 2019. Currently based in Cambridge, MA, his research focuses on Muslim intellectual and socio-political networks in the late-Ottoman and modern Balkans.

Notes

[1] Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen, “The Mobility Transition Revisited, 1500–1900: What the Case of Europe Can Offer to Global History,” Journal of Global History 4:3 (November 2009): 347-377; Engseng Ho, “Inter-Asian Concepts for Mobile Societies,” The Journal of Asian Studies 76:4 (November 2017): 907-928.

[2] Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005).

[3] Orhan Pamuk, The Innocence of Objects (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2012), 54-57.

[4] James F. Hollifield, “The Emerging Migration State,” International Migration Review 38:3 (2004): 885-912.

[5] Ivan Krastev, After Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), 108.

Um contrarianista na academia: mais recente livro de Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Meu mais recente livro, disponível em formato Kindle: 

3592. Um contrarianista na academia: ensaios céticos em torno da cultura universitária

      Brasília, 10-14 março 2020, 363 p. Livro preparado para edição própria. 

      Apresentação sumária no blog Diplomatizzando (link: https://diplomatizzando.blogspot.com/2020/03/meu-proximo-livro-um-contrarianista-na.html); Academia.edu (link: https://www.academia.edu/42265476/Um_contrarianista_na_academia_ensaios_c%C3%A9ticos_em_torno_da_cultura_universit%C3%A1ria); publicado em Edição Kindle (ASIN: ASIN: B08668WQGL; disponível no site da Amazon, Kindle Books; US$ 2,95, ou R$ 15,00; 

        link: https://www.amazon.com/-/pt/dp/B08668WQGL/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_pt_BR=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&keywords=Paulo+Roberto+de+Almeida&qid=1584737696&s=digital-text&sr=1-1).

Ao lado da carreira diplomática, cujo exercício profissional se estende desde 1977, com passagens por grandes postos da diplomacia brasileira – Genebra, Paris, Montevidéu, Washington, entre outros postos –, o autor sempre se dedicou à carreira acadêmica, como professor universitário no Instituto Rio Branco, do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, na Universidade de Brasília e, mais recentemente, no Centro Universitário de Brasília (Uniceub), ademais de convites recebidos de universidades estrangeiras para curtos estágios de pesquisa ou de docência (Illinois, Sorbonne).

Esta obra reflete, portanto, a experiência adquirida no trabalho diplomático e o conhecimento advindo do estudo e pesquisa nas lides acadêmicas. Ela comporta quase três dezenas de ensaios e artigos escritos ao longo de uma década e publicados numa revista da área, a Espaço Acadêmico (textos revistos amplamente para a presente seleção dentre aqueles considerados mais “permanentes”). Entre 2001 e 2011, ao longo de 120 meses, publiquei um artigo por mês, ademais de resenhas ou notas diversas, tratando dos temas que estão indicados nas cinco partes em que dividi o livro: Brasil (história, economia, política e diplomacia), economia brasileira e internacional, globalização, questões estratégicas e ideias e cultura no âmbito acadêmico, justamente.

São textos que julguei dotados de validade analítica ou ainda de atualidade para um debate bem informado sobre cada uma dessas áreas de interesse intelectual. Alguns deles refletem esse ambiente de acirrado debate, entre representantes típicos do “progressismo universitário” e este escriba, que superou o marxismo juvenil em troca de um ecletismo intelectual fortemente embasado nas leituras de história e economia.

