Temas de relações internacionais, de política externa e de diplomacia brasileira, com ênfase em políticas econômicas, em viagens, livros e cultura em geral. Um quilombo de resistência intelectual em defesa da racionalidade, da inteligência e das liberdades democráticas.
O que é este blog?
Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.
A FIESP, por meio de seu Departamento de Relações Internacionais e Comércio Exterior, acaba de dar início a uma nova publicação:
RELATÓRIO PERIÓDICO DE NEGOCIAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS,
cuja primeira edição foi dvulgad em 24/01/2013
A equipe técnica é da melhor qualidade, como constatado abaixo. Paulo Roberto de Almeida
RELATÓRIO DIVULGADO PELA FIESP APONTA TÍMIDO AVANÇO NA AGENDA DE NEGOCIAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS BRASILEIRA EM 2012.
O ANO TAMBÉM FOI MARCADO PELA CRISE INSTITUCIONAL DO MERCOSUL.
A Fiesp divulgou o “Relatório Periódico de Negociações Internacionais”. A publicação, inédita, faz uma análise dos principais acordos comerciais internacionais vigentes, e das mudanças ocorridas ao longo de 2012. Os desafios impostos à agenda de integração econômica regional e à expansão da rede de acordos comerciais assinados pelo Brasil foram marcados, principalmente, pela crise institucional do Mercosul, pela renegociação do acordo automotivo com o México e pelo tímido avanço na agenda de negociações internacionais brasileira, que ficou pra trás em todas as frentes tradicionais (bens, serviços e investimentos), quando comparada com outros países e blocos regionais. O Relatório traz ainda detalhes sobre a suspensão paraguaia e a adesão da Bolívia ao bloco sul-americano e a reforma do Sistema Geral de Preferências Europeu (SGP), a qual excluirá o Brasil a partir de 2014.
DEPARTAMENTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS E COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR EQUIPE TÉCNICA Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo – FIESP Departamento de Relações Internacionais e Comércio Exterior – DEREX Diretor Titular: Roberto Giannetti da Fonseca Diretor de Negociações Internacionais: Mário Marconini Gerente: Frederico Arana Meira ÁREA DE NEGOCIAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Coordenador: José Luiz Pimenta Júnior. Equipe: Sabina Silva e Vinicius Santos Endereço: Av. Paulista, 1313, 4º andar – São Paulo/ SP – 01311-923 Telefones: (11) 3549-4615 Fax: (11) 3549-4730
A revista Economist publicou um relatório especial sobre os países nórdicos, apontando sua excelência em termos de qualidade de vida, e de prosperidade, de maneira geral, combinando vários traços positivos de um suposto modelo de sucesso. Muitos preferem ver o que aparenta ser responsável por essa situação (o Estado grande, muitos impostos, distribuição, serviços públicos de qualidade, etc...), esquecendo, ou ignorando, que nem sempre foi assim e que, sobretudo, essas características NÃO FORAM responsáveis pela boa condição desses países. Eles não vêem o que está por trás disso tudo, mitificando, ou mistificando, um suposto modelo nórdico que não é, justamente, o que se pensa, e sim outra coisa: trabalho, produtividade, educação, democracia, cultura de coesão e, especialmente, um setor privado vibrante, empreendedor, livre para inovar e comerciar. Nada disso surgiu com o modelo distributivista-socialista dos anos 1960-1980, e sim preexistia a esse modelo, que na verdade desmantelou as bases do crescimento e da produtividade.
O economista sueco de origem iraniana explica como isso ocorreu historicamente.
Transcrevo abaixo as conclusões desse relatório, que deve ser lido com atenção.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Nima
Sanandaji
The surprising ingredients of Swedish
success – free markets and social cohesion
Institute
of Economic Affairs (UK), August 2012 (www.iea.org.uk)
IEA
Discussion Paper No. 41
Conclusion (p. 40-41)
Scandinavian societies have developed a unique culture with a strong
work ethic and strong ethical attitudes regarding the claiming of welfare
benefits. There are also high levels of trust and social cohesion. This social
capital, which was built up before the advent of the modern welfare state, has played
an important role in the success of Scandinavian countries.
For many decades, this pre-existing culture, allowed countries such as
Sweden to have extensive welfare systems without the social difficulties, rise
in worklessness and other effects that many would have predicted. Scandinavian
countries have also reaped the rewards of relatively free market policies in
some areas of economic life to reach impressive levels of wealth creation.
To characterise the Swedish model either as a social democratic utopia
or a failed socialist experiment is a mistake. Sweden is a successful country
in terms of having a low poverty rate and long life expectancy. However, these
factors have much to do with non-government facets of Swedish society that
pre-existed the welfare state.
As Milton Friedman has previously noted, the millions of US residents of
Swedish descent also display low rates of poverty. They combine this with a
living standard that is significantly better compared with Swedes living in
Sweden. The transformation of Sweden from an impoverished agrarian society to a
modern industrialised nation is a rarely mentioned, but quite significant,
example of the role of free markets in lifting a country out of poverty and into
prosperity. Low levels of inequality and low levels of government spending
characterised this period of economic transformation. The golden age of Swedish
entrepreneurship - when one successful firm after another was founded in this small
country and gained international renown – occurred at a time when taxes and the
scope of government were quite limited.
Sweden shifted to radical social democratic policies in the 1960s and
1970s, with a gradual reversal beginning in the mid 1980s. The social
democratic period was not successful, as it led to much lower entrepreneurship,
the crowding out of private sector job production and an erosion of previously strong
work and benefit norms. The move towards high taxes, relatively generous
government benefits and a regulated labour market preceded a situation in which
Swedish society has had difficulty integrating even highly-educated immigrants,
and where a fifth of the population of working age are supported by various
forms of government welfare payments.
It is also important to remember that Sweden, like other Scandinavian
nations, has compensated for policies of high taxes and welfare benefits by
improving economic liberty in other fields. Some reforms, such as the partial
privatisation of the mandatory pensions system and voucher systems in schools
and healthcare surpass reforms in most developed nations. Since these reforms,
and the reduction in taxes from the very-high levels of the 1970s to mid 1980s,
Swedish relative economic performance has improved.
Swedish society is not necessarily moving away from the idea of a
welfare state, but continual reforms are being implemented that increase
economic liberty and incentives for work within the scope of the welfare
system. Such trends are also visible in Finland and Denmark, with only oil-rich
Norway being an exception.
O Estado de S. Paulo - ‘Na OMC,
não serei mais o embaixador do Brasil’ / Entrevista / Roberto Azevedo
Em sabatina, candidato desvia de temas polêmicos
envolvendo o País, entre eles câmbio e protecionismo
Jamil Chade, GENEBRA - Num esforço para ganhar votos e
superar o mal-estar deixado pelo Brasil com alguns de seus sócios por conta das
barreiras adotadas, o brasileiro Roberto Azevedo, candidato ao cargo de direção
da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), se distancia dos temas mais polêmicos
da política comercial brasileira e garante que, se eleito, defenderá o
interesse de todos os países.
Nesta quinta-feira, o embaixador Azevedo foi
sabatinado na entidade, em uma sessão em que foi questionado sobre diversos
assuntos. A escolha só ocorrerá em maio. Mas os nove candidatos ao posto sabem
que um deslize em Genebra significaria a perda de pontos na corrida.
Azevedo foi questionado pela Coreia sobre
protecionismo, mas iniciou sua intervenção esclarecendo que, depois de 17 anos
na OMC representando o Brasil, finalmente falaria em nome próprio. "Esta é
a primeira vez que, nesse prédio, vou compartilhar minha visão pessoal sobre
essa organização, sobre o sistema comercial e sobre onde estamos hoje",
disse aos demais embaixadores.
A estratégia não ocorre por acaso. Nos últimos meses,
o aumento de barreiras comerciais no Brasil deixou dezenas de parceiros
comerciais irritados, a ponto de a Casa Branca enviar uma carta ameaçando
retaliar.
