sexta-feira, 26 de maio de 2023

O presidencialismo emparedado - Roberto Amaral

 O presidencialismo emparedado

 
Roberto Amaral*
 
O mais famoso dos bardos ingleses valeu-se do disfarce da grande poesia para fazer ciência política. Em uma de suas peças mais lidas, recitadas, ouvidas e vistas (Rei Lear, de 1602), William Shakespeare conta-nos a história de um velho soberano que, descuidado das lições de Maquiavel (O príncipe, 1532), e desprotegido de virtù após ser abandonado pela fortuna, decide, na velhice, pretendendo salvá-lo, dividir seu vasto e poderoso império com suas filhas, igualmente herdeiras. A novela é conhecida: o poder se desconstitui, e o monarca, despido da coroa, conhece o mais vil opróbio, até salvar-se na loucura. A interpretação da saga é, claro, obra aberta. Uma delas pode ser esta: não faz a guerra (ou seja, não se defende), quem foge da adversidade.

Muitas vezes, para poder salvar o mandato, o governante cede o governo. Frequentemente, o dirigente político é levado a se curvar ao que os cientistas grafaram como “correlação de forças” e Ortega y Gasset (Meditaciones del Quijote, 1914) resumiria como o império das circunstâncias: “Eu sou eu e minhas circunstâncias, e se não me salvo nelas não me salvo a mim”. Parece ser este o desafio de Gabriel Boric, no Chile, governante de centro-esquerda (na origem eleitoral) impotente, em face das circunstâncias, para alterar a correlação de forças que se revela adversa, em país ainda polarizado tantos anos passados daquela que certamente vai para a história como a mais abjeta das abjetas ditaduras militares da América Latina. Impotente para levar a cabo um governo de avanços (promessa da campanha eleitoral), acossado por uma constituinte de extrema-direita, tende a seguir no cargo (ou, mais precisamente, a preservar o mandato), mas só podendo implementar, do programa com o qual se elegeu, a pequena parte que os donos do poder julgarem palatável.

Praz aos céus que não estejamos às portas de um recidiva da tragédia chilena, pois a história registra, sem  parcimônia, quantas batalhas foram perdidas simplesmente por não terem  sido travadas. A propósito, acusa-se Jango por não haver resistido em 1964 (para o que, supõe-se, teria apoio), e, para criticá-lo, todos se valem do exemplo de seu cunhado Leonel Brizola, pondo por terra a tentativa de golpe dos militares em 1961, simplesmente por a ele resistir.
 

Essas questões, ainda sem qualquer sorte de dramaticidade, se colocam em nossa história presente, com os impasses que se impõem ao governo Lula.

A conjunção entre o reacionarismo tout court (o atraso que nos persegue desde o período colonial) e o fisiologismo do baixo clero, gerenciado pelo presidente da Câmara dos Deputados, é um dos indicadores do esgarçamento institucional que se vem acentuando nos últimos anos, mais notadamente desde 2016, quando o Congresso Nacional, na contramão da ordem constitucional, se insurgiu contra a vontade da soberania popular, ditada no pronunciamento das urnas, assim atingindo de morte não apenas a reclamada independência dos poderes, mas os fundamentos da democracia representativa  um projeto que, entre nós, ainda  não passa de mera expectativa de futuro. 

Como falar em democracia em sociedade clivada por brutal desigualdade social?

Na década passada, após impedir a presidente Dilma Rousseff de governar, papel levado a cabo pela Câmara dos Deputados, o Congresso extinguiu-lhe o mandato legitimamente conquistado nas urnas, dizendo para a história que entre nós o império da soberania popular não salta das páginas da Constituição para a vida real. Era o golpe de 2016, cujas consequências ainda hoje padecemos. 

Formalmente vencidas as vicissitudes que se instalam em 2018, é eleito em 2022 um novo Congresso, que se afigura como um mostrengo, ainda mais reacionário que o antecedente, ainda mais preso, como craca sedenta, às tetas do erário. Fruto direto do esquema de corrupção que a crônica política identifica como “orçamento secreto”,  o Poder Legislativo de hoje, e nele cumprindo papel primordial a Câmara dos Deputados, é um leviatã insaciável na sua sede por mais poder, impondo-se como verdadeira ditadura sobre o executivo, cuja capacidade de ação é crescentemente limitada, como é limitada sua capacidade de formular políticas. Não se pode dizer que a história intenta repetir-se, mas é fora de dúvida que a este filme já assistimos.