Um contrarianista na academia

ensaios céticos em torno da cultura universitária

Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Índice

Prefácio

Primeira Parte

Brasil: história, economia, política e diplomacia

1. O que Portugal nos legou? Um balanço de duzentos anos

2. Prometeu acorrentado: o Brasil amarrado por sua própria vontade

3. Pequeno manual prático da decadência

4. A grave crise da governança no Brasil

5. Os doze trabalhos da boa governança

6. Dez regras modernas de diplomacia

Segunda Parte

Economia brasileira e internacional: sucessos e fracassos

7. Dois casos de sucesso econômico: o anão irlandês e o dragão chinês

8. Colapso! Prevendo a decadência econômica brasileira

9. Uma verdade inconveniente: o medíocre crescimento do Brasil

10. O mito do colonialismo como causador de subdesenvolvimento

11. O mito do complô dos países ricos contra o desenvolvimento dos países pobres

Terceira Parte

Globalização: verso e reverso

12. A globalização e seus benefícios: um contraponto ao pessimismo

13. A globalização e seus descontentes: um roteiro sintético dos equívocos

14. A globalização “perversa” e as políticas econômicas nacionais

Quarta Parte

Questões estratégicas no cenário global

15. A OTAN e o fim da Guerra Fria: o novo cenário estratégico

16. O poder e a glória: assimetrias de poder no sistema internacional

17. As roupas novas do Império: 21 teses sobre o mundo americano

18. Um outro mundo possível: a Alemanha, antes e depois do muro de Berlim

Quinta Parte

Ideias, cultura, academia

19. Rumo a um novo Apartheid? Sobre a ideologia afrobrasileira

20. A cultura da esquerda: sete pecados dialéticos

21. Sobre a intolerância de fundo religioso

22. A economia política do intelectual

23. Estaria a imbecilidade humana aumentando?

24. A resistível decadência do marxismo teórico e do socialismo prático

25. Elogio da burguesia (com uma deixa para a aristocracia também)

26. A ignorância letrada: ensaio sobre a mediocridade acadêmica

27. Formação de uma estratégia diplomática: relendo Sun Tzu

28. Miséria da academia: uma crítica à academia da miséria

Apêndices

Lista de artigos publicados na Espaço Acadêmico

Livros publicados pelo autor 

Nota sobre o autor

O estado da desgovernança no Brasil - CNI (que teve seu chefe infectado) divulga matérias

Parece que a CNI está brava com o presidente. Em seu boletim mais recente recebi estas notas, o que talvez se explique pelo fato de seu presidente ter sido contaminado na viagem do presidente para prestar submissão ao chefe americano.

IstoÉ afirma que o presidente exibe um comportamento alheio à realidade com relação ao coronavírus. Segundo a revista, Bolsonaro “pode estar sofrendo de incapacidade e perturbações psicológicas”.    IstoÉ Dinheiro mostra as iniciativas da indústria farmacêutica e de instituições de pesquisa médica mundiais e brasileiras para chegar à vacina capaz de proteger a população contra o coronavírus.   CNI na mídia EUA Brasil Confidencial, na IstoÉ, avalia que a viagem do presidente Bolsonaro e sua comitiva aos EUA desrespeitou as normas que o ministro da Saúde, Luiz Henrique Mandetta vinha recomendando, de evitar viagens a locais com focos da doença. De acordo com o texto, a viagem poderia ter sido cancelada, evitando a contaminação das pessoas de sua equipe. Entre os infectados, expõe a abordagem, está o presidente da CNI, Robson Andrade, que estava na comitiva.

Livros de Paulo Roberto de Almeida: preços abusivos nos sebos virtuais ou na Amazon

Tenho muitos livros, em editoras diferentes, ao longo das últimas três décadas, quando comecei a fazer, depois de dezenas de artigos em revistas e ensaios em publicações especializadas, meus próprios livros, que aparentemente teriam aceitação entre o público universitário, vinculado aos meus temas de pesquisa, estudo e reflexões.
Alguns livros meus estão esgotados, eu sei. Eu já coloquei alguns deles livremente disponíveis ao público interessado, como é o caso destes aqui, que foi o meu primeiro livro: 

O Mercosul no Contexto Regional e Internacional (1993)
https://www.academia.edu/42007009/O_Mercosul_no_Contexto_Regional_e_Internacional_1993_


Um ou outro já não têm sequer editoras funcionando. Ou quando elas ainda existem, o livro já está fora do catálogo e a editora não pretende mais publicar, o que é inteiramente compreensível, uma vez que o seu tempo já passou. Algumas pequenas editoras foram compradas, incorporadas por outras, maiores, ou simplesmente desapareceram. 


