Law, Peace and Status: Brazil’s Call for Sovereign Equality During the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907 - Lars Janssen

Research Article

Law, Peace and Status: Brazil’s Call for Sovereign Equality During the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907

Lars Janssen

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2024.2345226 

Abstract

(US$ 53, for full access to the article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2024.2345226?scroll=top&needAccess=true )

This article reevaluates Brazil’s role in the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907, challenging prevailing narratives about Brazil’s call for sovereign equality. By combining theoretical insights on international status with an extensive examination of primary sources, such as diplomatic communications and conference proceedings, I show that Brazil’s call for sovereign equality was a strategic response to status struggles rather than an ideological commitment. The call enabled Brazil’s leading delegate, Rui Barbosa, to gain leadership over a Latin American multilateral coalition against a Great Power proposition to create a hierarchical international court. The leadership not only bolstered Brazil’s position as a regional power, but paradoxically, also strengthened the relations with its main opponent during the conference, the US. As such, this study both contributes to our understanding of Latin American historical diplomacy and underscores the nuanced dynamics of non-Great Powers in international politics.

Notes

1 Proceedings, Mtg., First Comission, James Brown Scott, The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conference, vol. 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1921), 148; Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 132–47.

2 James Brown Scott, The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907: A Series of Lectures Delivered before the Johns Hopkins University in the Year 1908, Volume 1 – Conferences (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1909), 169.

3 Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), 24–6; Martha Finnemore and Michelle Jurkovich, ‘Getting a Seat at the Table: The Origins of Universal Participation and Modern Multilateral Conferences’, Global Governance, xx (2014), 361–73; Max Paul Friedman and Tom Long, ‘Soft Balancing in the Americas: Latin American Opposition to U.S. Intervention, 1898-1936’, International Security, xl (2015), 120–156; Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States, 132–47; Arnulf Becker Lorca, Mestizo International Law: A Global Intellectual History 1842-1933 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 143–199.

4 My translations: ‘visionário’, ‘pilares do multilateralismo contemporâneo’. Celso Amorim, ‘A Diplomacia Multilateral do Brasil: Um Tribute a Rui Barbosa’, (Lecture, Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2007), 20; Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa, ‘Águia de Haia’, http://www.casaruibarbosa.gov.br/interna.php?ID_S=298&ID_M=762; Isadora Loreto da Silveira, Laura de Castro Quaglia, Nathassia Arrúa de Oliveira Cardoso, Taiane de Bittencourt, ‘A Inauguração do Multilateralismo na Política Externa Brasileira: A Participação do Brasil na 2ª Conferência de Paz de Haia’, Fronteira, ix (2010), 29–46.

5 E. Bradford Burns, The Unwritten Alliance: Rio-Branco and Brazilian-American Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966); Amado Luiz Cervo and Clodoaldo Bueno, História da Política Exterior do Brasil (Brasília: Editora UnB, 2002), 192–215; Luís Viana Filho, A Vida de Rui Barbosa (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1949), 331–53; Christiane Vieira Laidler, A Segunda Conferência da Paz de Haia, 1907: o Brasil e o Sistema Internacional no Início do Século XX (Rio de Janeiro: Edições Casa de Rui Barbosa, 2010); Rejane Magalhães. ‘Presença de Rui Barbosa em Haia’, Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa (2007), 1–14; Antônio Celso Alves Pereira, ‘O Barão do Rio Branco e a II Conferência da Paz’ in Manoel Gomes Pereira (ed), Barão do Rio Branco: 100 Anos de Memória, (Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2012), 389–422; Joseph Smith, Unequal Giants: Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Brazil, 1889–1930 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991).

6 Carsten-Andreas Schulz, ‘Accidental Activists: Latin American Status-Seeking at The Hague’, International Studies Quarterly, lxi (2017), 612–22.

7 Ibid., 612, 619.

8 Edward Keene, ‘The Standard of “Civilisation”, the Expansion Thesis and the 19^th-Century International Social Space’, Millennium, xlii (2014), 651–73; Jonathan Renshon, ‘Status Deficits and War’, International Organization lxx (2016), 513–50; William C. Wohlforth, Benjamin de Carvalho, Halvard Leira & Iver B. Neumann, ‘Moral Authority and Status in International Relations: Good States and the Social Dimension of Status Seeking’, Review of International Studies, xliv (2017), 526–46.

9 Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 31.

10 Carsten Holbraad, Middle Powers in International Politics (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984), 75–91.

11 For an explanation of the shortcomings of the material approach, see Marina G. Duque, ‘Recognizing International Status: A Relational Approach’, International Studies Quarterly, lxii (2018), 578–80.

12 T. V. Paul, Deborah Welch Larson and William C. Wohlforth, Status in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 7–10. Also see: Duque, ‘Recognizing International Status’, 577–92; Keene, ‘The Standard of “Civilisation”’, 651–73; Renshon, ‘Status Deficits and War’, 513–50; Ann E. Towns, ‘Norms and Social Hierarchies: Understanding the International Policy Diffusion from Below’, International Organization lxvi (2012), 179–209.

13 Renshon, ‘Status Deficits and War’, 529; Duque, ‘Recognizing International Status’, 588; David, A. Lake, ‘Status, Authority, and the End of the American Century’ in T.V. Paul, Deborah Welch Larson and William C. Wohlforth (eds), Status in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 251.

14 Renshon, ‘Status Deficits and War’, 529; Keene, ‘The Standard of “Civilisation”’, 664.

15 Paul, Larson and Wohlforth, Status in World Politics, 18–19.

16 Renshon, ‘Status Deficits and War’, 526.

17 Wohlforth et al., ‘Moral Authority and Status’, 526–546.

18 Ibid, 530.

19 Adam Chapnick, ‘The Middle Power’, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, vii (1999), 74–76; Bernard Jr. Prosper, ‘Canada and Human Security: From the Axworthy Doctrine to Middle Power Internationalism’, American Review of Canadian Studies, xxxvi (2006), 233–261; Wohlforth et al., ‘Moral Authority and Status in International Relations’, 526–546.

20 Andrew Hurrell, ‘Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order, What Space for would be Great Powers?’, International Affairs, lxxxii (2006), 12–15; Eduard Jordaan, ‘The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers’, Politikon, xxx (2003), 165–81; Wohlfort et al. ‘Moral Authority and Status’, 534–5.

21 Hurrell, ‘Hegemony, Liberalism and Global Order’, 11.

22 Charalampos Efstathopoulos, ‘Leadership in the WTO: Brazil, India and the Doha Development Agenda’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, xxv (2012), 269–93; Stefan Schirm, ‘Leaders in Need of Followers: Emerging Powers in Global Governance’, European Journal of International Relations, xvi (2010), 197–221.

23 Sandra Destradi, ‘Regional Powers and their Strategies: Empire, Hegemony, and Leadership’, Review of International Studies, xxxvi (2010), 903–30; Hurrell, ‘Would be Great Powers?’, 8-9; Detlef Nolte, ‘How to Compare Regional Powers: Analytical Concepts and Research Topics,’ Review of International Studies, xxxvi (2010), 881–901.

24 Efstathopoulos, ‘Leadership in the WTO’, 269-293; Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, ‘Global Power Shifts and South Africa’s Southern Agenda: Caught between African Solidarity and Regional Leadership’ in Günther Taube (ed), Power Shifts and Global Governance: Challenges from South and North (London: Anthem Press, 2011), 141–52.

25 Jeremy Adelman, ‘An Age of Imperial Revolutions ‘,The American Historical Review, cxiii (2008), 337; Schulz, ‘Civilisation, Barbarism and the Making of Latin America’s Place in 19th-Century International Society’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, xlii, iii (2014), 849–51.

26 Liliana Obregón. 2006. ‘Between Civilisation and Barbarism: Creole Interventions in International Law’, Third World Quarterly, xxvii, v (2006), 822–3.

27 Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, ‘A Mestizo and Tropical Country: The Creation of the Official Image of Independent Brazil’, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, lxxx (2006), 28.

28 Leslie Bethell, ‘O Brasil no Mundo’, in Alfredo Gomes, Leslie Bethel, Lilia Moritz Schwarcs, Luiz Aranha Côrrea do Lago, Gustavo Franco and José Murilo de Carvalho (eds), História do Brasil nação: 1808-2010 (Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Letras, 2012), 153–57.

29 Mary Wilhelmine Williams, Dom Pedro the Magnanimous: Second Emperor of Brazil (Abingdon: Frank Cas & Co. Ltd., 1996), 141–56.

30 Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. n.d., ‘Embaixadas do Brasil Histórico dos chefes de legações e embaixadas’, www.funag.gov.br/postos/.

31 Reşat Bayer, 2006. ‘Diplomatic Exchange Data set, v2006.1’, http://correlatesofwar.org.

32 Schulz, ‘Latin America’s Place in 19th-Century International Society’, 850–1.

33 Bethell, ‘O Brasil no Mundo’, 131–49.

34 Boris Fausto and Sergio Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 144–56.

35 Pereira, ‘II Conferência da Paz’, 391.

36 Amado Luiz Cervo and Clodoaldo Bueno, História da Política Exterior do Brasil (Brasília: Editora UnB, 2002), 167–72.

37 Carlos Henrique Cardim, ‘A Primeira Conferência de Paz da Haia, 1899: Por que a Rússia?’, in Manoel Gomes Pereira (ed), Barão do Rio Branco: 100 Anos de Memória (Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2012): 368–75.

38 Bayer, ‘Diplomatic Exchange Data set’.

39 Luiz Felipe de Seixas Corrêa, ‘O Barão do Rio Branco chefe de missão: Liverpool, Washington, Berna e Berlim’, in Manoel Gomes Pereira (ed), O Barão do Rio Branco: 100 Anos de Memória (Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2012), 31–56.

40 Alvaro Lins, Rio Branco: Biografia Pessoal e História Política (São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1965), 259–60.

41 ‘Não venho servir a um partido político: venho servir ao nosso Brasil, que todos desejamos ver unido, íntegro, forte e respeitado’. Rio Branco, ‘No Clube Naval, 1 Dec. 1902, Manoel Gomes Pereira (ed), Obras do Rio Branco IX, Discursos(Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2012), 108.

42 Tânia Maria Pechir Gomes Manzur, ‘Opinião Pública e Política Externa do Brasil do Império a João Goulart: Um Balanço Historiográfico’, Revista Brasileira Política Internacional, xlii (1999), 42–43.

43 Ibid.

44 Laidler, A Segunda Conferência da Paz de Haia, 105; Smith, The United States and Latin America, 67.

45 Smith, The United States and Latin America, 67.

46 Juan Pablo Scarfi, ‘In the Name of the Americas: The Pan-American Redefinition of the Monroe Doctrine and the Emerging Language of American International Law in the Western Hemisphere, 1898-1933’, Diplomatic History, xv, ii (2016), 189–218; Friedman and Long, ‘Soft Balancing in the Americas’.

47 Smith, The United States and Latin America, 69.

48 Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention, 24-51; Finnemore and Jurkovich, ‘Getting a Seat at the Table’; Friedman and Long, ‘Soft Balancing in the Americas’.

49 Roberto Schwarz, ‘Misplaced Ideas: Literature and Society in Late Nineteenth-Century Brazil’, Comparative Civilizations Review, v (1980), 1–19.

50 Burns, The Unwritten Alliance.

51 Cervo and Bueno, História da Política Exterior do Brasil, 192; Clodoaldo Bueno, ‘O Barão do Rio Branco no Itamaraty (1902-1912)’, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, lv (2012), 173.

52 Burns, The Unwritten Alliance.

53 Ibid, 90–3.

54 Ibid, 103–8.

55 Clodoaldo Bueno, ‘O Barão do Rio Branco no Itamaraty (1902-1912)’, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, lv (2012), 177; Smith, Unequal Giants, 53–4.

56 Laidler, A Segunda Conferência da Paz de Haia, 114–115; Pereira, ‘II Conferência da Paz’, 392–393.

57 Speech from Rio Branco to the conference, July 23, 1906, in International American Conference (3^rd: 1906: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Minutes, Resolutions, Documents, (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1907), 39–40.

58 Armando de Senna Bittencourt, ‘O Emprego do Poder Militar como Estratégia de Rio Branco’, in Manoel Gomes Pereira (ed), O Barão do Rio Branco: 100 Anos de Memória (Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2012), 62, 73.

59 Burns, The Unwritten Alliance, 94; Laidler, A Segunda Conferência da Paz de Haia, 128.

60 João Paulo Alsina Jr., ‘Rio Branco, Grand Strategy and Naval Power’, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, lvii (2014) 9–28; Bueno, ‘Rio Branco no Itamaraty’, 180-1; Burns, The Unwritten Alliance, 182; Doratioto, ‘A Política Platina do Barão do Rio Branco’, 132, 140.