O presidente da Câmara, vitorioso sempre que o governo perde ou a direita (de dentro e de fora de sua  base de apoio) ganha, diz que o governo precisa curvar-se ao “congresso empoderado” e negociar. O verbo negociar, como sabe o leitor, empresta-se aos mais variados entendimentos, e a acepção do jagunço das Alagoas não é a mais canônica. Reimposto por outros meios o teto dos gastos – o que inviabiliza o projeto lulista aprovado majoritariamente pelo eleitorado , alterada a estrutura dos ministérios para facilitar a ação dos grupos de pressão, ameaçados a defesa do meio ambiente e o mínimo de proteção às populações nativas, o presidente da Câmara confronta o Planalto, dizendo que o Congresso é governo, e, nestes termos, mais forte que o governo mesmo: “O congresso conquistou mais protagonismo nos últimos anos, é liberal e conservador e destoa do governo”. Este que se adapte, ou seja, que se adeque às novas circunstâncias de um presencialíssimo emparedado. 

capo porta-se, arrogante, como o toureiro que no meio da arena, cutelo em punho, chama a fera ferida, cansada, exangue, para a última partida. O recado é óbvio: ou o presidente Lula compõe com a direita (e como tal entenda-se o que se quiser), ou não governará. Ou, governará como  o novo rei da Inglaterra, levando a cabo projeto que não é o seu.

O processo em curso, montado à luz do dia, claramente, sem subterfúgios ou cerimônias, visa a reinstalar, no governo Lula, o governo rejeitado pelo eleitorado. Uma afronta à democracia que deve ser interpretada, julgada e enfrentada como o que de fato é, pois o chamado “terceiro turno” das eleições a que se reportam comentaristas políticos tem nome e sobrenome: golpe de Estado.

Na retaguarda, um ministério que, concebido com o justo objetivo de garantir estabilidade institucional (donde determinadas concessões) e governabilidade (donde outra série de concessões) não oferece hoje ao presidente nem a homogeneidade de que carece todo projeto de governo (que continua sendo um projeto do presidente Lula) e menos ainda o respaldo parlamentar que era sua justificativa. É um ministério velho de cinco meses, visivelmente cansado quando é tão óbvia a virulência dos adversários, pois a oposição parlamentar tem na sua retaguarda o grande capital.
 
      Perigosamente, a esquerda, e, a partir dela, o movimento social e as chamadas forças democráticas, progressistas ou não, bem como os ditos liberais (estes como sempre), submergem, e assistem, como plateia silenciosa, ao embate entre direita e extrema-direita, que passam a ocupar o proscênio.

Tudo isso enseja uma questão crucial: a tarefa fundamental das forças democráticas – portando para além da esquerda e dos liberais  é sustentar o governo Lula.
  
***
 
As mãos sujas – Henry Kissinger completará cem anos de idade no próximo sábado, e será amplamente festejado. Falar-se-á do estrategista que intermediou a abertura dos EUA para a China e buscou a détente com a URSS durante suas passagens como conselheiro de segurança nacional e secretário de Estado de Richard Nixon. É preciso, contudo, fazer as contas dos horrores causados pelas conspirações, golpes e sabotagens que o teuto-americano planejou ou apoiou. Centenas de milhares – um milhão, talvez – de mortos em Bangladesh, Camboja e Timor Leste. Dezenas de milhares de mortos e torturados na guerra suja da Argentina e na ditadura pinochetista, no Chile. Democracias golpeadas. E é preciso lembrar que Kissinger, para sempre impune, sequer levado a julgamento, não agiu por conta própria, como um matador solitário, mas tramou atrocidades trabalhando para dois presidentes da nação que ainda ousa  apesar de toda evidência  se apresentar ao mundo como baluarte da democracia e dos direitos humanos, estabelecendo parâmetros com os quais muita gente boa, mundo afora, até hoje se orienta no cenário global.
 
Um sopro – Em meio a dúbias celebrações pela aprovação, na Câmara que aí está, do novo arcabouço fiscal, por meio do qual o governo Lula voluntariamente se lança a uma armadilha, merece destaque a declaração de voto assinada por 23 deputados, quase todos petistas, por meio da qual reiteram sua lealdade ao presidente da república, mas não se furtam em denunciar a trampa: "Lamentamos que ainda não tenha sido possível libertar o poder público do estrangulamento provocado pelos interesses do capital rentista, que busca subjugar o Tesouro [...] às custas do empobrecimento do povo brasileiro e da sangria de nossa economia".

Educação em perigo - Uma pergunta não quer calar: por que o Executivo não lutou, até aqui, para preservar o Fundeb, fabulosa conquista do primeiro governo Lula, sempre combatido pelo capital privatista, e que até mesmo Temer, o perjuro, deixou de fora das amarras impostas pela ortodoxia liberal?
 