De toda forma, não recebi nunca direitos autorais, o que não me preocupou muito (ainda que alguns magros direitos, depositados sem meu conhecimento, motivaram multas da RF, por eu não ter declarado, o que desconhecia). 
Um outro livro já disponibilizado foi este aqui: 

Velhos e novos manifestos: o socialismo na era da globalização 
(São Paulo: Editora Juarez de Oliveira, 1999).
https://www.academia.edu/41037349/Velhos_e_Novos_Manifestos_o_socialismo_na_era_da_globalizacao_1999_

De vez em quando descubro que ainda continuam sendo oferecidos nos sebos virtuais, ou na própria Amazon, a preços abusivos.

Talvez eles até já estejam inteiramente disponíveis em formato pdf na internet, pirateados em algum momento pelo pessoal especializado nesse tipo de atividade.
Não sou absolutamente fanático por direitos autorais, uma vez que não dependo das poucas vendas desses livros para viver. 
Mas reconheço que as editoras comerciais que fizeram investimentos na "fabricação" do livro precisam recuperar o todo ou pelo menos uma parte dos gastos feitos.
Em alguns casos, as editoras deixaram de existir, e o livro nunca mais será editado na sua forma original. 
É o caso, por exemplo, deste aqui, que está sendo vendido por um preço abusivo, provavelmente por algum sebo brasileiro, ao qual a Amazon recorrerá para vender.

Os Primeiros Anos do Século XXI  

por Paulo Roberto de Almeida  | 1 jan 2005

Capa Comum

US$59,97US$59,97

Apenas 1 em estoque. Aproveite e compre agora.

Mais opções de compra

US$4,59 (6 ofertas de produtos novos e usados)

Pretendo colocá-lo à disposição dos interessados, junto com diversos outros livros esgotados e não mais disponíveis.

Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Brasília, 20 de março de 2020

As panelas do Brasil nas páginas do Le Monde - Bruno Meyerfeld

Au Brésil, concerts de casseroles contre l’inaction de Jair Bolsonaro face au coronavirus
La vague de protestation contre l’attitude irresponsable du président a finalement provoqué un infléchissement de sa position et la déclaration de l’état de « catastrophe publique ».
Par Bruno Meyerfeld 
Le Monde, 19/03/2020, 18h53

Ils accueillent désormais chacune de ses interventions : mercredi soir, à nouveau, un grand panelaço (concert de casseroles) – le troisième en seulement deux jours – a résonné dans plusieurs villes du Brésil : Rio, Sao Paulo, Brasilia, ou encore Porto Alegre, pour protester contre la gestion calamiteuse de la crise du coronavirus par Jair Bolsonaro.
« Fasciste ! », « Bolsonaro dehors ! », « Va te faire enc… ! » Confinés dans leurs appartements, à coups de louche ou de spatule, sur des poêles ou sur des marmites, une partie du pays a donc décidé de tambouriner sa colère et de faire entendre sa voix, menaçante. Car les panelaços charrient ici un message lourd de sens : ce sont eux qui rythmèrent, voilà quatre ans, la destitution de la présidente de gauche Dilma Rousseff.
Avec quatre morts, 428 cas confirmés et plus de 11 000 cas suspects, le Brésil est bel et bien atteint par le Covid-19. L’épidémie frappe désormais pratiquement toutes les régions, et jusqu’au sommet de l’Etat : mercredi, ce sont tout bonnement le président du Sénat, le ministre de l’énergie et le chef du cabinet de sécurité institutionnel (GSI) et bras droit de Bolsonaro, Augusto Heleno, qui ont été testés positifs au coronavirus. Selon une étude préliminaire faite par des chercheurs d’Oxford, dévoilée par le journal en ligne Intercept, l’épidémie pourrait faire jusqu’à 478 000 morts dans le pays.