61 Rio Branco, speech, 27 Aug. 1906, p. 405, International American Conference, Minutes, Resolutions, Documents (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1907); Doratioto, ‘A Política Platina do Barão do Rio Branco’, 130–49.

62 Cervo and Bueno, História da Política Exterior do Brasil, 210.

63 Doratioto, ‘A Polítical Platina do Barão de Rio Branco’, 134.

64 Maartje Abbenhuis, Christopher Ernest Barber and Annalise R. Higgins, War, Peace and International Order? The Legacies of the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2017); Maartje Abbenhuis, The Hague Conferences and International Politics, 1898-1915 (London: Bloomsburg Academic, 2019).Finnemore and Jurkovich, ‘Getting a Seat at the Table’.

65 Nicholas II, ‘Rescript of the Russian Emperor (1898)’, in A Series of Lectures, vol 2, J. B. Scott (ed). (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1909), 1.

66 Scott, A Series of Lectures, vol.1, 95–100.

67 Finnemore and Jurkovich, ‘Getting a Seat at the Table’, 367.

68 Pereira, ‘II Conferência da Paz’, 402.

69 Filho, A Vida De Rui Barbosa.

70 Pereira, ‘II Conferência da Paz’, 402–3.

71 ‘desejo ardente de servir ao pais.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 30 March 1906, [Rio de Janeiro, Arquivo de Rui Barbosa], [Série Segunda] C[onferência da Paz em] H[aia] 2/1, fo. 1.

72 Scott, Proceedings, vol. 1, 2–15.

73 ‘Quizera saber o que ha de exacto sobre assumpto.’ Rio Branco to Joaquim Nabuco, 14 Apr. 1907, CH 2/1, fo. 14G.

74 Joaquim Nabuco to Rio Branco, 17 Apr. 1907, CH 2/1 fo. 14G.

75 Memo Nabuco to US secretary of state Elihu Root, 25 May 1907, CH 6/1, fo. 1.

76 Smith, Unequal Giants, 59.

77 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 30 May 1907, CH 2/2, fo. 26.

78 Conference list, 27 Sept. 1907, CH 18; Filho, A Vida de Rui Barbosa, 334.

79 ‘Estamos todos seguros do brilhante exito da sua missão.’ Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 27 May 1907, CH 2/2, fo. 25.

80 ‘Article discussing the map of the Hall of Knights’, Courier de la Conférence de la Paix, 18 June 1907, 2.

81 ‘Trabalho acumula-se cresce enormemente não havendo quasi tempo estudar’. Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 29 June 1907, p. 4, CH 9, fo. 1.

82 Ibid, p. 5.

83 Proceedings, Mtg., Fo[urth] C[commission], 5 July 1907, p. 770-7, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 3.

84 Ibid, 771–2.

85 Proceedings, Mtg., FoC, 12 July, p. 808, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 3.

86 Ibid.

87 Filho, A Vida de Rui Barbosa, 338–9.

88 ‘Consideram irritante impolitico.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 14 July 1907, p. 10, CH 9, fo. 1.

89 ‘Elles a abandonaram appressando-se plena sessão solicitar proposta belga dando assim nossa como for a combate.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 15 July 1907, p. 10, CH 9, fo. 1.

90 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 3 Aug. 1907, p. 22, CH 9, fo. 1.

91 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 25 July 1907, p. 16, CH 9, fo. 1.

92 Burns, The Unwritten Alliance, 118-20; Smith, Unequal Giants, 61.

93 ‘effeito partido seria deploravel … depois tantos brilhantes trabalhos.’ Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 26 July 1907, CH 2/2 fo. 62.

94 ‘aqui quasi todas contra nós.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 21 July 1907, CH 9, fo. 1.

95 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 29 July 1907, CH 22, fo. 65.

96 Roque Sáenz Peña, La Republica Argentina en la Segunda Conferencia International de la Paz (Buenos Aires: Imprenta y Litografia A. Pech. Cerrito 55, 1908), 34–7.

97 Proceedings, Mtg., FC: First Subcommission, 1 Aug. 1907, p. 312–31, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

98 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 3 Aug. 1907, p. 22, CH 9 fo. 1.

99 ‘amargo humiliação.’ Ibid.

100 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 5 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 71.

101 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 8 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 77; Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 10 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 78; Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 16 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 90.

102 ‘terem Brazil Argentina Chile cada um seu arbitro’, Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 12 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 81.

103 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 15 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 87.

104 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 16 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 74.

105 Proceedings, Mtg., FC: Committee B, 17 Aug. 1907, p. 609-13, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

106 Ibid, 610.

107 Ibid.

108 Proceedings, FC: Second Subcommission, 4 July 1907, p. 783-786, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

109 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 11 Aug. 1907, p. 30, CH 9 fo. 1.

110 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 14 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 86.

111 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 16 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 90.

112 Proceedings, FC, 10 Sept. 1907, p. 11-13, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

113 ‘Não sei como obter supplente quando americanos recusam … Tenho dito vocencia bastante para habilital-o jugar realidade nossa posição aqui quasi isolados entre estados e americanos e impotentes contra predominio absoluto … potencias’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 16 Aug. 1907, p. 35, CH 9 fo. 1.

114 Ibid.

115 ‘Nenhum representante por mais habil e competente que seja mesmo representante um paiz forte pode estar certo de conseguir tudo quanto deseja ou seu paiz deseja.’ Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 17 Aug. 1907, CH 2/6 fo. 235.

116 ‘enthusiasmo pelo brilho vocencia.’ Ibid.

117 Pereira, ‘O Barão do Rio Branco e a II Conferência da Paz’, 411.

118 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 17 Aug. 1907, p. 37, CH 9 fo. 1.

119 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 24 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 106.

120 Proceedings, FC: First Subcommission, 20 Aug. 1907, p. 619-22, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

121 Ibid., 623–30.

122 ‘Nossa autoridade moral cresce todos dias.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 23 Aug. 1907, p. 44, CH 9 fo. 1.

123 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 23 Aug. 1907, p. 47, CH 9 fo. 1; Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 26 Aug. 1907, p. 49-50, CH 9 fo. 1; Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 23 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 102; Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 26 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 111; Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 27 Aug. 1907, CH 2/3 fo. 115.

124 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 23 Aug. 1907, p. 45, CH 9 fo. 1.

125 Ibid.

126 Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 4 Sept. 1907, p. 61-2, CH 9 fo. 1.

127 Proceedings, FC: Committee of Examination, 17 Aug. 1907, p. 827, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

128 Ibid.

129 ‘Esteva levantou-se dizendo adheria completamente nossa attitude.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 18 Aug. 1907, CH 9 fo. 1.

130 ‘Abandonalos alem de deslealdade seria transferir-lhes vantagem posição que hoje occupamos.’ Rui Barbosa to Rio Branco, 31 Aug. 1907, p. 56, CH 9 fo. 1.

131 Schulz, ‘Accidental Activists’, 613.

132 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 19 Sept. 1907, CH 2/4 fo. 150.

133 William Hull, The Two Hague Conferences and their Contributions to International Law (New York: Kraus, 1908), 423–5; Scott, A Series of Lectures, vol.1, 169.

134 Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 31 Aug. 1907, CH 2/4 fo. 122; Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 31 Aug. 1907, CH 2/4 fo. 123.

135 ‘Grande pezar que nos causa a dissidencia em que infelizmente nos achamos.’ Rio Branco to Rui Barbosa, 31 Aug. 1907, CH 2/4 fo. 123.

136 ‘Article Discussing the Brazilian Banquet’, Courier de la Conférence de la Paix, 25 Aug. 1907, 3; Filho, A Vida de Rui Barbosa, 340.

137 ‘Les Sept Sages de la Conférence’, Courier de la Conférence de la Paix, 7 Sept. 1907, 1.

138 Schulz, ‘Accidental Activists’, 619–20.

139 Ibid., Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States, 162.

140 Burns, The Unwritten Alliance; Smith, Unequal Giants.

141 Proceedings, Mtg., FC: Committee B, 17 Aug. 1907, p. 613, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

142 Proceedings, FC: Second Subcommission, 4 July 1907, p. 1086, Scott, Proceedings, vol. 2.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Lars Janssen

At the moment of publication, Lars Janssen is a PhD-candidate at Utrecht University. His research focuses on diplomatic history, and specifically the roles of, and the interactions with, Latin American actors in the development of the international order.

Latin America’s vicious circle is a warning to the West - The Economist special survey, June 16, 2022

 

How democracies decay

Latin America’s vicious circle is a warning to the West

Economic stagnation, popular frustration and polarised politics are reinforcing one another The Economist, June 16, 2022

When they vote in a presidential run-off election this weekend Colombians face a grim choice between two ill-qualified populists. On the left, Gustavo Petro has still not wholly shaken off his long-standing sympathy for Hugo Chávez, the caudillo who destroyed Venezuela’s economy and its democracy. On the right, Rodolfo Hernández is a bullying former mayor with no team and not much of a programme beyond expelling “the thieves”, as he calls the political class. This line-up reflects voters’ deep scorn for Colombia’s mainstream politicians, even though the country has done relatively well over the past 20 years. It is the kind of polarised choice that has become worryingly familiar in Latin American elections. In a region that was discontented even before the pandemic, there no longer seem to be many takers for the moderation, compromise and gradual reform needed to become prosperous and peaceful.

That matters not just to Latin America, but to the world. Despite everything, the region remains largely democratic and should be a natural ally of the West. It can play a vital role, too, in helping solve other global problems, from climate change to food security. It is home not only to the fast-diminishing Amazon rainforest and much of the world’s fresh water but also to a wealth of commodities needed for green energy, such as lithium and copper. It is a big food exporter and could provide more.

Not so long ago, Latin America was on a roll. A commodity boom brought healthy economic growth and provided politicians with the money to experiment with innovative social policies, such as conditional cash-transfer programmes. That, in turn, helped bring about big falls in poverty, reducing the extreme income inequality long associated with the region. The middle classes grew. That helped underpin political stability. Democratic governments generally respected human rights, even if the rule of law was weak. Growing prosperity and more responsive and effective politicians appeared to be reinforcing one another. The future was bright.

Now that virtuous circle has been replaced by a vicious one. Latin America is stuck in a worrying development trap, as our special report this week explains. Its economies have suffered a decade of stagnation or slow growth. Its people, especially the young, who are more educated than their parents, have become frustrated by their lack of opportunity. They have turned this anger against their politicians, who are widely seen as corrupt and self-serving. The politicians, for their part, have been unable to agree on the reforms needed to make Latin America’s economies more efficient. The region’s productivity gap with developed countries has widened since the 1980s. With too many monopolies and not enough innovation, Latin America is falling short in the 21st-century economy. 

These challenges are becoming more acute. The impact of the pandemic, especially long school closures, will increase inequality. Governments need to spend more on health care and education, but the cost of servicing debt is rising. The region thus needs to raise more tax, but in ways that do not undermine investment. Chile and its young left-wing president, Gabriel Boric, seemed to offer the chance of a new social contract along those lines. Instead his fledgling government is hostage to a constitutional convention shot through with the familiar Latin American vices of Utopianism and over-regulation.

The consolidation of democracy used to be seen as a one-way street. But Latin America shows that democracies can easily decay—and that is a warning for democrats everywhere. Its politics are now marked not just by polarisation but also by fragmentation and the extreme weakness of political parties, making stable governing majorities hard to assemble (see Bello). This downward spiral is accelerated by the malign influence of social media and the import of identity politics from the north. Technocrats are discredited and jobs in government are increasingly seen, on both the left and the right, as perks to be doled out rather than crucial responsibilities to be reserved for capable administrators. Organised crime, already a big factor in the region’s epidemic of violence, is starting to taint its politics, too.

Many of these are ills of the democratic world in general, but they are particularly acute and dangerous in Latin America. Most Latin Americans still want democracy, albeit a better version than they have. But there is a growing audience for those advocating the supposedly effective hand of autocracy. Venezuela and Nicaragua have become left-wing dictatorships like Cuba. In El Salvador, Nayib Bukele has centralised power and locked up some 40,000 people in a draconian war on gangs. He is the region’s most popular president. The leaders of its two biggest countries, Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil and Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, are contemptuous of checks and balances. Mr Bolsonaro will seek a second term at an election in October. It is cold comfort that he is likely to lose to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a former president whose governments were linked to corruption and who lacks new ideas.

The risk is not just that democracies devolve into dictatorships, but that Latin America drifts away from the orbit of the West. In much of the region, China is now the main trade partner and is investing in infrastructure. Some of the region’s left-wing governments seem keen to return to the non-alignment of the cold-war era. Five of the region’s presidents, including Mr López Obrador, chose to boycott this month’s Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles. The United States—and Europe—could do more to engage Latin America, through trade, investment and technology. But Latin America in turn needs to recognise that it has much to gain from rebuilding closer ties, and that its role in a world dominated by China would be that of a neo-colony.