O Brasil também irritou muitos membros com a
insistência de trazer para a agenda da OMC a questão do câmbio, com a criação
de um mecanismo que autorizaria a elevação de tarifas. Para a maioria dos
países, isso não passaria de uma forma de o Brasil justificar barreiras.
Azevedo deixou claro, agora, que não partirá dele a introdução do assunto na
agenda da OMC, se eventualmente for eleito.
Para o embaixador brasileiro, a OMC vive um momento
crítico. "O sistema precisa ser renovado ou será incapaz de lidar com as
demandas de um mundo em mudança", alertou. Em sua visão, se a Rodada Doha
não for concluída, a OMC continuará "fora do radar" do mundo. "Nenhum
marketing vai mudar essa realidade. Vamos precisar de um diretor que trabalhe,
arregasse a manga e enfrente a situação. Será uma tarefa herculana. Mas precisa
ser feita."
Ele também mandou seu recado aos países em
desenvolvimento. "O comércio não é o objetivo da OMC. Mas um instrumento
para desenvolvimento." Ao final da sabatina, Azevedo falou ao Estado. A
seguir, os principais trechos da entrevista.
Depois de 12 anos de uma negociação sem resultado, a
Rodada Doha ainda tem alguma relevância para a economia mundial?
Sim, não tenho nenhuma dúvida disso. Tinha avanços
muito importantes previstos na Rodada, em vários setores. Eles são
significativos até hoje. Se a Rodada for concluída de maneira positiva, teremos
ganhos tanto em acesso a mercados como em disciplinas do comércio. E tudo isso
tem um valor econômico muito importante.
Mas há a impressão de que o mundo já deu um passo
adiante. O que pode ocorrer com a OMC se o projeto fracassar?
A OMC tem a obrigação de tentar concluir a negociação.
O sistema está paralisado. É claro que a OMC é maior que a Rodada. Mas a
realidade é que a Rodada emperra o sistema. Então, eu não vejo alternativa que
não seja pela Rodada. Podemos tentar algum acordo aqui ou ali, mas a OMC
precisa contornar o impasse que vive hoje.
A Coreia o questionou sobre o protecionismo. Qual o
risco que isso representa para a economia internacional?
O protecionismo é uma ameaça sempre presente. Países
vivem ciclos econômicos diferentes, com momentos mais liberalizantes e outros
menos liberalizantes. O que eu disse é que a melhor proteção contra o
protecionismo é o próprio sistema multilateral, que estabelece limites para o
espaço de política pública que os países podem adotar. A melhor maneira de se
evitar um recrudescimento das condições de abertura de mercado é fortalecer o
sistema multilateral, negociando. E, para isso, precisamos sair do impasse.
O Brasil tem sido fortemente criticado nos últimos
meses por alguns dos parceiros comerciais. A posição do Brasil, adotando
medidas protecionistas, pode atrapalhar sua candidatura?
Em primeiro lugar, o governo jamais aceitou e nunca
admitiu que estivesse adotando medidas protecionistas. Você pode ou não
concordar com essa situação. O governo brasileiro entende que está tomando
medidas que são necessárias diante das circunstâncias econômicas que se vive,
inclusive à luz da taxa cambial anormal. Em segundo lugar, se eleito diretor da
OMC, eu não sou mais embaixador do Brasil. Aí quem terá de defender a agenda
brasileira e as medidas brasileiras será o novo embaixador do Brasil. Eu
estarei usando um outro chapéu e estarei defendendo os interesses dos membros
da OMC e os interesses da instituição.
Nos últimos dois anos, um dos temas que o sr. tratou
foi a introdução do câmbio na agenda da OMC. Como diretor, o sr. acredita que o
tema ainda terá espaço, depois de ter tantas críticas?
São os governos que precisam definir isso. O diretor
não tem pode decidir o que os membros devem ou não falar. Não é uma decisão do
diretor. Se alguém quiser introduzir um tema, seja energia, segurança alimentar,
ele tem de convencer os demais que o tema deve ser discutido. O diretor-geral
que quiser ditar a agenda da OMC perde o emprego rapidamente.
Entre os nove candidatos, três são latino-americanos.
Por que Brasil não se comprometeu em apoiar apenas a América Latina, se por
acaso o sr. for eliminado?
A posição do governo foi uma posição sistêmica e
coerente com práticas de organismos internacionais. Há uma alternância entre
desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Outro conceito é a rotatividade geográfica.
Como já houve um asiático na OMC, seria a vez de um latino-americano ou
africano.
Folha de S. Paulo - Candidato
do Brasil à direção da OMC se afasta de posição do país
Política comercial tida como protecionista pode
atrapalhar Azevêdo
DE SÃO PAULO - Tanto na sua apresentação ao
Conselho-Geral da OMC (Organização Mundial do Comércio) quanto na entrevista
coletiva que a seguiu, o candidato do Brasil à direção-geral do organismo,
embaixador Roberto Azevêdo, fez questão de marcar sua distância da posição brasileira
sobre temas de comércio.
Tida como protecionista, a política comercial do
Brasil pode ser uma pedra no sapato do candidato -representante do país na OMC
desde 2008- na disputa à liderança da entidade voltada para a liberalização do
comércio.
"Agora sou candidato. Fiz questão de que eles
soubessem que estou aqui expressando minhas opiniões, e não as do governo
brasileiro. É importante que isso fique bem claro desde o começo", disse,
em entrevista transmitida via internet, de Genebra.
O brasileiro voltou a criticar a paralisia na área de
negociações da OMC e disse que, "a não ser que a OMC volte a apresentar
resultados", continuará "fora do radar".
Para Azevêdo, o grande desafio do próximo
diretor-geral será destravar a rodada Doha (de liberalização do comércio) -e
que, para isso, é preciso "um novo olhar".
"Se você fizer as coisas da mesma maneira, a
chance de avançar é zero. Tem que fazer diferente. Como? Eu não sei",
reconheceu. "Mas muitas vezes, quando ajudei a destravar impasses, também
não sabia."
Azevêdo disputa o posto com outros oito candidatos
-dois deles latino-americanos. O mexicano Herminio Blanco já sugeriu que os
nomes da região se unam para fortalecer a candidatura do "melhor".
O Brasil, porém, parece pouco disposto a unir forças
com os latinos. Ontem, Azevêdo desconversou sobre a ideia: "O Brasil
deixou claro que apoia um novo diretor-geral de um país em
desenvolvimento", disse, incluindo os africanos entre a preferência.
Na última semana, o Brasil enviou um alto diplomata à
cúpula da União Africana, na Etiópia, com cartas a mais de 20 países pedindo
apoio a Azevêdo. A ideia é que o brasileiro seja a segunda opção desses países,
que devem apoiar, primeiro, Gana ou Quênia. (ISABEL FLECK)
Folha de S. Paulo -
Embaixador tem discurso de um profissional do comércio / Análise / Clóvis Rossi
O discurso com que o embaixador Roberto Azevêdo se
apresentou ontem a seus pares da Organização Mundial do Comércio é uma peça
típica de um profissional do comércio e da negociação.
O embaixador sabe perfeitamente que o maior obstáculo
que sua candidatura enfrenta é o rótulo de protecionista que está sendo
aplicado às políticas comerciais brasileiras e, por extensão, ao que as defende
em Genebra.
Por isso mesmo, Azevêdo, como a Folha já havia
antecipado domingo, tratou de deixar claro o que deveria ser óbvio, mas que
disputas eleitorais acabam obscurecendo: Roberto Azevêdo, como embaixador do
Brasil, defende as posições do governo brasileiro; Roberto Azevêdo, como
diretor-geral da OMC, defenderá que "comércio é um elemento indispensável
para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de qualquer economia".