 

* Com a colaboração de Pedro Amaral
 

On arrête (parfois) le progrès ! - François Jarrige (L'Histoire)

 

On arrête (parfois) le progrès ! 

Du 24 au 28 mai à Toulouse le festival L'Histoire à venir a pour thème le progrès.

Promesse de bonheur et de justice au siècle des Lumières, le progrès, devenu synonyme d'innovations techniques, est érigé en nouvelle religion depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Non sans susciter de nombreuses résistances.

D'où vient l'idée d'un progrès perçu comme une nécessité ? Comment s'est-elle enracinée ? Comment fut-elle débattue François Jarrige se penche sur ces questions.

On arrête (parfois) le progrès !

Promesse de bonheur et de justice au siècle des Lumières, le progrès, devenu synonyme d'innovations techniques, est érigé, depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, en nouvelle religion. Non sans susciter de nombreuses résistances. C'est l'un des thèmes du festival L'Histoire à venir, qui se tient à Toulouse du 24 au 28 mai.

La notion de progrès est une idée ancienne qui n'a cessé de se transformer. Aujourd'hui, elle se manifeste par des appels incessants à la « modernisation », avec ses impératifs : « avancer », « accélérer », « s'adapter », « se réformer » ; autant d'injonctions qui saturent les espaces médiatique et politique contemporains. A la veille de la Grande Guerre, qui allait profondément mettre à mal la naïve confiance progressiste et scientiste héritée du XIXe siècle, l'expression « On n'arrête pas le progrès ! » était devenue une évidence. Elle s'est installée peu à peu pour désigner l'impossibilité de freiner certaines réalisations devenues des symboles de la modernité et du progrès en marche, comme l'électricité et l'automobile. Mais d'où vient cette idée d'un progrès perçu comme une nécessité ? Comment s'est-elle enracinée ? Comment fut-elle débattue ?

L'histoire de la notion, de son « invention » à l'Époque moderne, de son déploiement ...

Timothy Snyder's course on Ukraine

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-making-of-modern-ukraine/id1653131950?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email 

24 episodes


Ukraine must have existed as a society and polity on 23 February 2022, else Ukrainians would not have collectively resisted Russian invasion the next day. What does it mean for a nation to exist? Timothy Snyder explores these and other questions in a very timely course.




This course was recorded live in a classroom at Yale University in the autumn of 2022. Video of the course is also available on YouTube .

The Making of Modern Ukraine

Timothy Snyder

    • History

    •  
      4.9 • 197 Ratings

    1: Ukrainian Questions Posed by Russian Invasion

    1: Ukrainian Questions Posed by Russian Invasion

    Class 1 is an introduction to the course and an exploration of questions raised by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Timothy Snyder is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He speaks five and reads ten European languages. Ukraine must … Continue reading 1: Ukrainian Questions Posed by Russian Invasion →
    • 42 min
    2: The Genesis of Nations

    2: The Genesis of Nations

    Class 2, The Genesis of Nations. Timothy Snyder is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He speaks five and reads ten European languages. Ukraine must have existed as a society and polity on 23 February 2022, else Ukrainians would … Continue reading 2: The Genesis of Nations →
    • 45 min
    3: Geography and Ancient History

    3: Geography and Ancient History

    In Class 3, Timothy Snyder, recently back from a visit to Ukraine, explores the geography and ancient history of the region. Timothy Snyder is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He speaks five and reads ten European languages. Ukraine … Continue reading 3: Geography and Ancient History →
    • 47 min
    4: Before Europe

    4: Before Europe

    Do you speak the language or does the language speak you? In Class 4 Professor Timothy Snyder maps out the landscape ‘Before Europe.’ Timothy Snyder is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He speaks five and reads ten European … Continue reading 4: Before Europe →
    • 46 min
    5: Vikings, Slavers, Lawgivers: The Kyiv State

    5: Vikings, Slavers, Lawgivers: The Kyiv State

    In Class 5, Professor Snyder describes the foundations of the Kyiv state. Timothy Snyder is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He speaks five and reads ten European languages. Ukraine must have existed as a society and polity on … Continue reading 5: Vikings, Slavers, Lawgivers: The Kyiv State →
    • 50 min
    6: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania

    6: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania

    Class 6 continues the foundations of the Kyiv state at a time when Lithuania was much larger than most people think. Timothy Snyder is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He speaks five and reads ten European languages. Ukraine … Continue reading 6: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania →
    • 50 min

quinta-feira, 25 de maio de 2023

Timothy Snyder on the democratic revolution in Ukraine

Maidan and Self-Understanding (lecture)

Making of Modern Ukraine 20

 Maidan and Self-Understanding (lecture)

We are nearing the end of my open course on Ukrainian history, “The Making of Modern Ukraine.” The 2013-2014 Ukrainian protest movement remembered as “Maidan” was one of the turning points, thus far, of the twenty-first century. 