Stopping the rot

The temptation in the region will be to ignore the economic and political malaise and simply surf the new commodity boom triggered by the war in Ukraine. That would be a mistake. There are no short cuts. Latin Americans need to rebuild their democracies from the ground up. If the region does not rediscover a vocation for politics as a public service and relearn the habit of forging a consensus, its fate will get only worse. ■

For subscribers only: to see how we design each week’s cover, sign up to our weekly Cover Story newsletter.

This article appeared in the Leaders section of the print edition under the headline "How democracies decay"

"China Engages Latin America: Distorting Development and Democracy?", by Evan Ellis - and my response, Paulo Roberto de Almeida

I have just received a gentle communication from an American partner: 

16 de mar. de 2022, à(s) 19:12, R. Evan Ellis, PhD from Evan Ellis on Latin America and the Caribbean <evanellis@substack.com> 

Publication of new Evan Ellis book: "China Engages Latin America: Distorting Development and Democracy?"

Dear Colleague: I am writing to let you know that my new full-length single-author book, China Engages Latin America: Distorting Development and Democracy, has just been published by Palgrave-Macmillan. The work provides an updated analysis of PRC activities in Latin America and its meaning for the US and the region, as I have seen the Chinese presence evolve in the almost twenty years I have followed and published on the topic. The work includes an analysis of the principally economic focus of China’s engagement with the region, to include its pursuit of secure access to Latin American commodities, foodstuffs and strategic markets, and its desire to capture for its own companies as much of the value added associated with those supply chains as possible. It also takes an in-depth look at China’s focus in dominating the infrastructure that underlines Latin American and Caribbean economies, including not only in land and maritime transportation, ports and other logistics sectors, but also electricity generation, transmission and distribution, telecommunications, eCommerce and non-traditional banking, smart cities and surveillance architectures, with the PRC leveraging those positions in the connective tissue that underlies the economic functionality of the region, to advance its strategic position and objectives there.  China Engages Latin America further examines the relationship between PRC activities in the region and populist governments, with multiple case studies highlighting how the PRC, in pursuing its own economic and other objectives, undermines democracy and institutions in the region, to its own strategic benefit. Additional chapters in the book also look at the PRC-Taiwan struggle for diplomatic recognition in the region and its strategic implications, PRC military and other security engagement in Latin America, and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the prospect of China’s advance and associated challenges. The book concludes with an extended set of recommendations for policymakers in the US and the region. China Engages Latin America is designed for use by undergraduate and graduate level classes whose content touches on PRC activities in Latin Americas, international relations and international political economy, and Latin America Studies. It is also designed for government policymakers, strategic analysts and business professionals whose responsibilities encompass China and Latin America. It is my hope that this book provides a balanced and compelling framework for understanding PRC engagement in the region that recognizes both the opportunities and threats to the region, and that recognizes the legitimacy of the search for economic opportunities by both China and the region in the context of transparency, rule of law, and a level playing field for the benefit of all. At the same time, this is a work that also candidly addresses the risks to development and democracy in the region of engaging with the PRC in ways that do not leverage the protection of strong institutions, transparent processes, and democratic legal frameworks. The work is available for order through the Palgrave-Macmillan site through the following downloadable flyer: Read now

What I have responded: 

Dear Ellis, 

        China is just following the path started by European colonialism and imperialism centuries ago, and followed by the US over the whole 20th century, imposing and disposing its hegemonic presence over the entire continent, support either democracies, or dictatorships, even helping some military coups when something was not going according to Washington.

China wants to become rich, as Europe and US did in their respective itineraries, and the best form to do that is to perform as the two previous hegemonic powers have done: investments, trade, finance, infrastructure, technical cooperation and so on. China is far behind to what was done by the two previous economic giants and arrogant superpowers, so Latin American countries will seek their own interests, despite all the talk about distorting democracy and development.

If these two criteria were in the forefront of European and American cooperation toward the region, LAC should already have attained a higher degree of economic and social development, and a democratic regime of superior quality. If not, both past and present hegemonic presence in the region was neither functional nor successful. Let’s try the Chinese experiment, which is basically based in trade, not development nor democracy, similar to those previous dominances. In due course, China will also cooperate in S&T and educational undertakings, equal as those conducted by Europe and US. 

There is no more chasse gardée for a single power...

Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Um professor do National War College, ativo defensor do Império americano, contra os "inimigos" comunistas - Evan Ellis

Ele se apresenta sozinho: 

I am the Latin America research professor with the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. My work is focused on Latin America and the Caribbean, and its relationship with the US and the rest of the world, including extra-hemispheric actors such as Russia, China, and Iran. I also write about strategic trends in Latin America, transnational organized crime and other issues that affect the region, and the US through the bonds of commerce, geography and family that bind us to it.

I generally share 1-4 articles per month which I have personally published, as a means of professionally keeping in touch with those, such as yourself, who share my interest in topics involving the region.

This site is to make available the articles that I have published on the region. 

I value your interest in my work and the opportunity to interact with you through this site and my associated newsletter.

Respectfully,

Evan Ellis

Recebi esta msg neste sábado 13/11/2021: 

Dear Colleague:

I hope this email finds you well. I have previously shared my occasional publications with you from my email account Robert.e.ellis78.civ@mail.mil. I value your interest in my work, and the opportunity to continue in touch.

To better manage the process of communicating with you and my other colleagues, I am now using substack.com to share my work. I am still happily employed as the Latin America Research Professor with the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute…this is simply a less labor-intensive way for me to send out my publications.

As before, I will continue to share approximately 1-4 articles per month with you, and only those which I have personally published. As before, there is no commercial interest involved; I do so in the interest of continuing in touch with colleagues such as yourself who share my interest in the region and the dynamics affecting it.

As an advantage to the new system, links to my articles going back to 1996, including PDFs of those from the last 3 years, will also be available here on this site, at https://evanellis.substack.com

In the coming days, the first of my newly published articles will be coming to you from this account, on Chinese interest in Argentina’s polar logistics base at Ushuaia. I respectfully ask that you mark my emails from this account as “not spam”.

As with my prior emails, my articles will include the PDF version of the publication, and a link to it. I am adding my article on the Panama Canal, recently published with colleague and friend Eddie Tapeiro, as an example:

Evan Ellis and Eddie Tapiero, “Panama’s Maritime Business and the Evolving Strategic Landscape,” Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale, October 27,  2021.

Evan Ellis - Former Publications

Available by request from author at r_evan_ellis@hotmail.com

R. Evan Ellis, PhD Nov 12

Evan Ellis and Eddie Tapiero, “Panama’s Maritime Business and the Evolving Strategic Landscape,” Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale, October 27,  2021, https://www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/panamas-maritime-business-and-evolving-strategic-landscape-32047.

Panama’s Maritime Business And The Evolving Strategic Landscape Evan Ellis And Eddie Tapiero

2.55MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

Evan Ellis and Eddie Tapiero, “El negocio marítimo de Panamá y la evolución del panorama estratégico,” Centro de Estudios Estratégicos del Ejercito de Peru, October 27, 2021, https://ceeep.mil.pe/2021/10/27/el-negocio-maritimo-de-panama-y-la-evolucion-del-panorama-estrategico/.

El Negocio Marítimo De Panamá Y La Evolución Del Panorama Estratégico Evan Ellis Y Eddie Tapiero

253KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The PRC Advance in Central America in the Context of Covid-19,” in Taiwan’s Relations with Latin America: A Strategic Rivalry between the United States, China and Taiwan, He Li and Antonio Hsiang, Eds. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2021).

“9/11, Latin America, and the Impermanence of Strategic Concepts,” U.S. Army War College, August 31, 2021, https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/remembering-9-11-20-years-later/.

9 11 Latin America And The Impermanence Of Strategic Concepts R Evan Ellis

145KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“DiDi and the Risks of Expanding Chinese E-Commerce in Latin America,” Global Americans, September 2, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/09/didi-and-the-risks-of-expanding-chinese-e-commerce-in-latin-america/.

Didi And The Risks Of Expanding Chinese E Commerce In Latin America R Evan Ellis

966KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Didi y los riesgos de la expansión del comercio electrónico chino en América Latina,” InfoBAE, August 25, 2021, https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2021/08/25/didi-y-los-riesgos-de-la-expansion-del-comercio-electronico-chino-en-america-latina/.

Didi Y Los Riesgos De La Expansion De Ecomercio Chino En America Latina R Evan Ellis

5.14MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Mexico: A Deepening Crisis and Strategic Challenge for the US,” Center for Strategic Studies of the Peruvian Army, August 9, 2021, https://ceeep.mil.pe/2021/08/05/mexico-a-deepening-crisis-and-strategic-challenge-for-the-us/?lang=en.

Mexico A Deepening Crisis And Strategic Challenge R Evan Ellis (1)

440KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“México: Una Crisis que se Agudiza y un Desafío Estratégico para Estados Unidos,” Center for Strategic Studies of the Peruvian Army, August 9, 2021, https://ceeep.mil.pe/2021/08/05/mexico-una-crisis-que-se-agudiza-y-un-desafio-estrategico-para-estados-unidos/.

Mexico Una Crisis Que Se Agudiza Y Un Desafío Estratégico Para Estados Unidos R Evan Ellis

427KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

Leland Lazarus and Evan Ellis, “How China Helps the Cuban Regime Stay Afloat and Shut Down Protests,” The Diplomat, August 3, 2021, https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/how-china-helps-the-cuban-regime-stay-afloat-and-shut-down-protests/.

How China Helps The Cuban Regime Stay Afloat And Shut Down Protests R Evan Ellis

4.06MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Deconstructing the Belt and Road Initiative:  China’s Use of Connectivity to Advance its Strategic Economic Position in Latin America,” LASA Magazine, July 2021, https://forum.lasaweb.org/files/vol52-issue3/Dossier-5.pdf.

“El fortalecimiento de las actividades del ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional) en Colombia y Venezuela,” Revista Fuerza Aérea-EUA, Vol. 3, No. 2, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JOTA/Journals/Volume%203%20Issue%202/05-Ellis_s%20(2).pdf, pp. 24-45.

El Fortalacimientos De Las Actividades Del Eln En Colombia Y Venezuela R Evan Ellis

181KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Reinforcing Activities of the ELN (National Liberation Army) in Colombia and Venezuela,” Journal of the Americas, Second Semester, 2021, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JOTA/Journals/Volume%203%20Issue%202/05_Ellis_eng%20(2).pdf, pp. 194-213.

Eln In Colombia And Venezuela R Evan Ellis

184KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Vaccine Diplomacy in Latin America, Caribbean a PR Coup for China,” National Defense Magazine, July 12, 2021, https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/7/12/vaccine-diplomacy-in-latin-america-caribbean-a-pr-coup-for-china.

Vaccine Diplomacy In Latin America, Caribbean A Pr Coup For China R Evan Ellis

704KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese engagement in Latin America and Europe: Comparisons and Interdependencies,” Center for Strategic Studies of the Peruvian Army, July 6, 2021, https://ceeep.mil.pe/2021/07/06/el-compromiso-chino-en-america-latina-y-europa-comparaciones-e-interdependencias/?lang=en.

Chinese Engagement In Latin America And Europe Comparisons And Interdependencies R Evan Ellis1

410KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“El compromiso chino en América Latina y Europa Comparaciones e Interdependencias,” Center for Strategic Studies of the Peruvian Army, July 6, 2021, https://ceeep.mil.pe/2021/07/06/el-compromiso-chino-en-america-latina-y-europa-comparaciones-e-interdependencias/.

El Compromiso Chino En América Latina Y Europa Comparaciones E Interdependencias R Evan Ellis

413KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Uruguay exemplifies how to deal with China,” Global Americans, June 22, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/06/uruguay-exemplifies-how-to-deal-with-china/?_thumbnail_id=24819.

Uruguay Exemplifies How To Deal With China R Evan Ellis

680KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

Evan Ellis, Ryan C. Berg and Kristie Pellecchia, “China reminds us why the Caribbean is vital to US strategic interests,” The Hill, June 12, 2021, https://thehill.com/opinion/international/558027-china-reminds-us-why-the-caribbean-is-vital-to-us-strategic-interests.

China Reminds Us Why The Caribbean Is Vital To Us Strategic Interests Ellis Berg And Pellecchia

915KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Engagement with Colombia in the Context of Covid-19,” Acore, No. 608, June 4, 2021, https://issuu.com/acore/docs/periodico_junio_2021_virtual.