O embaixador tem dito a amigos que nem sequer seria
candidato se não acreditasse nas virtudes do livre-comércio, que, enfim, é a
missão central atribuída à OMC. Mas, atenção, não é o comércio como um fim em
si mesmo, mas "como um meio de melhorar as condições de vida das famílias
no mundo real".
Azevêdo adiantou, no entanto, poucas pistas sobre o
que pretende fazer para tirar do pântano a Rodada Doha, o mais ambicioso projeto
de liberalização comercial que o mundo lançou, já faz 12 anos.
Para o diplomata brasileiro, na verdade são quase
"duas décadas de estagnação no front negociador", contando o tempo
perdido desde a transformação do antigo Gatt (Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio)
em OMC, em 1995, até o lançamento da Rodada Doha (2001).
Azevêdo limitou-se a dizer que "o sistema
[multilateral de comércio] precisa ser atualizado ou logo se tornará incapaz de
lidar com as demandas de um mundo transformado".
Que atualizações, ele já tem na cabeça, mas não era o
momento de dizer porque a etapa de ontem faz parte do que, no jargão da OMC, se
chama de "concurso de Miss Simpatia", uma avaliação mais da
personalidade do candidato do que propriamente do conteúdo de suas propostas.
Brasil Econômico - Candidato
à direção da OMC, Azevêdo promete que retomará rodada Doha
Em discurso de apresentação ao cargo, embaixador
brasileiro aponta paralisia do órgão de comércio mundial
Ruy Barata Neto, de Brasília - A retomada das
negociações da Rodada Doha, paralisada há mais de 11 anos, será o principal desafio
a ser perseguido pelo embaixador brasileiro Roberto Carvalho de Azevêdo caso
assuma a diretoria-geral da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC).
Representante permanente do Brasil no órgão desde 2008, Azevêdo aparece como um
dos favoritos da disputa à sucessão do francês Pascal Lamy, cujo mandato
termina em agosto.
Responsável por encerrar, ontem, a fase de
apresentação dos candidatos, Azevêdo aposta na sua qualificação técnica para
ganhar a disputa e conseguir destravar as negociações da rodada Doha durante o
mandato. "Tenho o expertise necessário para fazer isso porque já pude
atuar tanto no nível técnico quanto no estratégico, além de contar com a
confiança dos membros da OMC, ter um histórico de transparência nas negociações
e diálogo com as mais diferentes tendências da organização", afirma
Azevêdo.
Um dos concorrentes mais fortes do embaixador
brasileiro é o mexicano Herminio Blanco, economista e ex-ministro do comércio e
indústria. A experiência ministerial é apontada como uma vantagem em relação ao
concorrente brasileiro que ainda não assumiu tal cargo. Mas, segundo Azevêdo,
esta lacuna não deverá ser um problema na disputa.
Na avaliação do brasileiro as soluções para o impasse
da Rodada Doha dependerão do conhecimento a cerca do processo do histórico das
negociações da OMC, sobretudo no âmbito técnico. "É preciso expertise para
se achar solução, e isso, francamente, não acontece no nível ministerial",
afirma. "Não estou dizendo que ex-ministros não são capazes de fazê-lo,
mas você tem que observar o caminho antes de se fechar um acordo."
Azevêdo também lembrou que até antes da criação da
OMC, em 1994, nenhum dos diretos gerais do órgão equivalente eram de nível
ministerial. "Todas as rodadas de negociação foram concluídas por estas
pessoas", afirma. "Aliás, desde 1995, quando a diretoria passou a ser
composta por ministros, nenhuma rodada foi concluída."
Ex-ministro das relações exteriores do governo
Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Felipe Lampreia afirma que a experiência de
Azevêdo na OMC o torna o mais qualificado entre os concorrentes ao cargo. Ele
concorda com Azevêdo a respeito da urgência no avanço das negociações de Doha.
"Se não tiver novos avanços como as rodadas de liberalização do comércio e
de redução de obstáculos comerciais, a OMC esta fadada a ser apenas um
mecanismo de solução de controvérsias", afirma.
Segundo Lampreia, as chances do embaixador brasileiro
são grandes por conta da predisposição dos membros da OMC em elegerem um diretor-geral
representante de um país emergente. "É a bola da vez", afirma. Além
de Blanco, está na disputa Anabel González, ministra de comércio exterior da
Costa Rica, como a terceira representante da América Latina. De países da
África aparecem Alan John Kwadwo Kyerematen, ex-ministro de Comércio e
Indústria de seu país de Ghana, e a embaixadora Amina C. Mohamed, do Kenya.
Ao todo, disputam nove candidatos. Além dos já
citados, estão no páreo representante da Indonésia, Nova Zelândia, Jordânia e
Coreia do Sul. O novo diretor geral deve ser nomeado por consenso antes do fim
de maio e assumirá suas funções no começo de setembro.
Valor Econômico – Brasileiro é destaque
na apresentação de candidatos à OMC
Por Assis Moreira | De Genebra
Encerrada a fase de apresentação dos nove candidatos
para substituir Pascal Lamy na direção-geral da Organização Mundial do Comércio
(OMC), dois ou três candidatos se destacaram, na percepção de vários
negociadores em Genebra. Os candidatos da Nova Zelândia, Tim Groser, e do Brasil,
Roberto Azevedo, são apontados como os que tiveram melhor desempenho diante dos
158 países membros. Alguns delegados incluem a candidata da Costa Rica, Anabel
Gonzalez, que teria ido melhor do que se esperava.
A apresentação dos candidatos na OMC é um processo
necessário, mas não decisivo. Se acertou no desempenho, se mantém no páreo. Se
errou, pode perder algum apoio. Mas a decisão de cada país sobre quem vai
apoiar será tomada nas capitais, no jogo de barganhas e consultas com os
parceiros
A diferença é que Tim Groser, de país desenvolvido e
que já comandou a OMC, pode ter pouca chance de prosperar, a não ser que os
países desenvolvidos queiram comprar uma enorme briga com países em
desenvolvimento, que consideram ser a vez de um de seus candidatos.
Para Azevedo, muito agora dependerá da movimentação de
Brasília, dos contatos diretos da presidente DilmaRousseff com
outros presidentes em busca de apoio. Curiosamente, muitas delegações mencionam
telefonemas recebidos, mas nenhum fala de chamada do Palácio do Planalto.
Nas apresentações, nenhum dos nove candidatos correu
grande risco. Mas, dependendo de quem se ouvia, os comentários eram de que
alguns candidatos teriam chocado seus próprios apoiadores, sobretudo os de Gana
e Quênia, aparentemente mais interessados em tranquilizar os países
desenvolvidos.
Houve repetição de muita banalidade sobre o papel da
OMC, o que cada um acha que pode fazer etc. A falta de humildade também parece
ter atacado os candidatos. Tudo é usado para carregar a favor ou contra o
favorito.
Pelo que se deduz das percepções, no grupo do meio
aparecem três candidatos.
O mexicano Herminio Blanco deixou poucas lembranças.
Na verdade, a impressão que ele dá é de até poder ser um bom negociador para o
México, o que é diferente de ser um mediador para acordos. O candidato da
Coreia do Sul, o ministro de Comércio, Taeho Barq, não deu má impressão. Mas
dificilmente terá apoios importantes, na opinião de alguns participantes. A
candidata da Indonésia, Mari Pangestu, apareceu adoentada, insistiu que atrás
de seu sorriso pode ser dura e tampouco surpreendeu muito.
No último grupo estão os candidatos de Gana, Jordânia
e Quênia. O ganense Alan John Kwadwo Kyerematen é, porém, o favorito na casa de
aposta eletrônica Paddy Power, em Londres.
Os candidatos terão agora fevereiro e março para fazer
campanha. Enquanto isso, em Genebra os embaixadores decidirão quais as regras
que serão utilizadas para as consultas a serem feitas aos países a respeito dos
candidatos.