« Ça va passer »
Mais jusqu’à tout récemment, le président du Brésil se distinguait par son déni, son insouciance, et même son ironie. Pour Jair Bolsonaro le coronavirus n’était qu’un « fantasme », une « hystérie », voire une « grossesse » – « Ça va passer (…), un jour un enfant va naître », a-t-il tenté d’expliquer. Testé négatif par deux fois au coronavirus, le chef de l’Etat n’a pas hésité, dimanche, à prendre des bains de foule au milieu de ses partisans, et a clamé, mardi, qu’il organiserait sans faute, le 21 mars, une grande fête avec ses amis et sa famille pour célébrer joyeusement ses 65 ans.
Est-ce l’effet des humiliants concerts de casseroles ? ou la pression combinée des élites militaires, du corps médical, des parlementaires et des agents économiques ? Mercredi, M. Bolsonaro a semblé enfin prendre conscience de l’ampleur de la crise. En une seule journée, pas moins de deux conférences de presse ont été organisées par le président, entouré d’une flopée de ministres, dont le ministre de la santé, Luiz Henrique Mendetta, qui se démenait depuis des jours pour raisonner le chef de l’Etat : tous assis à une longue table face au public, alignés et masqués, dans une mise en scène des plus anxiogènes.
« C’est grave et c’est préoccupant », a admis M. Bolsonaro, visiblement mal à l’aise avec son discours comme avec son masque, qu’il retira à une dizaine de reprises, le laissant finalement pendre à une oreille. Face aux journalistes, le président a détaillé l’ensemble des mesures prises en urgence par son gouvernement pour faire face à la pandémie : décret déclarant l’état de « catastrophe publique », plan de soutien à l’économie de 28 milliards d’euros, fermeture de la frontière avec le Venezuela, création d’un cabinet de crise, réquisition des forces de l’ordre pour faire respecter les quarantaines… « Je n’ai jamais abandonné le peuple brésilien », soutiendra-t-il sur les réseaux sociaux, plus tard dans la soirée.

Demande de destitution
Le retournement était spectaculaire, mais prévisible. Depuis le début de la semaine, Jair Bolsonaro était en effet acculé, cible des foudres de la quasi-totalité de la classe politique brésilienne pour son attitude jugée irresponsable. Le président de la Chambre des députés, Rodrigo Maia, a d’ailleurs reçu en ce début de semaine une première demande de destitution du chef de l’Etat, rédigée par un député d’opposition. Celle-ci a cependant peu de chance d’aboutir, M. Maia ne semblant pas vouloir rajouter une crise institutionnelle à une crise sanitaire.
Plus grave : Jair Bolsonaro a aussi été contesté avec plus ou moins d’intensité par certains de ses alliés historiques. Notamment la députée locale de Sao Paulo, Janaina Paschoal, ultraconservatrice, un temps pressentie comme vice-présidente, qui a exigé le départ du chef de l’Etat. Mais aussi l’homme d’affaires à succès Luciano Hang, soutien de la première heure et chef des magasins Havan ; et même Damares Alves, ministre de la famille et pasteure évangélique, qui a soutenu publiquement l’action du ministre de la santé, Luiz Henrique Mandetta, vantant son attitude« calme et concentrée »… tout l’inverse de celle du président.
Critiqué, le président n’est cependant pas encore lâché par sa base. Preuve de l’extrême division du pays : aux casseroles de la colère ont répondu mercredi soir plusieurs panelaços de soutien à Jair Bolsonaro. « Mais si ça continue, la colère va se disséminer. Tout dépendra en fait de la situation de l’économie, qui reste au Brésil la principale déterminante de la popularité d’un président », insiste Eduardo Mello, politologue à la Fondation Getulio-Vargas. Mauvais signe : mercredi, la Bourse de Sao Paulo a plongé de 10 %, atteignant son pire niveau en trois ans.

