Eastern approaches
Ex-communist Europe
Ukraine's tragic history
Ukraine remembers the Holodomor
The Economist, Nov 30th 2012, 12:50 by A.C. | KYIV
AS the electoral turmoil faded into
the background, Ukraine marked two important anniversaries last week.
The first was eight years since the Orange Revolution of 2004. The
second was eight decades since the Holodomor.
Holodomor
literally means death by hunger. In 1932 and 1933, a vast famine in
Soviet Ukraine killed three to seven million people, according to
estimates. While people starved, the grain was shut away in barns for
export. Many historians agree that the famine was man-made; some say it was genocide.
Yet
the Holodomor is not widely known about outside Ukraine. In the 1930s,
it was hushed up by many western correspondents in return for access to
the Kremlin. Among them was Walter Duranty of the New York Times,
who received the Pulitzer Prize for his reporting from the USSR. (There
have been calls to revoke his Pulitzer posthumously, so far
unsuccessful). One of the exceptions was Welsh journalist Gareth Jones
whose reporting of the Ukrainian famine had him banned from the USSR.
He was later killed in mysterious circumstances at the age of only 29.
Meanwhile, the cover-up has left “profound consequences for Ukraine,
which remains poorly understood in the West,” says Rory Finnin, a
lecturer in Ukrainian Studies at Cambridge University, where Mr Jones
had been a student.
Viktor Yushchenko, the
former president of Ukraine, did a lot to raise awareness about the
Holodomor. Kyiv now houses a stirring candle-shaped memorial and Holodomor museum.
But the leader of the 2004 Orange Revolution has fallen from grace. In
the October elections, Mr Yushchenko’s party, Our Ukraine, got just 1%
of the vote, losing all its 72 seats in parliament. On the anniversary
of the Orange Revolution last week only a small crowd gathered on the
legendary Independence Square. Someone had brought along a portrait of
Yulia Tymoshenko, the heroine of the Orange Revolution who remains
behind bars. Another woman held a single orange.
The
tragedy of 1932-1933 has become politicised. In his view of the
Holodomor, the current president, Viktor Yanukovych, has differed from
his predecessor. For the third year now, the commemorations took place without state support.
Even so, on November 23rd
events went ahead in cities across Ukraine. People could taste the
dishes made out of tree bark that were eaten during the famine. Other symbolic actions
evoked the “uncelebrated weddings”, the “unrealised talents” and the
“meetings that never took place”. This year, the focus was on those who
saved others from starvation. Before dusk 2,000 people gathered under
the Holodomor memorial in Kyiv, decorated with loaves of bread, bunches
of wheat and a sea of candles. At 4pm, there was a moment of silence and
people across Ukraine lit candles in their windows.
Octogenarian
Kateryna, who grew up in the countryside before moving to Kyiv in the
1940s, was sitting beside a candle burning in her kitchen. She heaps
sugar into her china teacup. “Three spoonfuls!”, she says. “In Ukraine
we remember the hunger. Perhaps that is why we are fond of sugar”.
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