The Triangle: Ottomans, Poles, Russians
For me personally, this is one of the most important lectures. In space, modern Ukraine includes lands that were well beyond the reach of ancient Rus, but well within the ambit of ancient Greek, Byzantine, Ottoman, and perhaps most importantly Crimean Tatar power. The Crimean state lasted for centuries, and is wrongly neglected. In time, we are dealing here with an important moment, the eighteenth century, in which all four alternatives to Russian power in Ukraine — Crimean Tatars, Ottomans, Poland-Lithuania, and various Ukrainian Cossack entities —fade from the picture. This had as much to do with their internal institutional failures and their dealings with one another as it did with the rise of the new Russian Empire. Petersburg would soon create a story in which those prior states did not matter, one which distorts our view of the actual history of the territory to this day. But the doings of the Ottomans, the Crimeans, the Cossacks, and the Poles/Lithuanians are very much worthy of attention on their own, and indispensable for even the most basic understanding of Ukraine.
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The video is here and the podcast version is here or here.
The Habsburg monarchy (Austria) comes late to Ukrainian history, but with a fascinating legacy, and an important contribution. The Habsburgs ruled the original empire on which the sun never set, and were arguably the most important family in modern European history. This lecture summarizes their history before the partitions of Poland in the late eighteenth century that brought Galicia under Habsburg power. The name “Galicia” like so many other things was actually a Habsburg invention; it just designated with slightly spurious Latinate grace the lands Vienna took from Poland. (The Ukrainian name is “Halychyna,” which has an ancient source.) The eastern part of these territories was inhabited by speakers of Ukrainian (and Polish and Yiddish and other languages); over the course of the nineteenth century, and especially at its end, it became very important that they were ruled from Vienna rather than from Petersburg. The modern Ukrainian movement, which began in the Russian Empire, continued, after Russian imperial oppression, in Habsburg lands. The liberal and increasingly democratic character of Habsburg rule created a special incubator for Ukrainian politics and culture.
Reading:
Rudnyts'kyi, "Intellectual Origins of Modern Ukraine"
Plokhy, Gates of Europe, chapters 13, 14, 16, 17.
Terms:
Muscovy/Russia, Poland, Crimeans, Cossacks
Sweden, Habsburgs
Sloboda Ukraina, Left bank, right bank, Zaporizhia, Black Sea, Azov Sea
Crimea: Byzantium until 1204
Fourth Crusade, sack of Constantinople 1204
Empire of Trebizond to 1461
Genoa, colonies, 1266 to 1475
Crimean Khanate, 1441 to 1783
Taking tribute from Moscow, occasionally attacking, 1571
Kalga, deputy or serves during interregnum
Noble assembly, or kiriltai
Muslim Tatars in Lithuania
Jagiełło, Grünwald, 1410
Kitab
Ottomans
Asia Minor (Turkey)
Osman Gazi (hence "Ottoman") 1290-1326.
Mehmet II (r. 1444-1446, 1451-1481) takes Constantinople 1453
Selim I the Grim r. 1512-1520,
Battle of Mohács 1526.
Transylvania, Moldavia, Wallachia
1683, Jan Sobieski, siege of Vienna
Treaty of Karlowitz 1699
1667 Treaty of Andrusovo
1667-1668 Hetman Petro Doroshenko
1681 Peace at Bahçeseray Russia and Ottomans
Podolia, Chasidism, Israel ben Eliezer, Międzybóż
Ivan Mazepa
1689 Peter becomes tsar
Great Northern War, begins 1700
1709 Battle of Poltava, Russia reaches the Baltic
Cossacks grain export ban 1719
1722 Little Russian Collegium
1735-1739 Russo-Turkish war
1768 last Tatar slave raid into Russian territory
1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War
1785 Charter of Nobility
1789 concription of Cossacks
Kharkov University 1805
Taras Shevchenko, 1814-1861
1830-1831 Polish uprising
1840 abolition of Lithuanian statute as Polish (actually has origins in Rus)
Crimean War 1853-1856
Valuyev's Circular, 1863
Ems decree, 1876
© 2023 Timothy Snyder
548 Market Street PMB 72296, San Francisco, CA 94104
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