Covid-19 submergiu a imprensa, os think tanks, as universidades - ECFR

O European Council on Foreign Relations dedica seu boletim diário ao fenômeno: 

Commentaries on the Covid-19 crisis

Coronavirus: Britain on the brink by Nick Witney Britain’s Brexiteer government may be relearning the value of expertise – if only slowly.  Infected: The impact of the coronavirus on the Middle East and north Africa by Cinzia Bianco, René Wildangel, Tarek Megerisi, Julien Barnes-Dacey, Anthony Dworkin, Ellie Geranmayeh and Hugh Lovatt In this survey, seven experts from across the ECFR analyse the Covid-19 pandemic’s current impact on, and likely implications for, the region. A view from Washington: The America First pandemic by Jeremy Shapiro There will be no transatlantic response to the coronavirus. It will drive us apart rather than bring us together – as pandemics always do. Seven early lessons from the coronavirus by Ivan Krastev The Covid-19 crisis will dramatically reshape the EU’s response to all other crises it has faced in the last decade. Whatever it takes: Italy and the Covid-19 crisis by Teresa Coratella Italy’s response to the virus is starting to reshape its politics. The deglobalisation virus by Andrés Ortega Covid-19 comes at a time when the world’s governments have fewer tools for fighting against its effects than they once did.  Fear of loneliness: How the state uses insecurity by Caroline de Gruyter The state surfs a wave of fear of the consequences and side-effects of public deficiencies and scarcity that it has created.  Europe and the virus: The battle of narratives by Pawel Zerka The advent of coronavirus has set off a battle of narratives about the role of the EU. The winner will define Europe’s future.

Biobibliografia de Sir Richard Burton - www.burtoniana.org

Sir Richard Francis Burton: 1821-1890.

Sindh, Mecca, Harrar, Tanganyika, Camoens & the Arabian Nights.

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Major Works by Richard Francis Burton.

            

