Reproduzo abaixo o sumário (não o índice completo) do livro, e o início da minha introdução (Avant-Propos) a esta edição da minha tese de doutoramento, remetendo ao texto completo na plataforma Academia.edu.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Temas de relações internacionais, de política externa e de diplomacia brasileira, com ênfase em políticas econômicas, em viagens, livros e cultura em geral. Um quilombo de resistência intelectual em defesa da racionalidade, da inteligência e das liberdades democráticas.
Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.
É inadmissível um governo que gasta mais de um trilhão alegar que não tem como cortar R$ 30 bi de gastos
Rodrigo Constantino
Blog de Veja, 17/09/2015A elite empresarial brasileira costuma se iludir com facilidade. Caiu lá atrás no conto do vigário de que Dilma era uma gestora eficiente e uma “faxineira” ética, e mais recentemente embarcou na canoa furada de Joaquim Levy, o “ortodoxo” que veio de Chicago para consertar a bagunça fiscal do governo. É muita vontade de ser enganada mesmo.
Tenho orgulho de jamais ter sido ingênuo a esse ponto, e concentrei minha artilharia em Levy desde o começo (podem atestar). Alguns empresários e economistas sérios discordavam: “ao menos ele levará algum bom senso para o governo petista”. Nada mais falso. O tecnocrata vaidoso apenas empresta sua reputação para um governo incompetente, corrupto e tarado por impostos. E ainda permite que a esquerda radical culpe o “neoliberalismo ortodoxo” pelas lambanças desenvolvimentistas!Pois bem: acho que a ficha está caindo para todos, agora que Levy demonstra ter ignorado as principais lições dos mestres da Chicago. Imposto temporário? O homem nunca escutou Milton Friedman, que sabia que nada é mais permanente do que medidas “temporárias” de governo? No mais, era preciso mesmo convidar um doutor de Chicago para defender a volta da CPMF? Qualquer petista idiota faria isso, não é mesmo?Eis que Levy passou a agir exatamente como esses petistas. Primeiro, chamou de “investimento” o aumento de impostos, algo indecente e imoral num país como o Brasil. Como disse meu amigo Alexandre Borges: “Quando um país entende que baixa carga tributária significa mais dinheiro nas mãos da sociedade e dos agentes econômicos para que haja investimentos, criação de empregos e crescimento econômico, ele começa a trilhar o caminho da prosperidade. O Brasil está a anos-luz desse entendimento”. Levy é parte do problema, não da solução.Agora o ministro da Fazenda resolve piorar o que já era muito ruim, e desmerecer o impacto da CPMF, apenas “dois milésimos” dos gastos. Ora, em primeiro lugar, se é tão irrisório o impacto, por que recriá-la? Mas isso não é o pior: Levy finge não saber que os “dois milésimos” incidem em todas as etapas produtivas. O editorial do GLOBO colocou o ministro em seu devido lugar, ao refrescar sua memória com a informação de que o imposto incide em cascata, sobre todas as movimentações financeiras no país:Cooptado para fazer a defesa da volta da CPMF e da elevação de impostos em geral, Joaquim Levy deu o exemplo da compra de um bilhete de cinema, sobre o qual incidirão os tais ínfimos “dois milésimos”. Ora, o problema é que, sabe bem o economista Joaquim Levy, a CPMF incide em cascata sobre todas as fases da produção e comercialização de bens, de serviços, sobre o consumo, as operações financeiras, tudo. Portanto, o aumento do custo de produção no Brasil, já elevado, será bem maior que os “dois milésimos”. E em nada atenua dizer que a CPMF recauchutada terá o prazo de validade de quatro anos. Ninguém acredita, e com sólidas razões.[…]É assombroso que num Orçamento de R$ 1,2 trilhão o governo não consiga fazer cortes de pouco mais de R$ 30 bilhões, e opte pela volta de um imposto de péssima qualidade como a CPMF e pela elevação de alíquotas do imposto de renda. Mesmo que a carga tributária do país, na faixa dos 37%, já seja muito alta e funcione como fator negativo na competitividade brasileira no exterior.Além de a via do aumento das receitas ser um desestímulo aos investimentos, necessários para o país superar a recessão. Está evidente que fatores políticos e ideológicos condicionam o ajuste.Sim, está evidente, assim como está cristalino que o “ortodoxo” Levy faz parte desse processo, e com um papel de destaque, pois sem ele ficaria muito mais difícil os tarados petistas aprovarem mais impostos. Seu personagem, diga-se de passagem, é dos piores, pois os demais não escondem a essência. E pior do que o lobo é o lobo em pele de cordeiro.A fala dos “dois milésimos”, após a história do aumento de imposto como “investimento”, foi realmente a gota d’água. Levy envergonha todos os doutores de Chicago e admiradores de Milton Friedman e companhia. É apenas alguém que defende o indefensável, que deseja avançar ainda mais sobre nossos bolsos para sustentar um governo incompetente, corrupto e perdulário.Rodrigo Constantino
Defense Command Filled As 2 More Take Service OathSullivan Made Navy Secretary, Symington Chief of Air as Aides to Forrestal Army-Air Pact Is Reached This Covers a Wide Unification but Some Fliers Protest at Lack of Own Medical Arm Two More Sworn As Defense Heads By ANTHONY LEVIEROSpecial to The New York Times