Obscured as it was (like so much in the 2010s!) by propaganda, the Maidan never received quite the attention it deserved. If it was noticed, this tended to be as some kind of exotic and spectacular event, worthy of splashy photographs but to be quickly forgotten. 

The Maidan was a reckoning with digital and post-modern politics, a call to the corporeal politics of physical protest to defend basic ideas of truth and decency. It began as an attempt to protect Ukraine’s path to the European Union, and ended with Russia’s first invasion of Ukraine. 

In my view, the Maidan and the Russian response are an integral part of a larger story that includes Russian encouragement of Brexit and support of Donald Trump in 2016 — I set out the connections in Road to Unfreedom.

Those wishing to understand both the moral and organizational bases of Ukrainian resistance to Russia’s full-scale invasion of 2022 should start with these events of 2013-2014— presented here in Professor Shore’s guest lecture in the class, as well as in her book, Ukrainian Night.

The video of the lecture is here and the podcast version is here or here.The links are the same for all of the lectures: feel free to bookmark or share

here

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-making-of-modern-ukraine/id1653131950?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email

Rússia passa a construir fortificações para se defender da ofensiva ucraniana - Financial Times

Military briefing: how Russia is fortifying its frontline for Ukraine’s counteroffensivering an o

While Kyiv spent months preparing an operation to liberate occupied territory, Moscow has been digging inperatio.to liberate occupied territory, Moscow has been digging in

Financial Times, May 25, 2023. 


Ukraine’s months-long preparation for its next counteroffensive to try to wrest back occupied territory has allowed Russia to fortify its positions along the almost 1,000km frontline. Satellite images reviewed by the Financial Times and analysed by military experts revealed a multi-layered Russian network of anti-tank ditches, mazes of trenches, concrete “dragon’s teeth” barricades, steel “hedgehog” obstacles, spools of razor wire and minefields. “Russian forces really seemed to realise . . . that a lot of the terrain they had control over was going to be difficult to defend without entrenched positions,” said Brady Africk, an open-source intelligence researcher and analyst at the American Enterprise Institute who is tracking and mapping Russia’s defensive build-up.

In preparation for Ukraine’s looming counter-offensive, Russia has spent months significantly fortifying the almost 1,000km frontline across the roughly 100,000 square kilometres of Ukrainian territory it currently occupies.

Russia’s most heavily fortified frontline area is in southern Zaporizhzhia province, where Ukraine is expected to try to break through and sever the “land bridge” connecting Russian territory with occupied Crimea.

There, Russian forces have created a multi-layered defence composed of anti-tank ditches, zig-zag trenches, concrete dragon’s teeth barricades, steel “hedgehog” obstacles, razor wire and minefields.

Russia has paid special attention to the Berdyansk airfield near the Sea of Azov. The airfield is known to be a hub for Russian military aircraft.

The northern border of Crimea, which Russia has occupied since 2014, has also been heavily fortified with a combination of trenches and tank traps.

The defences stretch from Armyansk in the north to Dzhankoi in the north-west. Both are crucial transport hubs and gateways to the peninsula.

The towns of Tokmak, Polohy, Bilmak and Ocheretuvate, which sit at important road junctions, have been completely encircled by defences. 

Russia constructed layers of “dragon’s teeth”, trenches and other obstacles across an extensive swath of occupied territory near the eastern cities of Severodonetsk, Lysychansk and Popasna, after capturing them in May and June 2022. A Ukrainian breakthrough there would face significant challenges.

Russia also erected a strong defensive line along the border of eastern Luhansk province to the north, where Ukrainian forces are thought to want to break through somewhere around the town of Kupyansk.

Russia began digging in “in earnest” in November and when its troops took new territory they worked quickly to entrench themselves, he said, adding that Russian forces had “ramped up” work on their fortifications recently. “There was a brief lull in winter, likely due to [the] ground freezing and it becoming more difficult to dig,” Africk said. “But since the ground has softened, we’ve seen the digging of fortifications escalate dramatically, particularly in the past few months.” Military analysts said these fortifications would not be enough to stop Ukrainian troops from advancing, but were likely to slow the offensive.

