O que é este blog?

Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida.

quarta-feira, 21 de novembro de 2012

Classificacao de risco: a publica e a privada (em nada diferentes)

Os franceses, que costumam se revoltar contra o termômetro, mas bem menos contra a febre, reclamam das agências de notação de riscos soberanos, que eles acreditam estar dominadas por interesses privatistas, capitalistas, neoliberais de especuladores de Wall Street, apenas interessados em ganhar dinheiro com a desgraça alheia.
Que surpresa! Uma agência pública, portanto isenta dos vieses de mercado, acaba de dar à França a mesma nota que lhe deu a Moody's, esta acusada imediatamente de viés negativo contra o país dos queijos e das greves.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

La fondation Bertelsmann présente "sa" notation de la France

 
Le Monde.fr |
Bertelsmann souhaite créer une fondation indépendante dont les indicateurs seraient à la fois macroéconomiques mais aussi prospectifs.

Hasard du calendrier, douze heures après l'annonce de la dégradation de la France par l'agence Moody's, la fondation Bertelsmann présentait, à Berlin, mardi 20 novembre, "sa" notation de la France. Cette fondation privée, considérée comme la plus influente du pays, avait dévoilé son projet en avril en marge de l'Assemblée générale du Fonds monétaire international à New York.

Pour répondre aux critiques visant les agences de notation – un oligopole dont les membres ne sont pas indépendants et se contentent de données macro-économiques — Bertelsmann souhaite créer une fondation indépendante dont les indicateurs seraient à la fois macroéconomiques mais aussi prospectifs. Pour ce faire, Bertelsmann estime avoir besoin d'un capital de départ d'environ 310 millions d'euros (400 millions de dollars) qu'elle aimerait recueillir auprès des membres du G20 et des grandes institutions internationales.
A quoi ressembleraient ces notations ? La fondation a présenté mardi cinq pays-pilotes : l'Allemagne, le Brésil, la France, l'Italie et le Japon. Chacun a été jugé selon treize critères (eux-mêmes résultant de l'agrégat de sous-critères) : cinq critères macro-économiques et huit prospectifs.
Les fondamentaux économiques, la politique budgétaire, la politique monétaire, le risque financier, la dépendance vis-à-vis de l'étranger constituent les cinq critères classiques. Les critères prospectifs sont le respect de la loi par le gouvernement et l'administration, la transparence et la prévention de la corruption, la cohésion sociale, la qualité du système d'enseignement, la capacité du gouvernement à définir des priorités stratégiques, la mise en place des réformes annoncées, la flexibilité du gouvernement et sa capacité à innover, la capacité des gouvernements à gérer des crises.
Les critères macro-économiques représentent 40 % de la note finale dans les pays développés et 50 % chez les émergents. Les pays sont notés de 1 à 10. Ceux obtenant plus de 8 bénéficient d'un AAA, ceux ayant entre 7,70 et 7,99 d'un AA+, ceux entre 7,30 et 7,69 d'un AA, etc. La France, avec une note de 7,9 (8,2 pour la macro-économie et 7,7 pour les critères qualitatifs) obtient un solide AA+.
"PAS TROP PESSIMISTE" SUR LA FRANCE
L'Allemagne, avec son 8,1 (8,8 pour le quantitatif et 7,6 pour le qualitatif) jouit d'un AAA mais avec "perspective négative". Par ailleurs, l'Italie obtient 7,2 (AA-), le Brésil 6,8 (A+) et le Japon 6,0 (A-). "Ces notes sont des opinions qui peuvent et devraient être discutées. (...) La seule et unique question à laquelle elles répondent est : quelle est la capacité et la volonté de l'Etat à rembourser ses dettes ?" expliquent les dirigeants de la fondation.
L'expert qui a travaillé en août et en septembre sur la France est Henrik Uterwedde, un économiste allemand parfaitement francophone travaillant à l'institut franco-allemand de Ludwigsburg. Celui-ci a travaillé seul – ce qu'il déplore — mais ses appréciations ont été discutées par les permanents de la fondation Bertelsmann qui le jugeaient "un peu sévère" par rapport à ses collègues chargés de noter d'autres pays puis soumis à l'avis d'une demi-douzaine d'experts connaissant bien la France.
"Ma note est totalement dans le ton de la conférence de presse de François Hollande. Je trouve que Moody's arrive trop tard. Le gouvernement français a établi le même constat. Je ne suis pas trop pessimiste car la France a montré, notamment en 1983, qu'elle est capable de changer de cap si le pouvoir exécutif le décide", explique M. Uterwedde qui porte sur la France un avis moins sévère que nombre de ses compatriotes.