Washington, Sept. 18--The top ranks in the new national military establishment were filled today when oaths were taken by John L. Sullivan as Secretary of the Navy and by W. Stuart Symington as the Secretary of the now independent Air Force. Immediately after assuming his new office, Mr. Sullivan announced that tomorrow W. John Kenney, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, would be sworn in to succeed him as Under-Secretary. Another development on the first day of the unification of the armed forces was the announcement by Kenneth C. Royall, Secretary of the Army, and by Secretary Symington of a separation agreement by the Army department and the new Air Force department embracing more than 200 specific points. This agreement was reached amicably at the highest level by the two secretaries and by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Army Chief of Staff, and Gen. Carl Spaatz, commanding general of the old Army Air Forces. It was learned on high authority, however, that the air staff was dissatisfied with an agreement which disallowed a separate medical corps and a chaplain's corps for the Air Force and would leave under Army control thousands of engineer troops serving the Air Force. Agreements up to Forrestal There were other points of dissatisfaction. Secretaries Royall and Symington stressed, however, that no part of the agreement could come into force without the approval of James Forrestal, who yesterday became the country's first Secretary of Defense. They also explained that the agreement was subject to revision as it met the test of reality, and that the separation of the Air Force from the Army would be an evolutionary process for the next two years and that modifications were more than likely. The oath-taking ceremony, held in Secretary Royall's office, was attended by members of both Houses of Congress, Cabinet officials, high-ranking Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps officers and relatives of Mr. Sullivan and Mr. Symington. Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson administered the oath to both officials. Mr. Sullivan, a native of Manchester, N.H., served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air from July 2, 1945, until he was elevated to Under-Secretary on June 17, 1946. Mr. Symington, whose residence is now at Creve Coeur, Mo., was born at Amherst, Mass. He had been Assistant Secretary of War for Air since Feb. 1, 1946. Old Office Sign Removed The sign reading "Secretary of War," one of the country's old titles, was removed from over Mr. Royall's office door today. It was replaced by one reading "Secretary of the Army." For Mr. Royall the day marked merely a change of titles; it was not necessary for him to take a new oath as the statutory provisions covering the status of the old War Department were continued in force by the National Security (Unification) Act of 1947. This held true also for William H. Draper, Under-Secretary of the Army, who recently took the oath as Under-Secretary of War. The Army-Air Force agreements covered a wide scope including administrative procedures, paper work, intelligence, organization, mobilization, training functions and like problems. The agreements were based upon preliminary studies embodied in a so- called "hall board report" made by a board of officers headed by Maj. Gen. William Hall, an Air Force officer on duty in General Eisenhower's advisory group. Details of the board's report were reported in The New York Times on July 27. Gradual Changes Ordered Mr. Royall said at a news conference that he was gratified to say that the agreement plan was "without dissent from either side." One of the most important provisions in it, he continued, were those providing that all personnel would remain in their present assignments, whether they were Army men on duty with the Air Force or vice versa, until a gradual and orderly transfer could be made where necessary. Equally important, Secretary Royall said, were the agreements for cross-servicing and cross-procurement. These provide that the department having predominant interest or established agency in a particular field will serve the other department in that field. Thus it would not be necessary for the Air Force to create its own overhead agency for procurement of common items of supply which the Army already is set up to do. From these joint arrangements, Secretary Royall said, he expected considerable economies. He recalled that he had testified before a Congressional committee that such economies would surely result if a strong and capable secretary of defense were appointed. Referring to Mr. Forrestal, he added: "We've got a strong Secretary of Defense, so I anticipate there will be savings." Medical Service Involved Mr. Symington also stressed the amity which marked the agreements, saying it had not been necessary to refer any problem for decision to the level of the Secretaries. One line of the report stated: "Chaplains and medical personnel will remain with the Army." The Air staff confirmed that this meant the Air Force would have neither a medical corps nor a chaplain's corps. Asked about the medical question, Mr. Royall replied: "It is an initial plan. If we find that it should be changed for efficiency and economy, it will be done." The medical service question has long been one of strong disagreement within the services, and it was established that as far as the Air staff was concerned it was a problem still to be fought out. During the debate of the unification issue in Congress, one War Department proposal for a single medical service for the Army, Air Force, and the Navy was strongly