Assim, provavelmente só em abril começará a série de
consultas aos países. A expectativa é de que inicialmente haverá a eliminação
de dois ou três candidatos, pelo menos. Se não houver uma guerra, como já
ocorreu no passado, com candidato recusando a sair do páreo, no fim de abril a
OMC terá escolhido seu novo diretor-geral.
E já que estamos falando de droga, tem algumas que viajam de primeira classe, e pretendem entrar sem controle, ou melhor, com todos os privilégios e imunidades da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Diplomáticas. Vai ser preciso atualizar esse velho instrumento (1962, se não me engano) das relações internacionais...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
O segredo da mala
PF deteve um portador de mala diplomática sob forte suspeita de carregamento de cocaína
por Leandro Mazzini
Um incidente em Brasília é digno de script hollywoodiano.
Acionada no desembarque do Aeroporto Internacional, a Polícia Federal
deteve um portador de mala diplomática, de origem de país sul-americano,
sob forte suspeita de carregamento de cocaína. Malas diplomáticas têm
passe livre e não podem ser abertas, mas a PF não liberou a entrada do
material. O Itamaraty entrou no circuito e autorizou o desembarque do
rapaz, que descobriu-se depois ser namorado do filho do embaixador
hermano. Abafa
O episódio ocorrido nesta semana ficou oficioso, não registrado nos
autos da PF e do Itamaraty, para evitar constrangimentos e crise entre
os dois países. Volta pra casa
As autoridades brasileiras não deixaram barato: no reenvio da mala
para o aeroporto de origem, avisaram da suspeita da droga. Mas o
desembarque ficou um mistério. O bem-vindo
O embaixador e o filho enamorado foram parar no aeroporto. Diplomatas
convenceram a PF a liberar o passageiro. Pois não havia prova de que
sabia do conteúdo. O Mala
Caiu o conceito da Embaixada em Brasília. O rapaz envolvido é tratado
como “O Mala diplomático”. Como o caso é oficioso, a coluna preserva os
envolvidos.
Confesso não saber se a branquinha, a cocaina -- em pó, pasta base ou qualquer outra forma -- tem uma classificação aduaneira, ou seja, os 9 ou 10 dígitos do Sistema Harmonizado da Aladi que serve para classificar os milhares de itens que entram na pauta aduaneira de comércio exterior de um país, no caso, os nossos países, o Brasil e seus simpáticos vizinhos, que devem estar ganhando uma grana preta com a droga branca.
Em todo caso, apreciaria que alguém me dissesse qual a Nomenclatura Aduaneira do Mercosul que classifica a droga, uma vez que ela pode, teoricamente, ser exportada legalmente, para fins de pesquisa ou para uso médico, por exemplo. E qual seria a tarifa aplicada, por favor, se está em lista de exceção, se está prevista convergência em algum momento (no livre comércio total que um dia deve existir, caramba, inclusive com a legalização dessa importante commodity do comércio mundial).
Enquanto isso, ela continua a provocar destruição, morte, corrupção, tangos e tragédias neste nosso canto de planeta que alguns pretendem integrado. Também acho, mas não sempre pelas vias corretas.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Brazilian federal police patrol the Mamore
River, which separates Brazil from Bolivia. The river is used by
traffickers to ferry cocaine from Bolivia into Brazil, where cocaine
consumption is rising rapidly.
Juan Forero/Getty Images
As cocaine consumption falls in the United States, South American
drug traffickers have begun to pioneer a new soft target for their
product: big and increasingly affluent Brazil.
And the source of the cocaine is increasingly Bolivia, a landlocked country that shares a 2,100-mile border with Brazil.
As
Brazilian police officers and border agents can attest, the drug often
finds its way to Brazil by crossing the Mamore River, which separates
the state of Rondonia from Bolivia in the heart of South America.
It
is not an easy border to patrol. Much of it is porous jungle or river.
It is also a big border, bigger than the U.S.-Mexico line that has
caused so much trouble for both the Obama administration and Mexico's
government.
Worse still is that Bolivia, along with Peru and
Colombia, are the three biggest cocaine-producing countries — and Brazil
shares 5,000 miles of frontier with them.
An agent of Brazil's Forca Nacional, an
agency made up of military policemen, stands guard in a largely
abandoned border hamlet that is used by drug traffickers to ferry
cocaine from neighboring Bolivia.
Juan Forero/NPR
A perfect route for the transport of cocaine is the Mamore River,
which meanders northward from Bolivia into the heart of Brazil's Amazon.
So say the Brazilian cops who use a speedboat to patrol the wide,
slow-moving Mamore near the Brazilian border town of Guajara-Mirim.
"Here
we patrol at dawn and at night, looking to ambush the boats that cross
with drugs," says Alexandre Nascimento, a federal police agent who
piloted the boat. "But it's difficult and dangerous, and you have to
have patience."
The agents also say they have to have a degree
of luck, to decipher which of the countless small boats that cross the
river from Bolivia are carrying drugs.
Most don't stop at the
major border crossings, but rather find their way along narrow channels
and drop off their goods at isolated ports.
"There are many
ports," says Alexandre Barbosa, another federal agent. "Every 100 meters
or sometimes less, you see a port. So you can move from one port to the
other very fast."
Brazilian and U.N. counternarcotics
officials say those little boats making quick trips, along with small
planes that make 20-minute flights, are flooding Brazil with Bolivian
cocaine. AsBrazilGrows Richer, Cocaine Use Rises
The
reasons are simple: Brazil, long the world's No. 2 consumer of cocaine
after the United States, is seeing consumption rise fast. And Bolivia is
responding to the demand, increasing its production of cocaine in
recent years, according to U.N. and U.S. data.
"You've seen a
shift where the drug traffickers are looking for a new market, new and
emerging markets," says Bo Mathiasen, a senior U.N. drug official who
tracks the cocaine trade across the continent. "And so the traffickers
have been focusing on trying to ship more cocaine over towards Brazil,
to Argentina and down to Chile."
It is Brazil, though, that is
the big prize out of the many countries that have seen a spike in
cocaine use in recent years. Brazil has lifted 30 million people into
the middle class in recent years. For traffickers, that's particularly
alluring, Mathiasen says.
"Brazil is in a way victim of its own
success," he says. "Clearly, the economic success and the rising
purchasing power and the growth of the economy turned it more attractive
also for drug trafficking."
The turn toward Brazil has come as
cocaine use in the United States has fallen by an estimated two-thirds
over the past 30 years, according to the United Nations 2012 World Drug
Report, which says the trend has been particularly notable since 2006.
Meanwhile, Colombia, which has historically supplied cocaine to
the U.S., has seen the amount of land dedicated to drug crops reduced by
half since 2001. Cocaine production has also fallen steeply. Increased Production InPeruAndBolivia
"We see this as a problem of security and, at times, a problem of
national defense," says Regina Miki, national secretary of public
security at Brazil's Ministry of Justice.
Brazilian President
Dilma Rousseff's government has since 2011 moved to shore up border
security by deploying thousands of troops and assigning more and better
equipped federal police agents to the border.
There are also
plans for a fleet of unmanned aerial drones to patrol the most remote
sectors. In a recent hearing in the capital, Brasilia, Justice Minister
Jose Eduardo Cardozo said Brazil moved fast and aggressively.
"It's
impossible to have a border that's invulnerable, because no country in
the world has that," he said. "But our frontiers are much better
controlled than in the past."
But out on Brazil's frontier with
Bolivia, the Mamore River, it's clear how difficult the challenge is
for a group of 35 federal agents assigned to patrol just one sector.
On
a recent day, heavy rains fell and the Mamore and other rivers became
swollen. Meanwhile, the small dugout canoes from Bolivia kept coming,
loaded with provisions and suitcases, boxes and equipment.
In
their speedboat, the federal officers dashed from one side of the Mamore
to the other, trying to decide which boats to stop and search. With the
river running high, they also had another problem to worry about: small
creeks that had been made navigable by the constant rainfall.