Newcomer to Ratings Game Gives France a Dim View

FRANKFURT — Hours after the French government suffered a debt downgrade by the ratings agency Moody’s Investors Service, a new nonprofit agency offered a similar critique Tuesday.
The criticism came from the International Nonprofit Credit Rating Agency, or Incra, a pilot project intended to show the feasibility of a nonprofit agency that would provide an alternative to the three main ratings agencies: Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s and Fitch Ratings.
Those agencies have come under fire for failing to warn of the financial crisis and overlooking huge risks in the debt market, including loans for subprime real estate as well as the Greek government’s debt pile. The agencies usually get their funding from the creditors whose debt they assess. In the case of sovereign debt, the agencies have been accused of timidity for fear of provoking officials whose governments would probably have to pay higher borrowing costs.
French officials played down the Moody’s decision, issued late Monday, and sought to blame the country’s previous rightist governments for the economic challenges.
“This rating change doesn’t call into question either our economic fundamentals or the reforms engaged in by the government, nor the high standard of our credit,” Finance Minister Pierre Moscovici said at a news conference.
The downgrade, he added, “is punishment for the situation we have inherited, which hasn’t stopped deteriorating for 10 years.”
President François Hollande, a Socialist, took office in May. For the previous decade, France was led by Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy, both from the right.
Incra is an attempt by the Bertelsmann Foundation, financed by a German media conglomerate, to show how a ratings agency could be structured without the potential conflicts of interest the commercial agencies face.
The European Commission has stepped up regulation of ratings agencies while also requiring banks and bond funds to take more responsibility for analyzing the creditworthiness of the governments and companies they invest in. There has also been talk of creating a European credit ratings agency.
Annette Heuser, executive director of the Bertelsmann Foundation in Washington, said the organization hoped that the Group of 20 countries, which have also expressed concern about the current debt rating system, would take the lead in creating a nonprofit ratings agency.
“We need an international solution that brings in the emerging economies,” Ms. Heuser said.
It was the first report on France by Incra, so there were no previous ratings to compare to. The agency gave France a score of 7.9 out of 10, or AA+. Incra had given Germany a rating of 8.1, or AAA–; and 7.2 for Italy, or AA–.
On Tuesday, Incra also rated Brazil, which received a score of 6.8, or A+; and Japan, which received a score of 6.0, or A–, because of its high debt and stagnant economy.
Incra cited what it said was France’s slow growth, heavily regulated labor market and a pension system that could become unaffordable over time. France could also be required to help pay for the bailout of other euro zone countries as well as its own banks, Incra said.
Moody’s cited some of the same factors in its decision to downgrade France. But Ms. Heuser said that Incra’s methodology looked not only at economic data but also at indicators of how well society functions, including the efficiency of the court system and the level of corruption.
“Even if we come to a similar conclusion, the underlying analysis is completely different,” Ms. Heuser said.
She said that Incra also believed that the French educational system had been declining, which hurt the country’s score.
In its decision to downgrade French debt, Moody’s cited a worse outlook for government finances as a result of France’s fading competitiveness and “the longstanding rigidities of its labor, goods and service markets.” It also warned that the country’s resilience to shocks from the euro crisis was declining. At the same time, Moody’s said, France faces greater fiscal obligations from developments including the bailouts of other euro zone countries.
Moody’s decision came as no surprise, as Standard & Poor’s had stripped France of its triple-A rating in January. The French economy has stagnated for most of this year, growing just 0.2 percent in the third quarter from the second quarter. The euro zone as a whole has fallen back into recession.
Fitch still rates France as AAA, and Mr. Moscovici pointed out that investors had largely ignored the S.&P. downgrade: the country’s borrowing costs remain near record lows.
The United States, which lost its triple-A rating from S.&P. in August 2011, has also been able to borrow at historically low rates.
David Jolly reported from Paris.
A version of this article appeared in print on November 21, 2012, in The International Herald Tribune

Um comentário:

Raul Abreu de Assis disse...

Não é possível negar que existe conflito de interesse nas agencias classificadoras de risco.

E tb é fato que tanto Beat Sterns, AIG e o L. Brothers tinham ratings AAA pouco antes do colapso.

Isso não quer dizer que todas as teorias de conspiração imperialista sejam verdadeiras, mas, para mim, maculam irreparavelmente a credibilidade desses empregados de banqueiros.

Abraços,

Raul