“China’s Bid to Dominate Electrical Connectivity in Latin America,” China Brief, Vol. 21, Issue 10, May 21, 2021, https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-bid-to-dominate-electrical-connectivity-in-latin-america/.

China's Bid To Dominate Electrical Connectivity In Latin America R Evan Ellis

625KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“China’s Diplomatic and Political Approach in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Testimony before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission, May 20, 2021, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2021-05/Evan_Ellis_Testimony.pdf.

Testimony On China Latin America To The Us China Economic And Security Review Commission R Evan Ellis

256KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“A Race Against Time: Deploying Vaccines and Addressing the Disproportionate Impacts of Covid-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Civilian Security, Migration, and International Economic Policy, May 13, 2021, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20210513/112612/HHRG-117-FA07-Wstate-EllisPhDR-20210513.pdf.

Testimony To The Western Hemisphere Subcommittee On Covid 19 And Vaccine Diplomacy R Evan Ellis

164KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Engagement with the Dominican Republic – An Update,” Global Americans, May 7, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/05/chinese-engagement-in-the-dominican-republic-an-update/.

Chinese Engagement In The Dominican Republic An Update R Evan Ellis

927KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Populism, China and Covid-19: Latin America’s New Perfect Storm,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 20, 2021, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/210420_Ellis_Populism_China_Covid-19.pdf?hEHS3muh1XMpnuFgYD_Xvmc0dVQGJTGM.

Populism China And Covid 19 Latin America’s New Perfect Storm R Evan Ellis

79KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“China’s Advance in Panama: An Update,” Global Americans, April 14, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/04/chinas-advance-in-panama-an-update/.

China’s Advance In Panama An Update R Evan Ellis

923KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Prologo,” in El Capital Corosivo en Bolivia y los retos de buen gobierno, Henry Oporto, Ed., La Paz, Bolivia: Fundación Milenio, 2021, pp. vii-xi.

Capital Corrosivo (fundacion Milenio) Con Prologo Por Evan Ellis

1.9MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Engagement in El Salvador: An Update,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 22, 2021, https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/210322_Ellis_China_El_Salvador.pdf?ydyD0XuUPUIsxKHDFOces1VOU.kQVJ0j.

China And El Salvador An Update

93.6KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Advances in Chile,” Global Americans, March 2, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/03/chinese-advances-in-chile/.

Chinese Advances In Chile R Evan Ellis

2.64MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Punto por punto, todos los tentáculos de las cada vez más profundas relaciones entre Argentina y China,” Infobae,February 12, 2021, https://www.infobae.com/america/opinion/2021/02/12/punto-por-punto-todos-los-tentaculos-de-las-cada-vez-mas-profundas-relaciones-entre-argentina-y-china/.

“New Directions in the Deepening of China-Argentine Engagement,” Global Americans, February 11, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/02/new-directions-in-the-deepening-chinese-argentine-engagement/.

New Directions In The Deepening Chinese Argentine Engagement Evan Ellis

1010KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Why China’s Advance in Latin America Matters,” National Defense, January 27, 2021, https://www.realcleardefense.com/2021/01/27/why_chinas_advance_in_latin_america_matters_658054.html.

Why Chinas Advance In Latin America Matters R Evan Ellis

624KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Evolution of Chinese Security Engagement in Latin America,” in China’s Interactions with Latin America and the Caribbean: Conquering the US’s Strategic Backyard? Nele Noesselt, Ed., Baden-Baden, Germany: Techtum-Verlag, January 2021, pp. 9-32.

“The Challenges Facing Latin America after COVID, Part 2,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, February 4, 2021, https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/02/the-challenges-facing-latin-america-after-covid-part-2/.

The Challenges Facing Latin America After Covid, Part 2 R Evan Ellis And John Nagl

622KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Challenges Facing Latin America after COVID, Part 1,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, February 3, 2021, https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/02/the-challenges-facing-latin-america-after-covid-part-1/.

The Challenges Facing Latin America After Covid, Part 1 R Evan Ellis And John Nagl

554KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Insights from System Dynamics on the Future of Latin America,” Global Americans, January 6, 2021, https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/01/insights-from-system-dynamics-on-the-future-of-latin-america/.

Insights From System Dynamics On The Future Of Latin America R Evan Ellis

670KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Northern Triangle Needs Some TLC,” Newsmax, December 30, 2021, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/northern-triangle/2020/12/30/id/1003644/.

The Northern Triangle Needs Some Tlc R Evan Ellis

90.8KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Latin America that will engage the new Administration,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 14, 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/latin-america-will-engage-new-administration.

The Latin America That Will Engage The New Administration R Evan Ellis

243KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Thanks to COVID, China Poised to Expand Business Ownership in Latin America,” Part 2 of 2, Newsmax, December 8, 2020, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/latin-america/2020/12/08/id/1000521/.

“Mercantilism with Chinese Characteristics,” Part 1 of 2, Newsmax, December 4, 2020, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/mercantilism-latin-america/2020/12/04/id/1000019/.

Mercantilism With Chinese Characteristics In Latin America R Evan Ellis

162KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Interview With Latin America Expert Dr. Evan Ellis: ‘Chinese Influence Is Positioned To Greatly Expand In The Post-Covid Environment,” Global Review, December 4, 2020, https://www.global-review.info/2020/12/04/interview-with-latin-america-expert-dr-evan-ellis-chinese-influence-is-positioned-to-greatly-expand-in-the-post-covid-environment/.

Evan Ellis Interview With Dr Ralf Ostner On The Latin America Security Environment

441KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Challenges for the Armed Forces of Latin America in Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of the Americas en Espanol, 3rd Edition, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JOTA/Journals/Volume%202%20Issue%203/Ellis_eng.pdf?source=GovD.

Challenges Forthe Armed Forces Of Latin America In Responding To The Covid 19 Pandemic R Evan Ellis

390KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Retos de las Fuerzas Armadas de Latinoamérica para responder a la pandemia del COVID-19,” Journal of the Americas, Vol 3. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JOTA/Journals/Volume%202%20Issue%203/Ellis_s.pdf?source=GovD.

Retos De Las Fuerzas Armadas De Latinoamerica Para Responder A La Pandemia Del Covid 19 R Evan Ellis

401KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Security Engagement in Latin America,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinese-security-engagement-latin-america.

Chinese Security Engagement In Latin America R Evan Ellis

125KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Peru’s Multidimensional Challenge – Part 3: engagement with China,” Global Americans, November 20, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/11/perus-multidimensional-challenge-part-3-engagement-with-china/.

Peru’s Multidimensional Challenge Part 3 Engagement With China

1.37MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Peru’s Multidimensional Challenge – Part 2: the economic crisis, public insecurity, and organized crime,” Global Americans, November 15, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/11/perus-multidimensional-challenge-part-2-the-economic-crisis-public-insecurity-and-organized-crime/.

Peru’s Multidimensional Challenge Part 2 The Economic Crisis, Public Insecurity, And Organized Crime R Evan Ellis

402KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Peru’s Multidimensional Challenge: Part 1: The Political Crisis,” Global Americans, November 8, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/11/perus-multidimensional-challenge-part-1-the-political-crisis/.

Peru’s Multidimensional Challenge Part 1 The Political Crisis R Evan Ellis

282KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“China’s Advance in the Caribbean,” The Wilson Center, October 2020, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/China%E2%80%99s%20Advance%20in%20the%20Caribbean.pdf.

China’s Advance In The Caribbean R Evan Ellis

3.99MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Do Latin American Waters Continue to Fall Prey to China’s Fishing?” Newsmax, October 16, 2020, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/chile-deepwater-eez-galapagos/2020/10/16/id/992375/.

Do Latin Americas Waters Continue To Fall Prey To Chinas Fishing R Evan Ellis

780KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Guyana: Opportunities and Challenges for the United States and the Caribbean Basin,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, October 2, 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/guyana-opportunities-and-challenges-united-states-and-caribbean-basin.

Guyana Opportunities And Challenges For The United States And The Caribbean Basin R Evan Ellis

145KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Future of Brazil – China Relations in the Context of Covid-19” Global Americans, September 18, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/09/the-future-of-brazil-china-relations-in-the-context-of-covid-19/.

The Future Of Brazil China Relations In The Context Of Covid 19 R Evan Ellis

1.46MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Neighbor At Risk: Mexico’s Deepening Crisis,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, September 4, 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/neighbor-risk-mexicos-deepening-crisis.

Neighbor At Risk Mexicos Deepening Crisis R Evan Ellis

126KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Nicaragua’s New Myth: ‘Covid-19 isn’t a problem here’,” Newsmax, August 27, 2020, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/nicaragua/2020/08/27/id/984116/.

Nicaragua’s New Myth Covid 19 Isnt A Problem Here R Evan Ellis

73.5KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Venezuela: Pandemic and Foreign Intervention in a Collapsing Narcostate,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, August 5, 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/venezuela-pandemic-and-foreign-intervention-collapsing-narcostate.

Venezuela Pandemic And Foreign Intervention In A Collapsing Narcostate R Evan Ellis

120KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Bolivia – A Pivotal Moment for Populism and the Pandemic Response,” Global Americans, July 29, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/07/bolivia-a-pivotal-moment-for-populism-and-the-pandemic-response/.

Bolivia A Pivotal Moment For Populism And The Pandemic Response R Evan Ellis

1.13MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Reflections for the Army from a Year at the State Department,” Global Americans, July 16, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/07/reflections-for-the-army-from-a-year-at-the-state-department/.

Reflections For The Army From A Year At The State Department R Evan Ellis

2.99MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Engagement in Latin America in the Context of Strategic Competition with the United States,” Testimony to the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, June 24, 2020, https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Ellis_Testimony.pdf.

Chinese Engagement In Latin America In The Context Of Strategic Competition With The United States R Evan Ellis

398KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Washington, the Hague Should Not Sidestep Events in Suriname,” Newsmax, June 4, 2020, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/gdp-prc-netherlands/2020/06/04/id/970563/.

Washington And The Hague Should Not Sidestep Events In Suriname Evan Ellis

736KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Covid-19 acelerará avance de China en un mundo más desconfiado: Proyecciones para América Latina,” RedCaem, June 1, 2020, http://chinayamericalatina.com/covid-19-acelerara-avance-de-china-en-un-mundo-mas-desconfiado-perspectivas-para-america-latina/.

Covid 19 Acelerará Avance De China En Un Mundo Más Desconfiado R Evan Ellis

1.17MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Latin America, Europe, and the U.S. must stick together in weathering the Covid-19 storm,” Global Americans, May 28, 2020, https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/05/latin-america-europe-and-the-u-s-must-stick-together-in-weathering-the-covid-19-storm/

Latin America Europe And The Us Must Stick Together In Weathering The Covid 19 Storm R Evan Ellis

488KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“COVID-19: Shaping a Sicker, Poorer, More Violent, and Unstable Western Hemisphere,” U.S. Army War College, May 15, 2020, https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/COVID-19-Unstable-West-Hem_Ellis_v2.1_post.pdf.

Covid 19 Shaping A Sicker Poorer More Violent And Unstable Western Hemisphere R Evan Ellis

240KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Evolution of Chinese Soft Power in Latin America,” in Soft Power with Chinese Characteristics, Kingsley Edney, Stan Rosen, and Ying Zhu, Eds.  (Milton Park, England: Routledge , 2020).

“Latin America and China: Choosing Self Interest,” Global Americans, December 23, 2019, https://theglobalamericans.org/2019/12/latin-america-and-china-choosing-self-interest/.

Latin America And China Chosing Self Interest R Evan Ellis

658KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

Security Challenges in Guyana and the Government Response,” Journal of the Americas, 3rd Ed., December 2019, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/JOTA/Journals/Volume%201%20Issue%203/05-Ellis_eng.pdf.

Security Challenges In Guyana And The Government Response Evan Ellis

348KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “Understanding and Responding to Chinese Activities in Latin America and the Caribbean,” in China’s Global Influence: Perspectives and Recommendations, https://apcss.org/chinasglobalinfluence/, Scott McDonald and Michael Burgoyne, eds. (Honalulu, HI: Asia-Pacific Center for Strategic Studies, 2019), pp. 142-159.

Understanding And Responding To Chinese Activities In Latin America And The Caribbean Evan Ellis

817KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Persecución a opositores y perpetuar regímenes autoritarios, los riesgos detrás de la tecnología china de vigilancia,” Infobae, April 14, 2019, https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2019/04/14/los-riesgos-detras-de-la-adquisicion-de-tecnologia-china-de-vigilancia-en-america-latina/.

Tecnologia Chino De Vigilancia En America Latina R Evan Ellis

500KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Surveillance Complex Advancing in Latin America,” Newsmax, April 12, 2019, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/china-surveillance-latin-america-cameras/2019/04/12/id/911484/.

