A urbanização da população mundial se traduz em mais riqueza, mais inovação e vidas mais amigáveis com o meio ambiente.
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sexta-feira, 15 de março de 2024
domingo, 27 de dezembro de 2020
Une perspective historique sur les processus de modernisation sociale et d’urbanisation au Brésil: 1940-1992 - Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Um trabalho antigo, que tinha permanecido inédito até aqui, feito para aulas, palestras e informação sobre a história social e econômica do Brasil durante minha estada na embaixada do Brasil em Paris.
387. “Une perspective historique sur les processus de modernisation sociale et d’urbanisation au Brésil: 1940-1992”, Paris, 12 janeiro 1994, 40 p. Revisão e atualização de trabalhos anteriores, para servir de base a textos de divulgação sobre o Brasil. Inédito. Divulgado na plataforma Academia.edu (27/12/2020; link: https://www.academia.edu/44779801/387_Une_perspective_historique_sur_les_processus_de_modernisation_sociale_et_durbanisation_au_Bresil_1940_1992_1994_).
Une perspective historique sur les processus de modernisation sociale et d’urbanisation au Brésil: 1940-1992
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Docteur ès Sciences Sociales
Paris, 12 de janeiro de 1994
Sommaire:
1. La Question Urbaine en Amérique Latine
1.1. Le processus d’urbanisation
1.2. L’urbanisation-métropolisation en Amérique Latine
1.3. Hyper-urbanisation et marginalité
2. Modernisation et Urbanisation au Brésil
2.1. L’évolution démographique
2.2. L’urbanisation en marche
2.3. Un pays urbain ?
2.4. Tendances récentes
3. Les Rapports Ville-Campagne dans la Modernisation
3.1. Le développement industriel
3.2. Crise conjoncturelle et croissance économique
3.3. La modernisation autoritaire
3.4. Concentration du développement dans le Centre-Sud
4. Problèmes Actuels de l’Urbanisation au Brésil
4.1. Une transition incomplète
4.2. Une urbanisation malade
4.3. Les inégalités régionales et sociales
Références Bibliographiques
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domingo, 19 de fevereiro de 2012
Os mongois estao chegando (nao exagerando, claro...)
A última vez que se assistiu a tais movimentos populacionais, em menor número, mas proporcionais pelo impacto social, deve ter sido durante as invasões bárbaras no Ocidente...
Never mind... (and do not dare to compare...)
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
THE Chinese government is building new cities in the country's underdeveloped interior, hoping to convert millions of farmers into city dwellers and maintain China's burgeoning economic success in the following decades.
Along the mud-clogged Yellow River, a local government has widened crooked country lanes into highways, turned farmlands into housing estates and invited Nike and adidas to open stores in a nearby shopping mall.
In Changyuan, a county with 840,000 inhabitants in central China's Henan Province, ambitious officials, keen business people and restless farmers are working together to urbanize the sleepy rural region.
From the balcony of his daughter's new apartment, a cluster of newly finished buildings unfolds in front of 65-year-old Wen Xianhua. Those were patches of wheat when he last visited.
It's been six years since Wen last visited the county seat, during which time dozens of villages have been turned into urban areas.
A report released in January by the National Bureau of Statistics said 51.27 percent of China's population was located in urban areas at the end of 2011, meaning that over the past three decades, more than 500 million people have been added to China's cities, especially large ones in prosperous coastal areas.
According to the estimation of business counselor McKinsey, there will be one billion people living in China's cities by 2030. This means more than 300 million new urban residents - almost as big as the current population of the United States.
However, a blue book on international urban development published last Thursday warns that the fast growing population has overwhelmed the inadequate infrastructure of China's big cities. The blue book published by China's top think tank, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, says problems like traffic jams and pollution might become even worse in the coming years.
Smaller cities
Zhuang Jian, a senior economist from the Asian Development Bank, said the next phase of China's urbanization will focus on medium- and small-sized cities, with less attention paid to the country's metropolitan areas. The government is working to urbanize rural areas, generating demand for road construction, telecommunications services and other infrastructures essential to cities.
Wen Xianhua's eldest daughter, Wen Yuling, moved to Changyuan's county seat over the winter. Despite having lived in the countryside for the last 35 years, Wen Yuling has her apartment decorated much as a typical urban resident would, with hardwood floors, a glass coffee table and new air conditioners.
Supplying elevators, washing machines and supermarkets for new communities will create a new market, with large numbers of migrants expected to move to newly urbanized regions.
Affordable homes
Wen Yuling's brother, Wen Qiang, is also planning to follow suit. With an annual income of 80,000 yuan (about US$12,700), he has been looking for an affordable apartment and has visited four housing estates during the Spring Festival holiday at the end of January. "My eldest son will get married within the next few years. Many young women would like to find a husband who has an apartment in the city," he said.
Like most migrant workers in China, Wen Qiang works thousands of miles from his hometown, earning 10 times more than he would on the farm. But the high costs of city life, as well as problems with China's household registry system, have prevented his family from joining him in the city. His wife stays on the farm and takes care of their two sons. But they don't want their sons to stay in the village for the rest of their life.
"People used to build big houses in the village when they earned enough money working outside," Wen Qiang said, "but things are different now. Villagers from my generation want to buy apartments in cities. There are better schools, bigger hospitals and shopping malls. It's more convenient."
According to Wang Yantao, deputy director of Changyuan's publicity department, one fourth of Changyuan's 840,000 residents work outside the county, while local private companies and factories have attracted 165,000 surplus agricultural laborers. The local government wants to encourage them to move to the county's urban areas.