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Burton's major works published in book form are available here in facsimile format.  These are partly derived from books.google.com (in which case corrections and additions have usually been made to supplement imperfect reproductions) or the Internet Archive, or are original editions by burtoniana.org; they are provided here for scholarly non-commercial purposes only.  For rare variant editions, see the auction catalogues.  Burton also published numerous pamphlets, many of which are now rather hard (or impossible) to find.
1851.  Goa, and the Blue Mountains; or Six Months of Sick Leave. London, Richard Bentley.
1851.  Scinde; or, The Unhappy Valley. (2 volumes) London, Richard Bentley.
1851.  Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus.  London, W. H. Allen.
1852.  Falconry in the Valley of the Indus. London, John van Voorst.
1853.  A Complete System of Bayonet Exercise. London, William Clowes.
1855-6.  Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah. (3 volumes) London, Longman.
1856.  First Footsteps in East Africa; or, An exploration of Harar. London, Longman.
1860.  The Lake Regions of Central Africa, A Picture of exploration. (2 volumes)  London, Longman.
1861.  The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California. London, Longman.
1863.  (ed.) The Prairie Traveler, a Hand-book for Overland Expeditions by Randolph B. Marcy. London, Trubner.
1863.  Abeokuta and the Camaroons Mountains. An Exploration. (2 volumes) London, Tinsley.
1863.  Wanderings in West Africa, From Liverpool to Fernando Po. (Anon. by F.R.G.S.) (2 volumes) London, Tinsley.
1864.  A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. (2 volumes)  London, Tinsley.
1864.  The Nile Basin. London, Tinsley.
1865.  Wit and Wisdom from West Africa. London, Tinsley.
1865.  The Guide-book. A Pictorial Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. London, William Clowes.
1865.  Stone Talk. London, Robert Hardwicke.
1869.  Explorations of the Highlands of the Brazil. (2 volumes)  London, Tinsley.
1870.  Vikram and the Vampire, or Tales of Hindu Devilry. London, Longman.
1870.  Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay.  London, Tinsley.
1872.  Unexplored Syria (2 vols.)  London, Tinsley.
1872.  Zanzibar; City, Island, and Coast. (2 volumes)  London, Tinsley.
1872.  The Case of Captain Burton, Late H. B. M.'s Consul at Damascus. Clayton & Co, London.
1873.  (transl.)  The Lands of Cazembe. Lacerda's Journey to Cazembe in 1798. London, John Murray.
1874.  (ed.) The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, Among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil. London, Hakluyt Society.
1875.  Ultima Thule; or A Summer in Iceland. (2 volumes)  London, William P. Nimmo.
1876.  Etruscan Bologna: A Study.  London, Smith, Elder & Co.
1876.  A New System of Sword Exercise for Infantry. London, William Clowes.
1876.  Two Trips to Gorilla Land and the Cataracts of the Congo. (2 volumes) London, Sampson Low.
1877.  Sind Revisited (2 volumes). London, Richard Bentley.
1878.  The Gold-Mines of Midian and The Ruined Midianite Cities. London, C. Kegan Paul.
1879.  The Land of Midian (revisited). (2 volumes)  London, C. Kegan Paul.
1879.  Report on Two Expeditions To Midian. Alexandria, Egypt, Alexandria Stationers' & Booksellers' Company.
1880.  Report on the Minerals of Midian. Alexandria, Egypt, Alexandria Stationers' & Booksellers' Company.
1880.  Correspondence with his Excellency Riaz Pasha upon the Mines of Midian . Alexandria, Egypt, Alexandria Stationers' & Booksellers' Company.
1880.  The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi a Lay of the Higher Law. London, Bernard Quaritch.
1880.  (transl.) Os Lusiadas (The Lusiads). (2 volumes) London, Bernard Quaritch.
1881.  Camoens: His Life and His Lusiads. (2 volumes)  London, Bernard Quaritch.
1881.  A Glance at the "Passion-Play". London, W. H. Harrison.
1883.  To the Gold Coast for Gold. (2 volumes) London, Chatto & Windus.
1883.  (transl.) The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana. London, Kama Shastra Society.
1884.  (transl.) Camoens. The Lyricks. (2 volumes).  London, Bernard Quaritch.
1884.  The Book of the Sword. London, Chatto & Windus.
1885.  (transl.) Ananga Ranga Cosmopoli, Kama Shastra Society.
1885. (transl.) A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. (10 volumes) Benares, Kama-Shastra Society.
1886-8. (transl.) Supplemental Nights to the Book of The Thousand Nights and a Night. (6 volumes).  Benares, Kama-Shastra Society
1886.  (transl.) Iracema, The Honey-lips and Manuel de Mores. London, Bickers and Son.
1886. (transl.) The Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui.  London and Benares, Kama Shastra Society.
1887. (ed.) The Beharistan (Abode of Spring) London and Benares, Kama Shastra Society.
1888. (transl.) The Gulistan or Rose Garden of Sa'di. Benares, Kama Shastra Society.
1890. (transl.) Priapeia or the Sportive Epigrams of divers Poets on Priapus Cosmopoli.
1891. (ed.) Marocco and the Moors. by Arthur Leared. London, Sampson Low.
1893.  (transl.) Il Pentamerone; or, the Tale of Tales. London, Henry and Co.
1894.  (transl.) The Carmina of Gaius Valerius Catullus. London, Privately printed.
1898.  The Jew The Gypsy, and El Islam. Ed. W. H. Wilkins. London, Hutchinson.
1901.  Wanderings in Three Continents. Ed. W. H. Wilkins. London, Hutchinson.
1911.  The Sentiment of the Sword: A Country-House Dialogue. London, Horace Cox.
1982.  The Uruguay: A Historical Romance of South America. Berkeley, University of California Press.
1990.  Sir Richard Burton's Travels In Arabia And Africa: Four Lectures From A Huntington Library Manuscript. Edited by John Hayman.  Huntington Library Press.
2003.  (transl.) Pilpay's Fables.  Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003.