Chinese Surveillance Complex Advancing In Latin America R Evan Ellis

205KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“China’s Engagement with Trinidad and Tobago,” Global Americans, March 26, 2019, https://theglobalamericans.org/2019/03/chinas-engagement-with-trinidad-and-tobago/.

Chinas Engagement With Trinidad And Tobago R Evan Ellis

585KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “The U.S. Military in Support of Strategic Objectives in Latin America and the Caribbean,” PRISM, Vol. 8, No. 1, https://cco.ndu.edu/Portals/96/Documents/prism/prism8_1/190306_PRISM8_1_Ellis.pdf?ver=2019-03-05-152841-827.

The Us Military In Support Of Strategic Objectives In Latin America And The Caribbean R Evan Ellis

2.36MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Navigating Guyana’s Muddy Waters,” Global Americans, March 4, 2019, https://theglobalamericans.org/2019/03/navigating-guyanas-muddy-waters/.

Navigating Guyanas Muddy Waters R Evan Ellis

586KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Beginning the Endgame in Venezuela,” Global Americans.  January 30, 2019, https://theglobalamericans.org/2019/01/beginning-the-endgame-in-venezuela/.

Beginning The Endgame In Venezuela

576KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Paraguayan Military and the Struggle Against Organized Crime and Insecurity,” Military Review, January 25, 2019, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2019-OLE/Jan/Paraguayan-Military/.

The Paraguayan Military And The Struggle Against Organized Crime And Insecurity R Evan Ellis

1.48MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Struggle for Control of Occupied Venezuela,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, January 23, 2019, https://www.csis.org/analysis/struggle-control-occupied-venezuela.

The Struggle For Control Of Occupied Venezuela R Evan Ellis

59.3KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“2019: Trends, risks, and hard questions in Latin America,” Global Americans, January 8, 2019, https://theglobalamericans.org/2019/01/2019-trends-risks-and-hard-questions-in-latin-america/.

2019 Trends Risks And Hard Questions In Latin America R Evan Ellis

583KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Ecuador – Leveraging China to Pursue an Alternative Political and Development Path,” Air & Space Power Journal en Español, 3rd Trimester, 2019, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ_Spanish/Journals/Volume-30_Issue-4/2018_4_05_ellis_s_eng.pdf

Ecuador Leveraging Of China R Evan Ellis

171KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“La influencia de Ecuador sobre China para conseguir una vía alternativa de política y desarrollo,” Air & Space Power Journal en Español, 4th Trimester, 2019, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ_Spanish/Journals/Volume-30_Issue-4/2018_4_05_ellis_s_.pdf.

Ecuador Leveraging Of China R Evan Ellis

171KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Guyana at Risk: Ethnic Politics, Oil, and Venezuelan Opportunism: Why it Should Matter to Washington,” Global Americans, December 31, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/12/guyana-at-risk-ethnic-politics-oil-venezuelan-opportunism-and-why-it-should-matter-to-washington/.

Guyana At Risk R Evan Ellis

648KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Continue Rampant Fish Poaching in Latin American Waters,” NewsMax, December 13, 2018, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/latin-america-fishing-china/2018/12/13/id/894322/.

Chinese Continue Rampant Fish Poaching In Latin American Waters R Evan Ellis

210KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Taiwan’s Struggle for Partners and Survival,” Global Americans, December 7, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/12/taiwans-struggle-for-partners-and-survival/.

Taiwans Struggle For Partners And Survival R Evan Ellis

600KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “Migrants, Human Rights, and the Armed Forces of the Americas,” Dialogo, November 23, 2018, https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/migrants-human-rights-and-armed-forces-americas.

Migrants Human Rights And The Armed Forces Of The Americas R Evan Ellis

522KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “The future of Latin America in the context of the Rise of China,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 21, 2018, https://www.csis.org/analysis/future-latin-america-and-caribbean-context-rise-china.

The Future Of Latin America In The Context Of The Rise Of China Evan Ellis

1.63MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “¿Cuáles son los riesgos para China en su avance por América Latina?,” RedCaem, November 15, 2018, http://chinayamericalatina.com/cuales-son-los-riesgos-para-china-en-su-avance-por-america-latina/.

Cuales Son Los Riesgos Para China En Su Avance Por America Latina R Evan Ellis

272KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “Corruption, Intrigue and Hope in the Land of Soy: The Mario Abdo Benitez Government in Paraguay, and The Extra-Hemispheric Actors Wooing Him,” Global Americans, November 14, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/11/corruption-intrigue-and-hope-in-the-land-of-soy-the-mario-abdo-benitez-government-in-paraguay-and-the-extra-hemispheric-actors-wooing-him/.

Corruption Intrigue And Hope In The Land Of Soy R Evan Ellis

595KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

 “Transparency, the Port of La Union, and Discomfort Over China’s Advance in El Salvador,” Latin News, November 13, 2018, https://www.latinnews.com/whitepaper-signup.html.

Transparency The Port Of La Union And Discomfort Over Chinas Advance In El Salvador

149KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Chinese Money, Institutional Weaknesses, and Populism: A Recipe for Disaster?”  Dialogo, November 9, 2018, https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/chinese-money-institutional-weaknesses-and-populism-recipe-disaster.

Chinese Money Institutional Weaknesses And Populism R Evan Ellis

765KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

Dinero Chino Debilidades Institucionales Y Populismo R Evan Ellis

777KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Great Britain and Latin American Security Issues,” Global Americans, November 1, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/11/great-britain-and-latin-american-security-issues/.

“La evolución de las relaciones Panama-PRC desde el reconocimiento y sus implicaciones estratégicas para EE. UU Y la región, parte 1,” Legislación y Economia, ISSN 1726-147, September 2018, pp. 2010, http://rbc.mailrelay-iv.es/newslink/930028/230.html.

La Evolucion De Las Relaciones Panama Prc Evan Ellis Parte 1

880KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“China’s Activities in the Petroleum, Renewable Energy, and Transmission Sectors of Latin America and the Caribbean,” in After the Fall: Energy Security, Sustainable Development and the Environment, Bruce Bagley, Suzanne Loftus, Hannah S. Kassab, and Dina Moulioukova, Eds., (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018), pp. 139-158.

Chinas Activities In The Petroleum Renewable Energy And Transmissions Sectors Of Latin America And The Caribbean R Evan Ellis

10.2MB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The evolution of Panama-PRC relations since recognition, and their strategic implications for the US and the region,” Global Americans, September 21, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/09/the-evolution-of-panama-prc-relations-since-recognition-and-their-strategic-implications-for-the-u-s-and-the-region/.

The Evolution Of Panama Prc Relations R Evan Ellis

597KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“The Impact of China on the Latin American Security Environment,” Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval, Vol. 24, No. 2, May-August 2018, https://revista.egn.mar.mil.br/index.php/revistadaegn/issue/view/74.

The Impact Of China On The Latin American Security Environment R Evan Ellis

231KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“El Salvador Recognizes the PRC: Confrontation on the FMLN’s way ‘out the door’,”  Global Americans, August 22, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/08/el-salvador-recognizes-the-prc-confrontation-on-the-fmlns-way-out-the-door/.

El Salvador Recognizes The Prc R Evan Ellis

571KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“US Smart to Assist Latin America With Democratic Governance,” Newsmax, August 10, 2018, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/democratic-governance-latin-america-strategy/2018/08/10/id/876479/.

“Lenin Moreno and the struggle for the soul of Ecuador’s (and Latin America’s) left,” Global Americans, August 2, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/08/lenin-moreno-and-the-struggle-for-the-soul-of-ecuadors-and-latin-americas-left/.

Lenin Moreno And The Struggle For The Soul Of Ecuadors Left R Evan Ellis

610KB ∙ PDF File

Read now

“Security Challenges in Ecuador,”  Dialogo, 2018, https://dialogo-americas.com/application/files/5215/3133/6038/Dialogo_SPED_2018_Spa.pdf, pp. 68-73.

“Mexico Likely to Elect 'AMLO' President--How Will It Impact the Region?” Newsmax, June 25, 2018, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/amlo-mexico-president-united-states/2018/06/25/id/868151/.

“Organized Violence after Civil War,” Book Review. Parameters, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 126-128, https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/issues/Spring_2018/Vol48No1.pdf.

“Latin America and the emerging ideological struggle of the 21st Century,” Global Americans, June 17, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/06/latin-america-and-the-emerging-ideological-struggle-of-the-21st-century/.

“Confronting complex multidimensional security challenges in Trinidad and Tobago, Part II,” Experticia Militar, No. 4, pp. 133-141, https://www.cedoe.mil.co//recursos_user///revistas/REVISTA%20EXPERTICIA%20No.%204.pdf.

“Los complejos desafíos de la seguridad multidimensional en Trinidad y Tobago PARTE II,” Experticia Militar, No. 4, March-June 2018, pp. 66-73, https://www.cedoe.mil.co//recursos_user///revistas/REVISTA%20EXPERTICIA%20No.%204.pdf.

“PRC Engagement in Latin America and Implications for Taiwan and the United States” Global Taiwan Brief, Vol. 3, Issue 12, June 13, 2018, http://globaltaiwan.org/2018/06/13-gtb-3-12/?utm_source=Global+Taiwan+Updates&utm_campaign=bc6a065e1b-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_06_12_04_10&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d5a87749a5-bc6a065e1b-436750393&mc_cid=bc6a065e1b&mc_eid=22a4cf919a#REvanEllis061318.

“Nicaragua’s Struggle for Dignity and Survival,” Global Americans, May 27, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/05/nicaraguas-struggle-for-dignity-and-survival/.

“Mexico’s Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime,” Military Review, May 24, 2018, http://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/Online-Exclusive/2018-OLE/May/Transnational-Organized-Crime/.

“China Recognizes Dominican Republic: We Should Worry,” NewsMax, May 8, 2018, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/amlo-cafta-dr-gambia-prc/2018/05/08/id/859054/.

“Venezuela’s election, the day after: A handover of the nation’s oil riches to Russia and China?” Global Americans, May 2, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/05/venezuelas-election-day-handover-nations-oil-riches-russia-china/.

 “Transnational Organized Crime and Violence in the Americas,” in Violence in the Americas, Hannah Kassab and Jonathan Rosen, Eds.  Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2018.

 “How the 2018 Summit of the Americas can make a real difference,” Global Americans, April 10, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/04/2018-summit-americas-can-make-real-difference/.

Transnational Organized Crime in Latin America, New York: Lexington Books, 2018.

 “China’s Strategy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean,” In China's Strategy in the Developing World: Objectives, Methods and Implications for the United States.   Joshua Eisenman and Eric Heginbotham, Eds.  New York: Routledge, 2018.

 “Hacia una asociación estratégica: Las inversiones de China en América Latina,” RedCAEM, March 2018, http://chinayamericalatina.com/wps-papers/.

“The Evolution of Security Challenges in Mexico,” Global Americans, March 2, 2018,  https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/03/evolution-security-challenges-mexico/.

John Deni, R. Evan Ellis, Nathan P. Frier, Sumit Ganguly, “History Begins Again for the Pentagon,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, February 22, 2018, https://www.fpri.org/2018/02/history-begins-pentagon/.

“Defense and Security Challenges in the Dominican Republic,” Industra.  February 13, 2018, http://www.indrastra.com/2018/02/defense-and-security-challenges-in-Dominican-Republic-004-02-2018-0018.html.

 “Desafíos para la Defensa y Seguridad en Republica Dominicana,” Guarnicion.  Edition 17, 2018.  http://mail.ejercito.mil.do/publicaciones/revista-guarnicion/330-revista-guarnicion-ano-2018-edicion-no-17, pp. 46-47.

 “Chinese engagement in Latin America and the U.S. response: Taking off the gloves,” Univision, February 8, 2018, https://www.univision.com/univision-news/opinion/chinese-engagement-in-latin-america-and-the-us-response-taking-off-the-gloves.

“It’s Time to Think Strategically About Countering Chinese Advances in Latin America,” Global Americans, February 2, 2018, https://theglobalamericans.org/2018/02/time-think-strategically-countering-chinese-advances-latin-america/.

“Moreno Reviving Ecuador’ Participatory Democracy,” Newsmax, January 22, 2018, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/ecuador-lenin-moreno-democracy-revitalization/2018/01/22/id/838681/.

“Escenarios para el futuro de Venezuela,” ININVESTAM.  December 26, 2017.  http://www.cesnav.edu.mx/ININVESTAM/docs/docs_opinion/do_31-17.pdf.

 “Los complejos desafíos de la seguridad multidimensional en Trinidad y Tobago,” (Part 1), Experticia Militar, No. 3, November 2017-February 2018, https://www.cedoe.mil.co/index.php?idcategoria=4107, pp. 62-70.