The stakes for Ukraine are high. A successful operation could give it significant momentum as it tries to drive out Russian troops, convince western partners to continue their military support, and give Kyiv leverage in any future negotiations with Moscow. It would also help keep morale high among Ukraine’s defiant but fatigued population, which has endured the horror of Russia’s full-scale invasion for 15 months. There is also much at stake for Russia. If Ukraine can take back control of the provinces of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia — which Russian president Vladimir Putin claimed to have annexed last September — or of the Crimean Peninsula, which the Kremlin seized in March 2014, it could deal a significant blow to a military already showing signs of exhaustion and infighting.

Early signs of Ukraine’s counteroffensive can already be seen in what military experts refer to as “shaping operations” — common tactics used ahead of a large-scale attack. Over the past two weeks, Ukraine’s forces have carried out missile strikes and sabotage on Russian command and control centres, weapons depots and artillery systems. Drone attacks and explosions targeting military facilities in Russia, and even the Kremlin itself, also suggest Ukrainian involvement, according to analysts, despite Kyiv’s denials. Before Moscow claimed to have captured the embattled eastern city of Bakhmut this weekend, Ukrainian troops had attacked Russian forces on their northern and southern flanks, recapturing a few square kilometres of territory — their first gains in the area in months. But observers are yet to see a massive thrust along the lines of the Ukrainian counteroffensive last autumn, when Kyiv’s forces swept through the north-eastern Kharkiv region and recaptured the southern city of Kherson.

Breaking through Russia’s multi-layered defensive lines without sustaining heavy losses would be extremely difficult, said Mykola Bielieskov, a research fellow at the Kyiv-based National Institute for Strategic Studies. Success would require synchronising different units deploying armoured vehicles, artillery, mine-clearing and air defence, he added. “On their own, obstacles don’t stop advancing forces. They will only [be effective] if manned properly and complemented with artillery fire, aviation and manoeuvre of reserves.” Rob Lee, a senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, an American think-tank, said Russia’s fortifications were designed to funnel Ukrainian troops towards areas where they would come under intense fire. “If you have multiple lines of defence, even if Ukraine punches through the first one successfully, then Russia should have enough time to reinforce a second or third,” he said.

The south is likely to be the main focus for Ukrainian forces — something not lost on Moscow even as Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy and his military leaders have kept operational plans a closely guarded secret, experts say. “Around November and certainly continuing into the new year, [Russian forces] ramped up construction, particularly in southern Ukraine,” Africk said. “The topography there is a lot flatter and there are wide open fields. It became a priority for Russian forces to make sure they had defensive lines [there].” Satellite images show Russia’s most heavily fortified section of the frontline is in the southern Zaporizhzhia province, where Ukraine is expected to try to break through and sever the “land bridge” connecting Russian territory with occupied Crimea. The connection is crucial for Russian military logistics and supplies.

Russia has constructed an elaborate maze of anti-tank ditches, trenches, concrete and steel obstacles, razor wire and minefields in the area. The Berdyansk airfield near the Sea of Azov, a hub for Russian military aircraft, has been surrounded by deep trenches and three lines of concrete “dragon’s teeth”. Melitopol and Berdyansk were “obvious” locations for Russian fortifications, Lee said. If Ukraine took either, it would gain significant ground and enable its forces to carry out onward campaigns more effectively, he added.

The northern border of Crimea has also been heavily fortified. The defences stretch from Armyansk in the north to Dzhankoi in the north-west. Both are crucial transport hubs and gateways to the peninsula. Dzhankoi also hosts a Russian military airfield. Ukraine is likely to utilise the size of the battlefield to try to catch its enemy off guard. Despite Russia’s extensive defences, the sheer length of the frontline meant the Kremlin’s forces would be stretched, experts said. “The length of the frontline works to our advantage,” said Andriy Zagorodnyuk, chair of the Ukrainian Centre for Defence Strategies and a former defence minister of Ukraine. “[Russian troops] are scattered around this frontline and we will always be able to find areas where they don’t expect us.” Dara Massicot, a senior policy researcher at the Rand Corporation, a US global policy think-tank, said Russia’s performance would depend on several factors, including whether its frontline was manned by “exhausted or maltreated, inadequately trained personnel”.

“The morale of Russian soldiers is variable, from tired to bad — it matters,” she said. Lee said other factors included whether Russia had exhausted its munitions trying to capture Bakhmut — the longest and bloodiest battle of the past year — and whether its newly mobilised forces were ready for the coming fight. “They don’t necessarily have that much combat experience. A lot of them have been just holding trenches. Will they stay in the fight, or will they run?”


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