"Look,
even here, in front of us, you can see a canal," says Allan Oliveira,
one of the agents. "You can go in with the small boats traffickers use
to hide from the police."
Esta postagem, enorme, ou comprida (como quiserem), é para ser lida em conexão com esta outra, anterior, uma simples resenha de livro, que postei em função da imensa curiosidade que eu sempre mantive com respeito às contribuições importantíssimas que esse pequeno povo ofereceu a toda a humanidade:
As razões não são uniformes, nem qualitativamente comparáveis ou mensuráveis entre si, e são essencialmente arbitrárias, mas todas relevantes, historicamente, socialmente, intelectualmente.
Um pouco de inteligência sempre ajuda na construção de uma humanidade melhor...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Ashkenazi Jews are smart. Shockingly brilliant, in general. Impressive in brain power. How did they get that way?
Ashkenazi Jews, aka Ashkenazim, are the descendants of Jews from
medieval Alsace and the Rhine Valley, and later, from throughout Eastern
Europe. Originally, of course, they were from Israel. Genetic research
from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggests that the
Ashkenazi bloodline branched away from other Jewish groups there 2,500
years ago, and that 40% of them are descended from only four Jewish
mothers. Approximately 80% of the Jews in the world today are
Ashkenazim, with the remainder primarily Sephardic.
Researchers who study the Ashkenazim agree that the children of
Abraham are on top of the IQ chart. Steven Pinker – who lectured on
“Jews, Genes, and Intelligence” in 2007 - says “their average IQ has
been measured at 108-115.” Richard Lynn, author of “The Intelligence of
American Jews” in 2004, says it is “only” a half-standard higher:
107.5. Henry Harpending, Jason Hardy, and Gregory Cochran, University
of Utah authors of the 2005 research report, “Natural History of
Ashkenazi Intelligence,” state that their subjects, “score .75 to 1.0
standard deviations above the general European average, corresponding to
an IQ of 112-115.” Charles Murray, in his 2007 essay “Jewish Genius,”
says “their mean is somewhere in the range of 107-115, with 110 being a
plausible compromise.”
A Jewish average IQ of 115 is 8 points higher than the generally
accepted IQ of their closest rivals—Northeast Asians—and approximately
40% higher than the global average IQ of 79.1 calculated by Richard Lynn
and Tatu Vanhanen in IQ and Global Inequity.
Plus, contemplate this astounding tidbit: Ashkenazi “visual-spatial”
IQ scores are only mediocre; in one study their median in this category
was a below-average 98. They surmount this liability by logging
astronomic figures in “verbal IQ”, which includes verbal reasoning,
comprehension, working memory and mathematical skill; a 1958 survey of
yeshiva students discovered a median verbal IQ of 125.6.
What does it mean that Ashkenazim have a high IQ, in terms of
producing “geniuses”? With their population so small - a mere 0.25 of
the world total - does it make any serious difference? The answer is
YES. A “bell curve” is used to illustrate IQ percentile in a specific
group – in a “general population” where IQ average is 100 the curve
assumes these proportions:
less than 70 IQ - 2.5%
70-85 IQ- 12.5%
86-100 IQ - 35%
101-115 IQ – 35%
116-130 IQ – 12.5%
greater than 130 IQ – 2.5%
Applying the same bell curve for Ashkenazim, but with a 17-point upward lift in median IQ (using the From Chance To Choice digit) produces the IQ upgrade below:
less than 87 IQ – 2.5%
88-102 IQ – 12.5%
103-117 IQ – 35%
118-132 IQ – 35%
133-148 IQ – 12.5%
greater than 148 IQ – 2.5%
This shifting upward of the bell curve by more than a standard
deviation (15 points) means that more than five times as many Ashkenazim
are eligible for Mensa (minimum 130 IQ) and more than five times as
many have the average IQ of an Ivy League graduate.
In reality, Ashkenazim are enrolled in the Ivies by a proportion ten times greater than their numbers; for example they represent 30% of Yale students, 27% of Harvard, 23% of Brown, 32% of Columbia, and 31% of Pennsylvania.
This suggests that either the “bell’s curve” is lifted for the
Ashkenazi a bit longer at the high end or there are additional factors
that enhance their ability to succeed. Regarding the first possibility,
Charles Murray notes that “the proportion of Jews with IQs of 140 or
higher is somewhere around six times the proportion of everyone
else.” Harpending, Hardy and Cochran sport roughly the same equation; “4
out of every 1,000 Northern European is 140+ IQ, but 23 out of every
1,000 Jew is 140+.” Murray also relays a report from sky-high up in the
genius range, when he notes that a 1954 survey of New York public school
children with 170+ IQs revealed that 24 of the 28 were… Jewish.
Now that I’ve established that Ashkenazi have superlative IQ scores,
let’s observe what they’ve accomplished with their highly functional
brains.
In the 19th century, Mark Twain noted that:
[The Jews] are peculiarly and conspicuously the
world’s intellectual aristocracy… [Jewish] contributions to the world’s
list of great names in literature, science, art, music, finance,
medicine, and abstruse learning are way out of proportion to the
weakness of his numbers. He has made a marvelous fight in this world…
and has done it with his hands tied behind him.
Twain’s observation is not dated. Ashkenazi Jews have continued to
mentally out-compete other demographics since his statement, often
suffering horrendous consequences for their toil. Here is a brief list
of Ashkenazi accomplishments in the last 90 years. Nobel Prizes: Since 1950, 29% of the awards have gone to Ashkenazim, even though they represent only a small fraction of humanity.Ashkenazi
achievement in this arena is 117 times greater than their population.
This pace isn’t slowing down; it is accelerating. In the 21st century, they’ve received 32% of the total, and in 2011, five of the thirteen Nobel Prize winners were Jewish – 38.5%. Hungary in the 1930s: Ashkenazim were 6% of the population,
but they comprised 55.7% of physicians, 49.2% of attorneys, 30.4% of
engineers, and 59.4% of bank officers; plus, they owned 49.4% of the
metallurgy industry, 41.6% of machine manufacturing, 72.8% of clothing
manufacturing, and, as housing owners, they received 45.1% of Budapest
rental income. Jews were similarly successful in nearby nations, like
Poland and Germany. “Significant Figures”: In “Jewish Genius” by Charles Murray,
the author tallies up important contributing individuals in a variety of
vocations, noting how immensely over-represented Jews are compared to
what could be expected due to their small population. His conclusion in
various categories is: Biology – “significant” Jews appear 5 times
greater their population, Chemistry 6X, Physics 9X, Literature 4X, Music
5X, Visual Arts 5X, Math 12X, Philosophy 14X.2 USA (today): Ashkenazi Jews comprise 2.2% of the USA
population, but they represent 30% of faculty at elite colleges, 21% of
Ivy League students, and 25% of the Turing Award winners. Plus, “Jews
have made up 50% of the top two hundred intellectuals… 40% of partners
in the leading law firms in New York and Washington… 59% of the
directors, writers, and producers of the fifty top-grossing motion
pictures…” Israel: In 1922 this swamp-and-desert land had an impoverished
population of 752,000 inhabitants. Today there are 7,746,000 residents,
with a large Ashkenazi population (3 million, and 60% of the workforce)
that has elevated it into a high-tech entrepreneurial nation with the
highest per capita income in the region. Israel rates 1stin the world in graduate degrees, 1st in museums, 1st in home computers, and 1st in publishing scientific papers.
Personally, I find the Nobel Prize statistic the most amazing.