“Brazil: Between Cooperation and Deterrence,” Global Americans, December 18, 2017, https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/12/brazil-cooperation-deterrence/.

“US Commitment to Latin America Can Foster Regional Stability,” Newsmax, December 8, 2017, https://www.newsmax.com/evanellis/columubia-chavez-costa-rica-silva/2017/12/08/id/830726/.

“Russian Engagement in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Update,” Global Americans, December 5, 2017, https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/12/russian-engagement-latin-america-update/.

“Chile and China: The Fight for the Future Regime of the Pacific,” China Brief, Vol. 17, Issue 15, November 22, 2017, https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-relationship-chile-struggle-future-regime-pacific/, pp. 16-20.

 “Las Relaciones Económicas entre China y Los Países del Triángulo Norte,” in America Latina, el Caribe y China: Economía, comercio e inversión 2017, Enrique Dussel Peters, Coord., Mexico City: Red Académica de América Latina y el Caribe sobre China, November 2017, http://www.redalc-china.org/v21/images/docs/RedALCChina-2017-economia.pdf, pp. 257-278.

 “The Strategic Importance of Brazil,” Global Americans, October 31, 2017, https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/strategic-importance-brazil/.

 “China’s Security Challenge to the United States in Latin America and the Caribbean.” In China, The U.S. and The Future of Latin America, David DeNoon, Ed.  New York: New York University Press, 2017, pp. 341-370.

“Washington Should Take Note of Chinese Commercial Advances in Brazil,” Newsmax, October 9, 2017, https://www.newsmax.com/EvanEllis/china-brazil-investment-washington-dc/2017/10/09/id/818644/.

“What Panama’s Recognition of China Means for America’s Backyard,” Interview. World Politics Review, October 5, 2017, https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/23316/what-panama-s-recognition-of-china-means-for-america-s-backyard.

“The Strategic Context of China’s Advance in Latin America: An Update,” Asia Review, September 27, 2017, http://www.centreasia.eu/publication/the-strategic-context-of-china%E2%80%99s-advance-in-latin-america%3A-an-update.

“The Influence of Extra-Hemispheric Actors on the Crisis in Venezuela,” U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, September 13, 2017, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20170913/106398/HHRG-115-FA07-Wstate-EllisR-20170913.pdf.

“Guatemala: The Military in a Supporting Role in the Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime,” Ensayos Militares,Vol. 3, No 1, http://www.ceeag.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/REM2017.pdf, pp. 39-60.

 “Gangs, Guns, Drugs and Islamic Foreign Fighters: Security Challenges in Trinidad and Tobago,” Global Americans, September 8, 2017, http://theglobalamericans.org/2017/09/gangs-guns-drugs-islamic-foreign-fighters-security-challenges-trinidad-tobago/.

“China, Russia Increase Leverage in Venezuela Amidst Crisis,” Newsmax, September 7, 2017,https://www.newsmax.com/EvanEllis/venezuela-crisis-china-russia/2017/09/07/id/812212/.

“The Ties that Bind the U.S. to Latin America and the Caribbean.” Newsmax, August 28, 2017, http://www.newsmax.com/EvanEllis/united-states-latin-america-caribbean-foreign-policy/2017/08/28/id/810164/.

 “The Collapse of Venezuela and Its Impact on the Region,” Military Review, July-August 2017, http://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20170831_ELLIS_Collapse_of_Venezuela.pdf.  Pp. 22-33.

 “The China Triangle: Latin America’s China Boom and the Fate of the Washington Consensus, Kevin P. Gallagher,” Book Review, Political Science Quarterly.  Vol. 132, No. 2, Summer 2017, pp. 355-356.

 “The Dominican Republic; Security challenges, government responses and U.S.-oriented recommendations for the U.S.,” Latin America Goes Global, July 5, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2017/07/dominican-republic-security-challenges-government-responses-recommendations-u-s/.

“Panama’s Recognition of the PRC: Strategic Implications and Recommendations for U.S.,” Latin America Goes Global, June 13, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2017/06/panamas-recognition-prc-strategic-implications-recommendations-u-s/.

“Chinese Advances and Setbacks in Colombia,” Indrastra Global, May 31, 2017, http://www.indrastra.com/2017/05/ThinkTank-Chinese-Advances-and-Setbacks-in-Colombia-003-05-2017-0064.html.

“America’s strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean,” Air & Space Power Journal Africa & Francophone, 2nd Quarter 2017, http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ_French/journals_E/Volume-08_Issue-2/ellis_e.pdf?ver=2017-06-19-143122-697, pp. 10-31.

 “Avances y retrocesos de China con Colombia,” Instituto de Investigaciones Strategicas de la Armada de Mexico, May 29, 2017, http://cesnav.edu.mx/ININVESTAM/docs/docs_opinion/do_13-17.pdf.

 “Ecuador Under Lenin Moreno: Rethinking the U.S. Relationship with Latin America’s Left,” Latin America Goes Global, May 26, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2017/05/ecuador-president-moreno-rethinking-u-s-relationship-latin-americas-left/.

“Strategic Insights: Caribbean Security Issues,” U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, May 16, 2017, http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/index.cfm/articles/CSIS-Caribbean-Forum/2017/05/16.

 “El Impacto Migratorio y de Seguridad en Colombia Por el Colapso de Venezuela,” Instituto de Investigaciones Estrategicas de la Armada de Mexico, April 28, 2017, http://www.cesnav.edu.mx/ININVESTAM/docs/docs_informativos/di_11-17.pdf.

“The evolution of transnational organized crime in Peru,” Latin America Goes Global, May 4, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2017/05/evolution-transnational-organized-crime-peru/.

“The Impact of the Collapse of Venezuela on Colombia,” Latin America Goes Global, April 24, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2017/04/impact-collapse-venezuela-colombia/.

R. Evan Ellis and Roman D. Ortiz, “Why the U.S. Can’t Ignore Latin America’s Security Challenges,” World Politics Review, March 28, 2017, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/21672/why-the-u-s-can-t-ignore-latin-america-s-security-challenges.

 “The Coming Struggle for the Spine of Latin America,” Indrastra Global, March 20, 2017, http://www.indrastra.com/2017/03/FEATURED-The-Coming-Struggle-for-the-Spine-of-Latin-America-003-03-2017-0062.html.

“La Lucha por Venir para la Columna Vertibral de America Latina,” Instituto de Investigaciones Estratégicas de la Armada de México, March 17 2017, http://www.cesnav.edu.mx/ININVESTAM/docs/docs_opinion/do_08-17.pdf.

 “India and China in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, March 13, 2017, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1346.

“Argentina at the Crossroads – Again,” Military Review, March-April 2017, http://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_2017430_art008.pdf.

 “La Estrategia de Estados Unidos para América Latina y el Caribe,” Air and Space Power Journal en Español, March 2017, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2017/2017-1/2017_1_02_ellis_s.pdf.

“An Agreement Between Question Marks - The Process Toward Peace & Security in Colombia,” IndraStra Global, January 30, 2017, http://www.indrastra.com/2017/01/FEATURED-Agreement-Between-Question-Marks-Colombia-003-01-2017-0084.html.

“Effective cooperation with Mexico contributes more to US security than any wall,” Financial Times, January 30, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/6f4b90fc-98aa-3fac-b858-2f24c58a56d8.

“Tsai Ing-Wen in Central America: Shoring Up Defenses Before the Collapse of the Truce?” Global Taiwan Brief, Vol. 2, Issue 4, January 25, 2017, http://globaltaiwan.org/2017/01/25-gtb-2-4/#EvanEllis012517.

“Don’t Cry for Mauricio Macri’s Argentina,” Latin America Goes Global, January 19, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2017/01/dont-cry-mauricio-macris-argentina/.

R. Evan Ellis and Roman D. Ortiz, “Un acuerdo entre interrogantes”, Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica, Vol. 17: No. 1, 2017, pp. 93-100. Available at www.fal.itam.mx.

“China’s Second Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean: Indications of Chinese Intentions, and Recommendations for the U.S. Response.” Econvue, December 13, 2016, https://econvue.com/pulse/china-latin-america-and-caribbean-us-sphere-influence.

“Time for a Call from the Venezuelan Opposition to President-Elect Trump,” Latin America Goes Global, December 12, 2016.  http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/12/time-call-venezuelan-opposition-president-elect-trump/#.WE8Tjndp08M.twitter.

“Thinking Strategically About Latin America and the Caribbean,” U.S. Army War College.  Strategic Studies Institute, December 9, 2016.  http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Thinking-Strategically-About-Latin-America-Caribbean/2016/12/09.

“The Struggle Against Organized Crime in Guatemala,” Latin America Goes Global.  November 10, 2016, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/11/struggle-organized-crime-guatemala/

 “China’s Fall 2016 Latin America Charm Offensive,” Cipher Brief, October 19, 2016, https://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/latin-america/chinas-charm-offensive-1090. 

R. Evan Ellis and Roman D. Ortiz, “Rejection of the ‘Peace’ Accords with the FARC: What’s Next for Colombia?” U.S. Army War College, October 4, 2016.  http://www.carlisle.army.mil/banner/article.cfm?id=54450.

“Collaboration and learning in Latin America’s fight against transnational organized crime and terrorism,” Latin America Goes Global, September 28, 2016, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/09/collaboration-learning-latin-americas-fight-transnational-organized-crime-terrorism/. 

“Cooperation and Mistrust between China and the US in Latin America,” in The Political Economy of China-Latin American Relations in the New Millennium, Carol Wise and Margaret Myers, Eds.  (New York: Routledge, 2016), Pp. 31-49.

“The Security Dimension of Chinese and Indian Engagement in the Americas,” In Latin America and the Asian Giants: Evolving Ties with China and India, Riordan Roett and Guadalupe Paz, Eds.  (Washington D.C.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016), Pp. 205-224.

 “Characteristics and Assessment of Russian Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean,” Ensayos Militares, Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2016. http://www.ceeag.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/1junio16.pdf.  Pp. 29-42.

“Transformación Militar en el Contexto del Crimen Organizado Transnacional en América Latina: Los Casos De Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras Y Perú,”  Colombian Army Transformation Command, August 2016, https://issuu.com/ejercitonacionaldecolombia/docs/revista_digital_transformaci__n_mil. 

“"The Post-Conflict and the Transformation of Colombia's Armed Forces,”  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, August 17, 2016, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Colombias-Armed-Forces/2016/08/17. 

“Will China upstage the U.S. at the November APEC Summit,” Latin America Goes Global, July 30, 2016, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/07/will-china-upstage-u-s-november-apec-summit/. 

 “China: Learning to do business in Latin America,” Econvue, July 29, 2016, https://econvue.com/pulse/china-learning-do-business-latin-america. 

 “The interoceanic canal, and U.S. constructive engagement toward Nicaragua,” Latin America Goes Global, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/06/interoceanic-canal-u-s-constructive-engagement-toward-nicaragua/.  June 26, 2016.

 “Quiénes atraen inversiones,” Integración y Comercio, No.  40, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, No. 40.  http://www19.iadb.org/intal/icom/notas/39-65/.  June 2016.  Pp. 58-71.

“Honduras: A Pariah State, or Innovative Solutions to Organized Crime Deserving U.S. Support?”  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, June 2016,  http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1315.

“New Developments in Organized Crime in Peru,” The Cipher Brief, May 20, 2016, https://www.thecipherbrief.com/column/strategic-view/new-developments-organized-crime-peru-1091.

“Chinese Engagement with Bolivia - Resources, Business Opportunities, and Strategic Location,”  Air & Space Power Journal en Español, 2nd Semester 2016, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2016/2016-2/2016_2_03_ellis_s_eng.pdf.  Pp. 3-19.

“Anticipating the Collapse of Venezuela,” Latin America Herald Tribune,  8 May 2016, http://laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=13303&ArticleId=2411674.

“The New Offensive Against Gangs in El Salvador,” Latin America Goes Global, May 2, 2016, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/05/new-offensive-gangs-el-salvador/.

“New Research and Trends in China’s Relationship with Latin America,” Dialogo Chino, April 27, 2016, http://dialogochino.net/new-research-and-trends-in-chinas-engagement-with-latin-america/.

Adriana Roldán Perez, Alma Sofia Castro Lara, Camilo Alberto Pérez Restrepo, Pabo Echavarria Toro, Robert Evan Ellis, La Presencia de China en América Latina: Comercio, inversion y cooperación económica,  Medellin, Colombia: Universidad EAFIT, 2016.  http://www.eafit.edu.co/centros/asia-pacifico/china-en-america-latina/PublishingImages/Paginas/publicacion1/01-Presencia-China-Completo.pdf.