Entrepreneurs see limitless opportunities in this process. Encouraged by the local government, keen business people have brought city life to local farmers, constructing high-rise buildings with heating systems, shopping malls, theaters, advanced hospitals and schools that provide kindergarten to high school education.
"These are the reasons I've moved here," said Zhang Shengchang, a 29-year-old resident of Changyuan's county seat.
Having lived there for six years, Zhang drives out of town to work in the countryside, while his wife stays home to take care of their two children who attend a public primary school.
More consumption
"There are 2,000 families in my community. More than half of them came from villages," Zhang said, adding that all his three sisters have moved to the county seat over the last three years.
Every year, about 4,000 rural residents move to the county seat, while another 6,000 move to another 10 towns of the county. These newly urbanized families tend to spend more money in their city homes than they do in the village.
In 2011, retail sales of consumer goods in Changyuan reached 3.85 billion yuan, up 18.7 percent year-on-year. Zhuang Jian said urban residents tend to consume three times as much as rural residents, a fact that will lead to great expansion in domestic demand.
The authors are Xinhua writers.
Never mind... (and do not dare to compare...)
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Farms give way to shopping malls as the interior urbanizes
By Mao Pengfei and Liu Jinhui
Shanghai Daily, 2012-2-2o
Illustration by Zhou Tao
Photo by Zhou Tao
THE Chinese government is building new cities in the country's underdeveloped interior, hoping to convert millions of farmers into city dwellers and maintain China's burgeoning economic success in the following decades.
Along the mud-clogged Yellow River, a local government has widened crooked country lanes into highways, turned farmlands into housing estates and invited Nike and adidas to open stores in a nearby shopping mall.
In Changyuan, a county with 840,000 inhabitants in central China's Henan Province, ambitious officials, keen business people and restless farmers are working together to urbanize the sleepy rural region.
From the balcony of his daughter's new apartment, a cluster of newly finished buildings unfolds in front of 65-year-old Wen Xianhua. Those were patches of wheat when he last visited.
It's been six years since Wen last visited the county seat, during which time dozens of villages have been turned into urban areas.
A report released in January by the National Bureau of Statistics said 51.27 percent of China's population was located in urban areas at the end of 2011, meaning that over the past three decades, more than 500 million people have been added to China's cities, especially large ones in prosperous coastal areas.
According to the estimation of business counselor McKinsey, there will be one billion people living in China's cities by 2030. This means more than 300 million new urban residents - almost as big as the current population of the United States.
However, a blue book on international urban development published last Thursday warns that the fast growing population has overwhelmed the inadequate infrastructure of China's big cities. The blue book published by China's top think tank, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, says problems like traffic jams and pollution might become even worse in the coming years.
Smaller cities
Zhuang Jian, a senior economist from the Asian Development Bank, said the next phase of China's urbanization will focus on medium- and small-sized cities, with less attention paid to the country's metropolitan areas. The government is working to urbanize rural areas, generating demand for road construction, telecommunications services and other infrastructures essential to cities.
Wen Xianhua's eldest daughter, Wen Yuling, moved to Changyuan's county seat over the winter. Despite having lived in the countryside for the last 35 years, Wen Yuling has her apartment decorated much as a typical urban resident would, with hardwood floors, a glass coffee table and new air conditioners.
Supplying elevators, washing machines and supermarkets for new communities will create a new market, with large numbers of migrants expected to move to newly urbanized regions.
Affordable homes
Wen Yuling's brother, Wen Qiang, is also planning to follow suit. With an annual income of 80,000 yuan (about US$12,700), he has been looking for an affordable apartment and has visited four housing estates during the Spring Festival holiday at the end of January. "My eldest son will get married within the next few years. Many young women would like to find a husband who has an apartment in the city," he said.
Like most migrant workers in China, Wen Qiang works thousands of miles from his hometown, earning 10 times more than he would on the farm. But the high costs of city life, as well as problems with China's household registry system, have prevented his family from joining him in the city. His wife stays on the farm and takes care of their two sons. But they don't want their sons to stay in the village for the rest of their life.
"People used to build big houses in the village when they earned enough money working outside," Wen Qiang said, "but things are different now. Villagers from my generation want to buy apartments in cities. There are better schools, bigger hospitals and shopping malls. It's more convenient."
According to Wang Yantao, deputy director of Changyuan's publicity department, one fourth of Changyuan's 840,000 residents work outside the county, while local private companies and factories have attracted 165,000 surplus agricultural laborers. The local government wants to encourage them to move to the county's urban areas.
Entrepreneurs see limitless opportunities in this process. Encouraged by the local government, keen business people have brought city life to local farmers, constructing high-rise buildings with heating systems, shopping malls, theaters, advanced hospitals and schools that provide kindergarten to high school education.
"These are the reasons I've moved here," said Zhang Shengchang, a 29-year-old resident of Changyuan's county seat.
Having lived there for six years, Zhang drives out of town to work in the countryside, while his wife stays home to take care of their two children who attend a public primary school.
More consumption
"There are 2,000 families in my community. More than half of them came from villages," Zhang said, adding that all his three sisters have moved to the county seat over the last three years.
Every year, about 4,000 rural residents move to the county seat, while another 6,000 move to another 10 towns of the county. These newly urbanized families tend to spend more money in their city homes than they do in the village.
In 2011, retail sales of consumer goods in Changyuan reached 3.85 billion yuan, up 18.7 percent year-on-year. Zhuang Jian said urban residents tend to consume three times as much as rural residents, a fact that will lead to great expansion in domestic demand.
The authors are Xinhua writers.
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