Consider this: if everybody on the planet was an Ashkenazi Jew, would
the result be 117 times more Nobel Prize-winning caliber individuals,
with 117 times as many spectacular achievements, per annum? INSTANT
SINGULARITY! Without any help from AI…
(Sephardic Jewish achievement is represented in many of the
categories above, especially in Nobel Prize statistics. When this
article was originally published - in a shorter version, on August 7,
2011 by the Institute for Ethics in Emerging Technology (ieet.org) –
Sephardic Jews expressed some perturbation that they were omitted from
the essay. I’d like to acknowledge the immense contribution of
Sephardic Jews with this all-too-brief list of notables from their
lineage:
Elias Canetti (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1981), Tobias Michael Carel
Asser (Nobel Peace Prize, 1911), Rene Cassin (Nobel Peace Prize, 1968),
Franco Modigliani (Nobel Prize in Economics, 1985), Francois Jacob
(Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology, 1965), Salvador Luria (Nobel Prize
in Medicine/Physiology, 1969), Baruj Benacerraf (Nobel Prize in
Medicine/Physiology, 1980), Rita Levi-Montalcini (Nobel Prize in
Medicine/Physiology, 1986), Emilio Segre (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1959),
Claude Cohen-Tannoudj (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1997), plus philosopher
Jacques Derrida, economist/philanthropist Bernard Baruch, painter Amedeo
Modigliani, and Benjamin Disraeli, the British Prime Minister.
In the medieval era, Sephardic achievements were also quite significant. In George Sarton’s Introduction to the History of Science,
the author notes that 95 out of 626 scientists in the world from
1150-1300 were Sephardic Jews -15% - far exceeding their population
proportion.
However, when Sephardic IQ is presently recorded, the sums are no
higher than the northern European average, and definitively not as
elevated as Ashkenazi.)
Let’s proceed. With the facts I’ve laid out, only the most obtuse
reader can resist my pronouncement that Ashkenazi Jews are, on average, extraordinarily intelligent.
I’m not asserting Ashkenazi cognitive specialness because I’m
Philo-Semitic, or Zionist, or pro-Israeli. I’m pointing it out because
it is irrefutably true.
That said, the question that my essay seeks to unravel is… Why? Why
is the IQ of Ashkenazi Jews so high? Is the reason due to their
genetics, environment, culture, education, or a unique combination of
multiple factors?
In my initial publication of this essay, I provided eight reasons for
high Ashkenazi IQ. But then, I received a flurry of email suggestions
(many from professors) providing me with additional information. Twenty
theories are now listed in this expanded essay, and I’ve attempted to
give my sources the credit they deserve, even though – in several
instances - I don’t have their actual names, just their Internet
chat-monikers. Here’s my new list – many related to each other -
presented in roughly chronological order: Babylonian Eugenics – In 586 B.C.E., Jerusalem was totally
destroyed by the Babylonians, led by their monarch Nebuchadnezzar, who
“carried into exile… all the [Jewish] officers and fighting men, and all
the craftsmen and artisans… only the poorest people of the land were
left.” (2Kings 24:10-14) The Indestructible Jews, by Max Dimont, defines the deported people as “the flower of Judah’s aristocracy and intellectuals.”
The exiled Jews of this first Diaspora became highly successful in
Babylon. Dimont claims, “In the libraries of Babylon, intellectual Jews
found a new world of new ideas. Within five decades, exiled Jews bobbed
to the surface of the top echelons on Babylonian society, in business
enterprises, in the scholastic world, in court circles. They became
leaders in commerce, men of learning, advisors to kings.”
In 538 B.C.E., the Persian king Cyrus the Great granted Jews
permission to return to their homeland. Wealthy Jews - who had
established successful trade routes and businesses in Babylon - financed
zealous returnees who wanted to re-settle Judah. Initial attempts
failed, but eventually, 1,760 settlers led by the prophet Ezra and the
governor Nehemiah rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem and resurrected the
nation. These “Babylonian” Jews returning to Israel discovered that
their poorer brethren that were left behind a half-century earlier had
slipped away via assimilation, vanishing into neighboring pagan creeds.
Cyril Darlington, in his The Evolution of Man and Society,
suggests that the temporary separation of the Jewish elite, and
permanent removal of the uneducated and unskilled, provided a genetic
intellectual boost to the creed.
The returning Jews also instituted two customs that enhanced the
mental solidity of their culture’s future. A ban on intermarriage with
Gentiles was enforced, and the first five books of Moses were canonized,
as the Torah. People of the Difficult Book: The Torah (the first five books
of the Jewish Bible) and the Talmud (recordings of rabbinic discussions)
are intellectually complex and sophisticated. Practitioners of Judaism
are required to learn and study the extensive, mentally rigorous laws.
Thematic content of the scriptural passages is not simplistic or
literal, it is, conversely, designed for comprehension on multiple,
abstract, metaphorical levels. Blind faith and slavish devotion,
encouraged by other faiths, is not conducive to Judaism. Instead,
worship in the ancient monotheism demands significant literacy skills
due to the cognitive demands of the texts, with tradition maintaining
that understanding the Talmud requires “study of seven hours a day for
seven years.”Charles Murray notes that, “no other religion
made so many demands upon the whole body of its believers,” with the
subsequent analysis that, “Judaism evolved in such a way that to be a
good Jew meant that a man had to be smart.” Healthy Hygiene & Diet: Professor Sam Lehman-Wilzig of
Bar-Ilan University in Israel provided me with this theory. His
suggestion is based on the fact that - due to their customary practices -
the Jews probably enjoyed better hygiene than Gentiles. He points to
the Jewish washing of hands before every meal, the men bathing at least
once a week in the “mikveh” (a purification bathhouse) and the women
bathing at least once a month, after their menstruation was over. He
also notes the restriction on pork prevented Jews from contracting
trichinosis. (Famous casualties of this parasitic disease include
Gautama Buddha and Wolfgang Mozart). With lower disease rates, Jewish
bodies would not have suffered as much as Gentiles and this would have
improved their mental capacities.
This notion has been repeated elsewhere. In 1953, research by Johns
Hopkins University pharmacologist David I. Macht surmised that all the
dozens of meat items banned by Jewish dietary laws in Deuteronomy and Leviticus were, in fact, more toxic than the kosher flesh that was permitted. Additionally, in the recent book Survival of the Sickest,
author Sharon Moalem suggests that Jews removing leaven from their
homes during Passover helped keep out the rats that spread bubonic
plague in the 13th century. Last but not least, wealthy
Ashkenazi Jews dwelling in larger houses in eastern Europe would have
survived epidemics easier because they didn’t suffer the same high
multiple infection rate that occurred in smaller homes with greater
crowding.
Extensive correlation between high IQ, healthy diet, infectious
diseases, sanitation, and home crowding, is examined via research
studies in later chapters of this book, particularly in “Early Years.” Education Emphasized, Way Back in B.C. – Jeremiah Unterman of
Jerusalem informed me that the Torah instructs every Jewish father to
teach the Torah to his children, and Marisa Landau notes on a futurepundit.com
6/4/05 discussion that it’s forbidden by the Jewish religion to keep
child illiterate. Additionally, Landau reports that Jewish women
learned to read and write, a phenomenon that was unique in the ancient
world. Landau also mentions that it has long been a custom among Jews to
provide a full pension - for up to 10 years – to an intelligent
son-in-law who wishes to entirely devote himself to study. The Jews, it
seems, invented the notion of “scholarships.” In
the medieval era, the French monk, Peter Abelard (1079-1142) penned
this about Jewish education: “A Jew, however poor, even if he had ten
sons, would get them all to letters, not for gain as the Christians do,
but for understanding of God’s law. And not only for his sons, but his
daughters.” Mandatory Schools For Males - In 64 A.D., the high priest
Joshua ben Gamla issued and implemented an ordinance mandating schools
for all boys, beginning at age 6. Within 100 years, Jews had established
universal male literacy and numeracy, the first ethnicity in history to
achieve this.
The progressive, demanding edict created a huge demographic shift.