“El nexo evolutivo entre el crimen transnacional y el terorismo en Peru, y su importancia estratgica para EE.UU y la region,” Academia de Guerra Naval, March 7, 2016, http://www.acanav.mil.cl/agn/documentos/temas_seleccionado/2016/Tema_Seleccionado_01.pdf.

“Strategic Insights-Mexico: New Directions, Continuity, and Obstacles in the Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime,” U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, March 31, 2016, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Mexico-New-Directions-Continuity-Obstacles/2016/03/31.

“La nueva fase de la lucha “constitucional” en Venezuela,” Air & Space Power Journal en Español, Vol. 28.  No. 1.  First Trimester, 2016, http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2016/2016-1/2016_1_03_ellis_s.pdf.  Pp. 12-20.

“The Region’s Security Outlook,” The Cipher Brief, March 20, 2016,  http://thecipherbrief.com/article/latin-america/security-outlook.

“Colombia: Preparing for the post-agreement,’ not the ‘post-conflict’,” Latin America Goes Global, March 15, 2016, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/03/2755/.

“Beyond the Zapata scandal: Outsourcing Bolivia’s National Development to China,” Latin America Goes Global, February 12, 2016, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/02/public-procurement-in-bolivia-bolivarian-socialism-with-a-dash-of-chinese-spice/.

 “China’s Geo-Economic Role in Latin America,” In Geoeconomic with Chinese Characteristics, World Economic Forum (WEF), January 2016,  http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Geoeconomics_with_Chinese_Characteristics.pdf.

 “El Chapo and the Evolution of the Mexico-US Relationship,” Latin America Goes Global, January 19, 2016,  http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2016/01/el-chapo-and-the-evolution-of-the-mexico-u-s-relationship/.

“Russian Influence in Latin America,” The Cipher Brief, January 5, 2016,  http://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/russian-influence-latin-america.

"Venezuela: Into the Abyss?" IndraStra 1, no. 12, December 29, 2015, http://www.indrastra.com/2015/12/FEATURED-Venezuela-Into-Abyss-0582.html.

“The Gang Challenge in El Salvador: Worse than You Thought,” War on the Rocks, December 16, 2015,  http://warontherocks.com/2015/12/the-gang-challenge-in-el-salvador-worse-than-you-can-imagine/.

“The Evolving Transnational Crime-Terrorism Nexus in Peru and its Strategic Relevance for the U.S. and the Region,” PRISM, Vol. 5, No. 4,  http://cco.ndu.edu/Portals/96/Documents/prism/prism_5-4/Evolving%20Transnational%20Crime-Terrorism.pdf.  Pp. 189-205.

 “Desafíos de las Empresas Chinas Operando en America Latina,” In America Latina y el Caribe y China: Economía, comercio e inversión 2015. José Ignacio Martínez Cortés, http://www.redalc-china.org/redalcchina_2015_economia.pdf, Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 2015.  Pp. 415-430.

 “The Impact of China on the Security Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean,” In Routledge Handbook of Latin American Security Studies,  David R. Mares and Arie M. Kacowicz, Eds,  New York: Routledge, 2016.  Pp. 291-301.

 “What does Macri’s election in Argentina mean for the region?” Latin America Goes Global, November 24, 2015, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2015/11/what-does-macris-election-in-argentina-mean-for-the-region .

“Strengthening America’s Adversaries,” Cipher Brief, September 30, 2015, https://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/strengthening-americas-adversaries.

“Honduras – Innovation in the fight against gangs and narcotrafficking,”  Latin America Goes Global, September 24, 2015, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2015/09/honduras-innovation-in-the-fight-against-gangs-and-narcotrafficking/. 

“China’s Activities in the Americas,” Testimony to the joint hearing of the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere and the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee, September 10, 2015, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20150910/103931/HHRG-114-FA07-Wstate-EllisE-20150910.pdf.

“Las Drogas, las pandillas, el crimen organizado transnacional, y los ‘Espacios mal gobiernados’ en America Latina,”  Air and Space Power Journal en Español,  3rd Semester 2015, Vol. 27.  No. 3,  http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2015/2015-3/2015_3_04_ellis_s.pdf.

“Chinese Engagement with the ALBA Countries: A Relationship of Mutual Convenience?” in Decline of the U.S. Hegemony?: A Challenge of ALBA and a New Latin American Integration of the Twenty-First Century,  Bruce M. Bagley and Magdalena Defort, eds.  Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015, pp. 345-368.

 “China and Costa Rica: A New Beginning?”  Foreign Area Officer Association Journal of International Affairs, Vol. XVIII, No. 21, Spring 2015,  http://www.faoa.org/Resources/Documents/FOAO%20Journal_Spring15_final_web.pdf.  pp. 39-41.

“Venezuela’s “9-Dash-Line” in the Caribbean,” Latin America Goes Global.  June 28, 2015, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2015/07/venezuelas-9-dash-line-in-the-caribbean/. 

“The Approaching Implosion of Venezuela and Strategic Implications for the United States.”  Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute,  July 7, 2015, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/the-approaching-implosion-of-venezuela/2015/07/10. 

“The New Russian Engagement With Latin America: Strategic Engagement, Commerce, and Dreams of the Past,”  Carlisle Barracks, PA:  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, June 2015,  http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1275. 

“El Islam Radical en Latinoamerica y el Caribe” Air & Space Power Journal en Español.  Second Semester 2015, Vol. 27, No. 2,  http://airpower.us9.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=7e43c171ecc18ac8707eb132b&id=b446927bd9&e=b3b9754be5,  Pp. 4-15.

“Time to Talk About India and Latin America,” Latin America Goes Global, June 8, 2015.http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2015/06/time-to-talk-about-india-and-latin-america/. 

“O novo ambiente estratégico do Transpacífico: uma perspectiva dos EUA,”  Política Externa, Vol. 23, No. 4, June 25, 2015, http://politicaexterna.com.br/2724/o-novo-ambiente-estrategico-transpacifico-uma-perspectiva-dos-eua/,  Pp. 37-48.

“Premier Li’s Trip to Latin America: More, Not Different,”  The Manzella Report.  May 23, 2015, http://manzellareport.com/index.php/world/998-li-keqiang-s-latin-america-trip-more-not-different. 

“International Regime Building: The Trans-Pacific Partnership,”  Latin America Goes Global,  May 19, 2015, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2015/05/international-regime-building-the-trans-pacific-partnership/.

“Should U.S. be worried about Chinese arms sales in the region?” Latin America Goes Global, May 11, 2015, http://latinamericagoesglobal.org/2015/05/should-u-s-be-worried-about-chinese-arms-sales-in-the-region/. 

“Russian Engagement in Latin America and the Caribbean: Return to the ‘Strategic Game’ in a Complex-Interdependent Post-Cold War World?”  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute,  April 24, 2015,  http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Russian-Engagement-in-Latin-America/2015/04/24. 

“Chinese Influence on Latin America: Challenges and Opportunities.”  Latin American Democracy: Emerging Reality or Endangered Species?,  2nd Ed.  Richard L. Millett, Jennifer S. Holmes, and Orlando J. Perez, Eds.  Routledge, 2015, pp. 264-279.

“Narcotrafficking, the Shining Path, and the Strategic Importance of Peru.” War on the Rocks.  http://warontherocks.com/2015/03/narcotrafficking-the-shining-path-and-the-strategic-importance-of-peru/ March 31, 2015. 

“Why are Chinese agricultural firms so active in Latin America and the Caribbean.”  Dialogo Chino.  http://dialogochino.net/why-are-chinese-agricultural-firms-so-active-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/.  March 11, 2015.

“La relevancia estratégica de América Latina para los Estados Unidos.”  DEF.  February-March 2015.  Pp. 125-131.

“The Rise of China in the Americas.”  In Reconceptualizing Security in the Western Hemisphere in the 21st Century.  Hannah Kassab, Bruce Bagley and Jonathan Rosen, Eds.  Lexington Books, 2015. Pp. 215-234.

“Las iniciativas por parte de las firmas agrícolas chinas para establecer su presencia en América Latina y el Caribe.” in Política Exterior China: relaciones regionales y cooperación.  Raquel Isamara León de la Rosa and Juan Carlos Gachúz Maya, Eds.  Puebla, Mexico:  Benémerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 2015.  Pp. 307-336.

“A New Beginning for Central America?”  War on the Rocks.  http://warontherocks.com/2015/02/a-new-beginning-for-the-united-states-in-central-america/.  February 5, 2015. 

“The Strategic Importance of the Western Hemisphere – Defining U.S. Interests in the Region.”  Testimony to the Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee.  http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20150203/102885/HHRG-114-FA07-Wstate-EllisE-20150203.pdf.  February 3, 2015. 

“The China-CELAC Summit: Opening a New Phase in China-Latin America-U.S. Relations?”” The Manzella Report.  http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/945-the-china-celac-summit-opening-a-new-phase-in-china-latin-america-u-s-relations.  January 13, 2015.

R. Evan Ellis and Ulyses Granados, “La Conquista China de Latinoamerica.”  In Foreign Affairs Latinoamericano.  Vol. 15.  No. 1.  www.fa.itam.mx.  January-March 2015.  Pp. 42-50.

“La aparición de China en las Américas.”  In Military Review.  https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/Spanish/MilitaryReview_20150228_art011SPA.pdf.  January-February 2015.  Pp. 66-78.

“Re-Engagement with Cuba: The Strategic Calculus.”  War on the Rocks.  http://warontherocks.com/2014/12/re-engagement-with-cuba-the-strategic-calculus/.  December 18, 2014.

“Los negocios detrás del canal.”  Confidencial.  http://www.confidencial.com.ni/articulo/20434/los-negocios-detras-del-canal.  December 14, 2014.

“The Strategic Relevance of Latin America for the United States.”  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute.  http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/The-Strategic-Relevance-of-Latin-America/2014/12/08.  December 8, 2014. 

“The Nicaragua Canal: Commercial and Strategic Interests Disguised as a Megaproject.”  Latin Trade Business Intelligence.  http://latintrade.com/the-nicaragua-canal-commercial-and-strategic-interests-disguised-as-a-megaproject/  December 3, 2014.

“New Developments in China-Colombia Engagement.”  The Manzella Report.  http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/910-new-developments-in-china-colombia-engagement?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=  October 27, 2014.

China on the Ground in Latin America: Challenges for the Chinese and Impacts on the Region.  New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.  2014.

“China y México: Desafíos en la profundización de la relación estratégica”  InfoBAE.  http://blogs.infobae.com/def/2014/08/30/china‐y‐mexico‐desafios‐para‐profundizar‐la‐relacion-estrategica/.  August 30, 2014. 

“China Fills the Vacuum Left by the United States in Latin America.”  Center for Hemispheric Policy.  University of Miami.  https://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Perspectives_on_the_Americas/Ellis%20Final%20Paper.pdf.  August 4, 2014.

“China’s Advance in Latin America Has More Challenges than Xi’s Visit Suggests.”  The Manzella Report.  http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/876-china-s-advance-in-latin-america-has-more-challenges-than-xi-s-visit-suggests. July 18, 2014. 

“Latin America: Challenges for Chinese Firms.” LatinVex.  http://latinvex.com/app/article.aspx?id=1473.  June 11, 2014.

“The China-Mexico Strategic Relationship and Its Impact on the U.S.”  The Manzella Report.  http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/854-the-china-mexico-strategic-relationship-and-impact-on-the-u-s.  June 2, 2014.

“Costa Rica at Crossroads in Courtship with Beijing.”  China Brief.  Vol. 14.  Issue 10, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42417&cHash=f13df267bac7c107782773b1abbea529#.VcPVhf_D_IU.  May 23, 2014.

“El compromiso de China con los países del ALBA: ¿Una relación de conveniencia mutuo?”  in ¿La hegemonía norteamericana en declive? El desafío del ALBA y la nueva integración latinoamericana del siglo XXI.  Bruce M. Bagley and Magdalena Defort, eds.  Cali, Colombia: Universidad ICESI, 2014. Pp. 529-556.

“Latin America's Foreign Policy as the Region Engages in China.”  Security and Defense Studies Review.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Winter 2014.

“Intensificación de las Relaciones de China con América Latina y el Caribe En el Contexto de la Política Estadounidense Hacia la Región.”  Air & Space Power Journal en Español.  1st Semester 2014. Pp. 9-24.

“China’s Growing Relationship with Latin America and the Caribbean in the Context of US Policy Toward the Region.”  Air & Space Power Journal in Chinese.  1st Semester 2014. Pp. 79-93.

“China’s Strategy in Latin America Demonstrates Boldness of President Xi.”  The Manzella Report.  http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/814-china-s-strategy-in-latin-america-demonstrates-boldness-of-president-xi.  February 19, 2014.