resisted by the Navy as well as the old Army Air Force. There was a strong feeling among some members of the Air staff that the agreements were virtually forced upon the Air Force while it was in a secondary position--that is, while still a part of the Army. The undercurrent was particularly powerful in regard to medical officers and engineer troops. Hospital Set-up Is Cited The agreement today stated: "General hospitals for the Army and the Air Force will be operated by the Army. Station Hospitals will be operated both by the Army and the Air Force." It was learned that Maj. Gen. Malcolm C. Grow, the air surgeon, who is an Army, not an Air Force, officer, took this position before the Hall board: "The traditional organization for the medical support of ground and naval operations cannot suffice for the medical service of the autonomous Air Force in being. Each major force (Army, Navy, Air Force) must be intrinsically endowed with a complete medical service at operational level, insuring the availability of trained and experienced personnel for potential combat employment." General Grow, it was understood, feared that without an integral medical corps, with its specialty in aviation medicine, the Air Force would not be able to assure a full medical career to medical officers assigned to the Air Force, especially if the force were limited to operation of only the small station hospitals. The air staff, it was learned, did win one limited objective in a dispute with the Army. Differ on Engineer Units The Army had wanted to retain all service troops--engineer, chemical, signal, ordnance, quartermaster--above the group level. The air staff was able to win the point that these units should be left in the Air Force up to the wing level. As one officer explained, the Army view would have left the Air Force as a combat organization with virtually no integral service units. Nevertheless, it was learned, the brief, technical terms of the agreements meant that twenty aviation engineer battalions, each about 650 men strong, and about twenty-five engineer utility, maintenance and like companies of about 150 men each, would be retained by the Army but would remain on assignment with the Air Force. The opposition to this was based on the fact that the Army would train the troops, and that conceivably they could be recalled from the Air Force, especially in view of the failure of the Army to meet its recruiting goals. It was learned that Brig. Gen. S. D. Sturgis Jr., the air engineer, whose basic arm is not the Air Force but the Corps of Engineers, has recently opposed Army control of the aviation companies and battalions. The agreements indicated that an Air Force Academy, with a standing like that of the military and navel academies, would ultimately be established. But present air-staff thinking, it was learned, was to continue taking a quota of officers from West Point, as the agreements provide, until the military academy is no longer able to supply the needs of both services. The long-term plan is to subsidize prospective Air Force officers for two years in a civilian college and then send them to the air academy for three years. Back to the top of this page. Back to today's page. Go to another day. Front Page Image Provided by UMI |
Oposición convoca manifestaciones por López fuera y dentro de Venezuela
La Mesa de la Unidad Democrática (MUD) de Venezuela informó de que convocó para el próximo sábado concentraciones en respaldo al opositor Leopoldo López en al menos 22 ciudades del extranjero y el mismo número de venezolanas.Las concentraciones fueron convocadas en una carta de López en la que llamaba a una manifestación "bajo estricta disciplina no violenta" de toda la oposición venezolana agrupada en la MUD.[ver artículo completo...] Pastrana: «Hemos dejado sola a Venezuela»
(Futuro en Español. España).- Andrés Pastrana ha sumado su voz a otros exmandatarios, como los españoles Felipe González y José María Aznar, o iberoamericanos, como los chilenos Eduardo Frei y Ricardo Lagos, para denunciar los excesos del Gobierno de Nicolás Maduro y reclamar la libertad de los opositores encarcelados: "Es muy triste pensar que en América Latina hemos dejado sola a Venezuela. Claramente se ha violado la carta de la OEA y no ha pasado absolutamente nada", dice el expresidente en Madrid.[ver artículo completo...]
Venezuela y la OEA
Almagro (OEA) critica a Venezuela en inusual carta a Elías Jaua
El secretario general de la OEA, Luis Almagro, lanzó duras críticas al Gobierno de Venezuela en una inusual carta abierta para defenderse de las acusaciones que hizo contra él el excanciller venezolano Elías Jaua.[ver artículo completo...] Almagro (OEA): Carta abierta a Elías Jaua
(OEA).- "Ninguna revolución, Elías, puede dejar a la gente con menos derechos de los que tenía, más pobre en valores y en principios, más desiguales en las instancias de la justicia y la representación, más discriminada dependiendo de dónde está su pensamiento o su norte político".
Venezuela oposición
Parlamento aprueba estado excepción en 10 municipios fronterizos
El Parlamento venezolano aprobó gracias a la mayoría oficialista los decretos de estado de excepción en otros diez municipios, siete del estado Zulia y tres de Apure, anunciado el martes por el presidente Nicolás Maduro dentro de la lucha que mantiene el Ejecutivo contra el hampa o el contrabando.[ver artículo completo...]
por Congresso em Foco | 16/09/2015 15:53 |