The high, oft-times prohibitive cost of educating children in the
subsistence farming economy of the 2nd to 6th
centuries prompted numerous Jews to voluntarily convert to Christianity,
leading to a decline in Jewish population from 4.5 million to 1.2
million.
Natural “eugenics” favored two groups in this situation: 1) the sons
of wealthier, ostensibly more intelligent Jews, who could provide
greater funding for the schools that maintained their offspring’s
membership as Jews, and, 2) the smartest boys who could quickly learn
reading, writing and arithmetic at a pace at which they could afford to
“stay Jewish.”
Who was left out? Removed from the gene pool? Answer: the poorer, uneducated Jews, and/or those with the lowest IQ. Urban Upgrade – 80-90% of Jews were farmers in 1 AD. But only
10-20% remained in agriculture by 1000 A.D. The education required by
Joshua ben Gamla’s edict delivered verbal and math skills to Jewish
boys, enabling them to move out of subsistence rural life into
highly-skilled urban professions, involving sales, trade, and financial
transactions.
Moving from a pastoral environment into cities implements an IQ
boost, due to urbanism’s increased complexity, literacy, and technology.
A Hanoi National University study in 2006 showed a whopping 19.4 IQ
difference between city and country students. A 1970 survey in Greece
recorded a difference of 10-13 points. Other studies note smaller
discrepancies of only 2-6 points, but unanimously, urban residents
always score higher, and Jews are one of the world’s longest-urbanized
ethnicities. Dialectic and Rational Thought – Dr. Sam Lehman-Wilzig
informed me that one of the noteworthy approaches to Jewish learning is
“dialectic.” The Talmud itself is not a “law code” but instead, a huge
compendium of ARGUMENTS. Jews are encouraged to see different
perspectives of an issue, and they’re taught to question everything,
including the Law, the Rabbi’s logic, and one’s own belief system.
Rabbis developed argumentative principles, an entire system of
questioning that the Jews have utilized for 2,000 years in both
religious and secular debates.
Dialectic was not a ‘Jewish’ invention: it was a learning technique
that Jews borrowed and adapted from Greek philosophy; the synthesis is a
‘Socratic-Jewish methodology.’ Traces of the Greek influence are
evident in the Passover Seder where the Jewish father reclines on a
pillow (similar to the Greeks) while the youngest Jewish child asks Four
Questions. This method of learning was unique during the Middle Ages,
compared to Catholic Europe’s ‘authoritative’ traditions.
Dr. Sanford Aranoff, Professor of Science and Mathematics at Rider
University, conveyed to me a similar message. In his opinion, Judaism is
based on principles of rational thought. (Rational thinking begins with
clearly stated principles, continues with logical deductions, and then
examines empirical evidence to possibly modify the principles.)
The analytic, strategic skills developed in both Jewish dialectic and
critical thinking are an important component of IQ tests, and they’re
essential in legal, academic, science, and engineering careers. Clever Clerics Propagate: A major difference between Catholicism and Judaism is that priests have been celibate since the 4th
century Council of Carthage decreed that they abstain from conjugal
relations, whereas Jewish rabbis have always been encouraged to marry
and multiply. In the Middle Age this resulted in massive IQ depression
for Catholics, because their brightest, academically gifted boys were
usually locked up in seminaries that wasted their gene pool. Meanwhile…
sage, scholastic Jewish rabbis were marrying smart women and creating
large, clever families. Three tomes that examine this phenomenon are
Robert Novick’s Anarchy, State and Utopia, Ernst Vandenberg’s The Jewish Mystique, and Paul Johnson’s A History of the Jews. Breeding for Brains:
“Our Rabbis teach, Let a man sell all that he has and
marry the daughter of a learned man. If he cannot find the daughter of a
learned man, let him marry the daughter of one of the great men of his
day. If he does not find such a one, let him marry the daughter of one
of the heads of the congregation, or, failing this, the daughter of a
charity collector, or even the daughter of a schoolmaster; but let him
not marry the daughter of an illiterate man, for the unlearned are an
abomination, as also their wives and their daughters.” P’sachim, fol.
49, col. 2.
Judaic texts like the one above emphasize repeatedly that knowledge
and intelligence are supreme virtues, with ignorance the grossest
liability. Following this dictum, the Jews enhanced their gene pool for
smartnesss. In A History of the Jews, author Paul Johnson notes
that, “among the Jews the most intelligent people have always been very
valued and sought after as husbands, so they procreate and spread their
good genes.”Charles Murray observed another matchmaking
tendency, when he notes that “by marrying the children of scholars to
the children of successful merchants, Jews were in effect joining those
selected for abstract reasoning ability with those selected for
practical intelligence.” Meanwhile,
Catholics were marrying for “class” reasons, angling for blue-blood
aristocrat gains that had no link to intelligence. Physical strength
and valor was also desired, via brave knights on the battlefield - this
exaltation of brawn over brains likewise did nothing to advance that
religion’s collective IQ. Trading Tongues: Ashkenazi merchants plied their wares over a
vast area, originally to Islamic regions, but later internationally -
from rubber in Brazil to silk in China.To prosper in the
exchange, they memorized multiple languages. The stateless tribe needed
diverse fluency anyway, to communicate in adopted lands with their
neighbors that spoke German, Polish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian,
Russian, Ukrainian, French, Dutch, etc.
The Ashkenazi developed a “fusion” tongue: Yiddish (German, Hebrew,
Aramaic, plus other Slavic languages and a touch of Romance). At its
height - before World War II - Yiddish was spoken by 13 million. The
polyglot language produced exemplary culture in literature, theater, and
film.
Neurologists today recognize that multiple language learning enhances
memory, mental flexibility, problem solving, abstract thinking, and
creative hypothesis formulation. Explanations of the benefits abound; I
recommend listening to the video, “Bilingualism Will Supercharge Your
Baby’s Brain.” Squeezed Into Brilliance: Jews in Europe were officially
excluded from “common” occupations such as agriculture from 800-1700
A.D. Indeed, they were usually not allowed to own land. The restrictions
forced Ashkenazim for 900 years into urban vocations that were
cognitively more demanding, such as trade, bookkeeping, commerce, sales,
and investment. The frequent Christian prohibition against charging of
interest in money lending - prohibited as “usury” – assisted in opening
up financial banking occupations for Jews. Historical records reveal
that 80% of the Jews in Roussilon, southern France, in 1270 were
money-lenders.
Later, after they were evicted from Western Europe, Ashkenazim were
welcomed in Poland as urban investors and initiators of trade who could
help modernize the nation. They were also in great demand in middle
management positions because they had mathematic and business
administration skills.
Ashkenazim who weren’t mathematically and verbally adept enough to
succeed in these “white collar” jobs drifted away from Judaism—low IQs
were pushed out. Conversely, the most successful merchants and number
crunchers raised larger families, passing on an increasing percentage of
algebraic brains. Winnowed By Persecution: The most intelligent and/or wealthy
Ashkenazim were better equipped to escape Inquisitions, pogroms,
persecutions, holocausts, and other genocidal threats because they: 1)
could afford to emigrate; 2) could predict the need to do so; and 3) had
social and economic opportunities in the nations they fled to. Poorer,
less connected, and less astute Ashkenazi ranks thus were inexorably
depleted.
The repeated annihilation, expulsion, and flight of the Jewish people
is universally known. The first Diaspora to Babylonia has already been
mentioned. A second Diaspora is popularly regarded as a series of
dispersals from Israel after the failure of Jewish revolts against the
Roman Empire from 70 C.E. – 135 C.E. In 629 C.E., King Dagobert of the
Franks ordered the Jews to convert, leave his land, or face
execution. The First Crusade, 1096-1099 C.E., cruelly
slaughtered thousands of Ashkenazi, an estimated 25%. Jews were expelled
from England in 1290, France in 1394 and parts of Germany in the 15th century. Pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th
century murdered substantial numbers of Jews, and the Holocaust,
instigated by Adolf Hitler, led to the genocide of approximately six
million, primarily Ashkenazi.