“Chinese “Face” and Soft Power in Argentina.” The Manzella Report.  http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/792-chinese-face-and-soft-power-in-argentina.  January 1, 2014. 

“A Hard Look at China's Soft Power in Latin America.”  China's Great Leap Outward:  Hard and Soft Dimensions Of A Rising Power.   Ed. Andrew Scobell and Marylena Mantas.  New York:  The Academy of Political Science, 2014.  Pp. 175-194.

“Russia, Iran and China in Latin America: Evaluating the Threat.”  Defense Dossier.  American Foreign Policy Council.  Issue 9.  December 2013.

“China, Russia, India and the Venezuelan Petroleum Industry.”  Latin Business Chronicle.  http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/esp/article.aspx?id=6660.  December 11, 2013.

“Are Big Chinese Energy Investments in Latin America a Concern?”  The Manzella Report, November 23, 2013, http://www.manzellareport.com/index.php/world/781-are-big-chinese-energy-investments-in-latin-america-a-concern.

The Strategic Dimension of China’s Engagement with Latin America, William J. Perry Paper, Washington DC:  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, October 2013,  http://chds.dodlive.mil/files/2013/12/pub-PP-ellis.pdf.

“Chinese Commercial Engagement with Guyana: The Challenges of Physical Presence and Political Change” China Brief.  Vol. 13.  No. 19.  September 27, 2013.

“The Strategic Dimension of Chinese Activities in the Latin American Telecommunications Sector.”  Revista Cientifica ‘General José María Córdova.  Ed. Jesús Alberto Suárez Pineda.  Vol. 11.  No. 11.  January-June 2013. Pp. 121-140.

“¿El Canal de Nicaragua: Realidad o Utopía?”  Bitácora de Empresariales.  No. 54.  Centro de Investigaciones Empresariales.  Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil.  Guayaquil, Ecuador.  July 2013.  Pp. 9-11.

“Latin America Divided Over How to Engage China.”  South China Morning Post.  Hong Kong.  

http://www.scmp.com

.  July 23, 2013.

“El canal de Nicaragua y la transformación de América Latina.”  InfoBae.  Buenos Aires, Argentina.  

http://opinion.infobae.com/

.  June 26, 2013.

“China’s New Backyard.”  Foreign Policy.  

http://www.foreignpolicy.com

.  June 6, 2013.

“U.S.-China Competition Heats Up as Chinese President Xi Tours Latin America.” The Manzella Report.  

http://www.manzellareport.com

.  June 7, 2013.

Carl Mecham and R. Evan Ellis, “La Alianza del Pacífico y los éxitos que los países pueden alcanzar individualmente.”  El País.  http://internacional.elpais.com.  May 23, 2013.

“China, S.A. como empresa local en América Latina.”  Temas de Reflexión.  Universidad EAFIT.  Medellin, CO.  http://www.eafit.edu.co/centrodepensamientoestrategico.  No. 7.  May, 2013.

“The China-Mexico-US Triangle: Trade, Security and Complex Interdependence.” In China and the New Triangular Relationship in the Americas.  Enrique Dussel Peters, Adrian H. Hearn, and Harley Shaiken, Eds.  Mexico City:  Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.  2013.  Pp. 85-94.

“China, S.A. as a Local Company in Latin America” Regional Insights.  William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  No. 1.  2013.

Carl Mecham and Evan Ellis, “U.S. Needs New Thinking for Latin America Policy.”  The Miami Herald.  

http://www.miamiherald.com

.  March 20, 2013.

“The Rise of the New Pacific Community.”  The Manzella Report.  

http://www.manzellareport.com

.  March 12, 2013.

“Beyond “Win-Win” and the Menacing Dragon: How China is Transforming Latin America.”  Center for Hemispheric Policy Working Paper.  https://umshare.miami.edu/web/wda/hemisphericpolicy/Task_Force_Papers/Ellis-GlobalizationTFPaper.pdf.  January 31, 2013.

“Without Chavez, ALBA Could Turn to China.” World Politics Review.  http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/briefings.  January 23, 2012.

“¿Venezuela gira hacia el centro?”  DEF Online.  Buenos Aires, Argentina.  

http://www.defonline.com.ar

.  January 14, 2013.

“Suriname and the Chinese: Timber, Migration, and the Less-Told Stories of Globalization.”  SAIS Review.  Volume 32, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2012.  Pp. 85-97.

“Chinese Organized Crime in Latin America,” Prism, Vol. 4, No. 1, December 1, 2012, pp. 67-77, https://cco.ndu.edu/Portals/96/Documents/prism/prism_4-1/prism64-77_ellis.pdf.

“Learning the Ropes.”  America’s Quarterly.  Vol. 6, No. 4.  Fall 2012.  Pp. 28-33.

“Las relaciones China-Colombia en el contexto de la relación estratégica entre Colombia y los Estados Unidos”  Benjamin Creutzfelt, Ed., China en América Latina.  Bogota, Colombia.  Universidad Externado.  2012.  Pp. 295-325.

“Oportunidades y Perspectivas del TLC Para Las Empresas de Seguridad Privada” Fenalco.  Bogota, Colombia.  October 2, 2012.

“China – Involucramiento Militar en América Latina: Buena Voluntad, Buen Negocio, y Posición Estrategica?”  Air & Space Power Journal en Espanol.  2nd Trimester 2012. Pp. 43-56.

“Las finanzas de China en America Latina.”  La Estrategia de China en America Latina: Que Busca en Colombia?  Fenalco.  Bogota, Colombia.  June 27, 2012.  Pp. 10-15.

“¿Actividades militares chinas en América Latina: ¿panda o dragón? “  Perspectiva.  Issue 28.  March-June 2012.

“Organized Crime Exploits China’s Growing Links to Latin America” China Brief.  Vol. 8.  No. 11.  May 25, 2012.

“The United States, Latin America and China: A ‘Triangular Relationship?”  Working Paper Series, InterAmerican Dialogue, Washington DC, May 2012, https://myweb.rollins.edu/tlairson/mba/uschinala.pdf.

“Latin American Outlook 2017.”  Regional Insights.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  No. 1.  April 2012.

“The United States and China in Latin America: Cooperation and Competition.”  Security and Defense Studies Review.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 12.  No. 1 & 2, Fall-Winter 2011.  Pp. 37-44.

“The Expanding Chinese Footprint in Latin America: New Challenges for China, and Dilemmas for the US”.  French Institute of International Relations (IFRI).  No. 49.  

http://www.ifri.org/?page=contribution-detail&id=7014&id_provenance=88&provenance_context_id=2&lang=uk

.  February 2012.

“Actividades Chinas en las Naciones del Caribe.”  Air & Space Power Journal en Espanol.  4th Semester 2011. Pp. 48-57.

“América Latina empezará a verle la cara a China”  InfoBAE.  

http://www.infobae.com

.  November 28, 2011.

“China’s Engagement with Peru: An Increasingly Strategic Relationship.”  China Brief.  Vol. XI, No. 21.  September 30, 2011.  pp. 11-15.

“China’s Cautious Economic and Strategic Gamble in Venezuela.”  China Brief.  Vol. XI, No. 18.  September 30, 2011.  pp. 7-11.

“China Comes Calling.”  Exchange.  Association for Financial Professionals.  Vol. 31.  No. 7.  September 2011.  Pp. 42-47.

“Chinese Investment in Brazil.”  Brazil Confidential.  

http://www.brazilconfidential.com

.  September 29, 2011. Pp. 27-31.

“Global Insider: China-Caribbean Relations.”  Interview.  World Politics Review.  http://wpr.vu/6G4IK.  September 27, 2011.

“China – Latin America Military Engagement,”  Carlisle Barracks, PA:  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, August 2011,  https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1077.

“Soft Power: Examining China's role in Latin America.”  Exchange.  Association for Financial Professionals.  May 2011.

“Soft Power Chino en America Latina.”  DEF.  April 2011.

“China steps up a gear.”  Brazil Confidential.  

http://www.brazilconfidential.com/

.  March 17, 2011. 

“Rivalidades Emergentes de Múltiples Potencias en Latinoamérica.” Air & Space Power Journal en Espanol.  Vol. 3.  No. 1.  1st Trimester 2011.  Pp. 16-25.

“China’s Bet on Brazil:  Drivers, Dynamics, and Implications of the Expanding Brazil-China Relationship.” Regional Insights.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 1.  February 1, 2011.

“What China Will Fight For in Latin America in the Coming Generation?”  Security and Defense Studies Review.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 11.  January 2011.

“Book Review: The Dragon in the Room: China and the Future of Latin American Industrialization.”  Security and Defense Studies Review.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 11.  January 2011.

“Global Insider: Argentine – China Trade Relations.” Interview. World Politics Review, Feb. 2, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/7752/global-insider-china-argentina-trade-relations.

“Chinese Soft Power in Latin America: A Case Study.”  Joint Forces Quarterly.  Issue 60.  1st Quarter 2011. Pp. 85-91.

“New Frontiers? China-Latin America Space Cooperation.”  Security and Defense Studies Review.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 10.  January-June  2010.  Pp. 123-130.

“Venezuela’s Relationship with China: Implications for the Chávez Regime and the Region,” University of Miami Center for Hemispheric Policy.  August 18, 2010.

“Sosteniendo Populismo por Ganancia e Influencia: La Relación Estratégica entre Venezuela y la República Popular de China.” Air & Space Power Journal en Español.  3rd Quarter 2010. 

“Advances in China-Latin America Space Cooperation.”  China Brief.  The Jamestown Foundation.  Vol. X.  Issue 14.  July 9, 2010.

“Dynamics and Strategic Implications of Venezuela’s Relationship with China”, Regional Insights.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 1.  July 15, 2010.

“Las Relaciones China-Colombia en el Contexto de la Relación Estratégica entre Colombia y los EE.UU.”  Security and Defense Studies Review.  Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.  Vol. 9.  Issue 1.  2010.

“Strategic Implications of Chinese Aid and Investment in Latin America.”  China Brief.  The Jamestown Foundation.  Vol. 9.  Issue 20.  October 7, 2009.

China and Latin America: The Whats and Wherefores.  Boulder, CO:  Lynne Rienner Publishers.  2009.

“The Maturing of China’s Relationship with Latin America.”  China Brief.  The Jamestown Foundation.  Vol. 9.  Issue 6.  March 19, 2009.

“El impacto de China en Ecuador y América Latina.”  Relaciones Internacionales: Los Nuevos Horizontes.  Ed. Grace Jaramillo.  Quito, Ecuador: FLACSO, 2009.  Pp. 101-122.

“Maras: Diagnosing and Combating an Emergent Geopolitical Virus.” University of Miami Center for Hemispheric Policy.  August 1, 2008.

“El Impacto de Comercio con China en las Economias y Sociedades de America Latina.”  Revista de Dinamica de Sistemas.  Vol. 3.  No. 2.  November 2007.

”Acogiendo a los Dragones: China y el Populismo en América Latina.”  Air & Space Power Journal en Espanol.  3rd Semester 2007.

“China Playing the Cuba Card: Resources, Geography, and Strategic Branding.” Cuban Affairs.  Vol. 2.  Issue 2.  

http://www.cubanaffairsjournal.org

.  April 2007.

“The Military-Strategic Dimensions of Chinese Initiatives in Latin America.”  University of Miami Center for Hemispheric Policy.  February 16, 2007.

“El Nuevo Romance Chino Con América Latina.” Air & Space Power Journal en Espanol.  3rd Semester 2007. 

“Business as Usual?”  Davies Arnold Cooper. June 2006.  pp. 8-10.

“U.S. National Security Implications of Chinese Involvement in Latin America.”  Carlisle Barracks, PA:  U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute.  June, 2005.

“A New Chinese-Led Economic Order for Latin America?”  Latin American Economic Forum Outcomes Report.  2005.  Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.  pp. 13-14.

“The Sociopolitical Destabilization of Venezuela: A system dynamics perspective on the interaction of elite rhetoric, sociopolitical structure, and mass mobilization,”  Conference proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Oxford, England. July 25-29, 2004.

“Latin and South America: A Case Study in Emergent Geopolitical Viruses.”  IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology.  January 2004.

“Organizational Learning Dominance: The Emerging Key to Success in the New Era of Warfare” Comparative Strategy.  May 1999.  Pp. 198-213.

“Nodal Analysis and its Role in Precision Strike.”  Precision Strike Technology Symposium 1998.  Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.  Laurel, MD.  14-15 October 1998.  Pp. 251-270.

© 2021 R. Evan Ellis. See privacy, terms and information collection notice

Publish on Substack

Evan Ellis on Latin America and the Caribbean is on Substack – the place for independent writing