Whenever and wherever persecution began, Jews were more likely to
escape if they could pay their way out, or were wealthy enough to have
horses, carriages, employees as guards, rich relatives to flee to, and
friends in “high places.” High IQ has frequently been correlated with
economic success. Sick Genius: Ashkenazim are prey to about nineteen
debilitating genetic diseases, and it’s been surmised that several of
them might have cognitive “side effects” that can enhance intelligence.
Many of the disorders can kill or severely weaken those who have two
copies of the gene, but if you inherit just one, you get a “heterozygote
advantage” that can include neuron growth promotion and accelerated
interconnection of brain cells. For example, having just one of the
allele in Tay-Sachs and Niemann-Pick – GM2ganglioside - could moderately
increase dentrite growth.
Another Ashkenazi ailment is Gaucher’s disease, which seems to
promote axonal growth and branching. A survey discovered that out of
255 employed patients of Gaucher’s disease at Shaare Zedek Medical
Centre in Jerusalem, were in occupations that require IQs over 120, and
15% were scientists. Another survey of Ashkenazim with Torsion Dystomia
revealed an average IQ of 121.
I interviewed Gregory Cochran via email; he’s the University of Utah co-author of the 2005 research report, “Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence.” In
his words, “any IQ boost due to Gaucher’s [would be] a good deal less
than 10-15 points [but] It may be that big for Torsion Dystonia:
everyone who has treated them marvels at how sharp they are… [However]
only a fraction [of Ashkenazi IQ elevation] is due to particular
mutations like Gaucher, in our opinion.” In another interview, Cochran
pinpointed the fractions as, “One in two thousand Askenazi, at most,
carry a Tay-Sachs mutation and a Gaucher mutation, the two most common.”
Ashkenazim are not an isolated ethnicity, after residing with Eastern
European neighbors for over a millennium. While many observers suggest
that they’re 30% European, an Emory University study concluded that
researchers “were able to estimate that between 35 and 55 percent of the
modern Ashkenazi genome comes from European descent.” Positive Thinking – Aubrey Max Sandman, PhD, an electrical
engineer in London, sent me an email asserting that positive attitude is
what counts, not genetics. His opinion is that non-Jews do not work as
hard as Jews, to attain their full potential. In actuality, “positive thinking” actually does elevate IQ.
2011 research at Michigan State University revealed that a subject’s
“mind set” makes a difference in intelligence because their attitude
determines if they react productively, or self-destructively, to their
mistakes. The report will soon be published, hopefully with specific
data charting IQ gains, in an upcoming issue of Psychological Science. Check Mate: Chess historically has been a highly favored
activity among Ashkenazim; a 1905 magazine described it as the “Jewish
National Game.” Almost 50% of Grandmasters are Ashkenazi. The visual,
organizational, and strategic skills required for chess build up the precuneus in the superior parietal lobe, and the caudate nucleus, a part of the basal ganglia in the subcortical region.
Admittedly, these benefits are not hereditary, but youngsters who
practice the game can elevate their memory storage, strategic planning,
and IQ.
Additional information about the benefits of chess can be found in my later chapter, “School Years.” Melodic Minds: Music has been revered in Jewish religious
traditions for 3,000 years. Klezmer “reached a very high level of
sophistication and ornamentation,” according to the Jewish Music
Institute, and Ashkenazi composers and instrumentalists contribute
hugely to Western classical music (one history site declares, “The Jews
‘Own’ the Violin”). Have centuries of practice paid off? Researchers
today believe music training optimizes neuron development and improves
brain function in math, analysis, memory, creativity, stress management,
concentration, motivation, and science.
Additional information about the benefits of musical training can be
found in the following chapters: “Early Years” and “School Years.” Comfortable Supportive Families, With High Expectations: Success promotes success, on the neurological level. Victory provides a rush of dopamine,
a neurotransmitter that activates motivation for further
accomplishments. Ashkenazi children generally understand they are
capable of high achievement, and they’re urged to develop their skills
for contribution to humanity.
Is stern discipline necessary to produce these results? Ashkenazim
have long discouraged spanking of their children; strong familial ties,
incessant encouragement, and hard focused work at excellent
institutions, seems to be sufficient.
Available income that allows offspring to study and develop
intellectually is also important; wealth also permits access to elite
schools. Surveys indicate that American Jews earn about twice the income
of non-Jews, plus they have 2.5 times more capital assets. The result?
The average American Jew receives 2.5 more years of education. Even
during the Middle Age many Jews were upper and middle class in economic
status, a condition that secured good education for their children. Untermensch Go Elsewhere?A 40+-year old Jewish
commenter from New York City with the nomenclature “ASAMATTEROFFACT”
informed me that - in his opinion - Ashkenazi who lack high intelligence
and creativity end up feeling inferior. He believes this eventually
leads to the “untermensch” marrying outside of the tribe. Only the ubermensch
remain to reproduce. His point of view was echoed by another poster -
Efox” - who stated that less intelligent Jews incapable of being their
own “Priest” inevitably left Judaism to join another religion. Empathetic Rabbis – A commenter who identified himself as
“zeev from jew york city” informed me that many rabbis were “Einsteins
of Empathy” – amazingly kind, patient, loving and understanding of other
humans. The high-level “empaths” impacted their congregations, making
their lives better and promoting their ambitions and enterprizes.
In later chapters (“Early Years” and “School Years”) I discuss the
IQ-boosting benefits of “Emotional Support” and “Teacher Effectiveness” –
two gifts that were undoubtedly provided by compassionate rabbis. Fear of Anti-Semitism? – Commenter “Morris Wise” stated a paranoiac position after reading my original article on the instapundit.com
website. In his opinion, Jews are driven to attain high academic
success, career achievement, and wealth, because they want to feel safe,
protected and insulated from anti-Jewish feelings in the outside
community. This point-of-view can, of course, be justified by the long
history of resentment and persecution that Jews have experienced.
———————————————————————————————————————————
Twenty explanations for high Ashkenazi IQ! My opinion? Regarding the
fourscore? They’re possibly all correct, and valuable to contemplate.
However, what I find most intriguing are the “environmental” factors that are accessible to all humanity.
I wonder: if the people of the world really want high-level
intellectual achievement, why don’t we play chess with our children at
night, instead of tossing them a violent video game? Why can’t we listen
to their classical compositions on the weekend, instead of urging them
to get concussions on the football field? Isn’t a “dietary code”
actually an excellent idea, in American culture with its 33.5% adult
obesity? Why can’t we provide them with excellent schools, entice them
to learn foreign grammar, and convince them to believe in and expand
their abilities, instead of forcing them to endure years of educational
mediocrity and expecting nothing back but the same?
If all humanity adopted the best available characteristics of
successful cultures like the Ashkenazi, would we, as a whole, immensely
benefit? Would we learn more quickly, more deeply, and produce greater
wonders? Would we become over- instead of under-achievers?
If we promoted high IQ behavior to humans everywhere, globally, would we all become… enhanced? Better humans?
——————- To read the sixty-four footnotes and references, plus twelve additional essays on intelligence, you can purchase the book Why is the IQ of Ashkenazi Jews so High? Scientific Factors that Influence Intelligence Essays on IQ, Brain Health, etc. Why is the IQ of Ashekenazi Jews so High? 20 Possible Explanations
Um incidente em Brasília é digno de script hollywoodiano.
Acionada no desembarque do Aeroporto Internacional, a Polícia Federal
deteve um portador de mala diplomática, de origem de país sul-americano,
sob forte suspeita de carregamento de cocaína. Malas diplomáticas têm
passe livre e não podem ser abertas, mas a PF não liberou a entrada do
material. O Itamaraty entrou no circuito e autorizou o desembarque do
rapaz, que descobriu-se depois ser namorado do filho do embaixador
hermano. 
