O que é este blog?

Este blog trata basicamente de ideias, se possível inteligentes, para pessoas inteligentes. Ele também se ocupa de ideias aplicadas à política, em especial à política econômica. Ele constitui uma tentativa de manter um pensamento crítico e independente sobre livros, sobre questões culturais em geral, focando numa discussão bem informada sobre temas de relações internacionais e de política externa do Brasil. Para meus livros e ensaios ver o website: www.pralmeida.org. Para a maior parte de meus textos, ver minha página na plataforma Academia.edu, link: https://itamaraty.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida;

Meu Twitter: https://twitter.com/PauloAlmeida53

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/paulobooks

quinta-feira, 26 de agosto de 2010

Malthusianos, catastrofistas, ecologistas, etc: sempre uma catastrofe a espreita

Confesso-me um cético, por definição, por filosofia e como método de investigação. Apenas sendo cético é possível olhar com certa caução, ou os cuidados devidos, todos esses anúncios de catástrofes anunciadas.
Começou lá atrás, sabemos, por um tal de Malthus. Mas teve já diversas encarnações em minha própria vida: a bomba populacional (novamente), o esgotamento dos recursos energéticos (petróleo, etc), a poluição industrial, e agora o tal de aquecimento global (do qual o ex-vice-presidente Albert Gore foi o principal propagandista, com um filme ardilosamente montado).
O debate abaixo transcrito é bem mais americano do que universal, mas suas teses se aplicam a outros cenários, também.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Progressives Against Progress
Fred Siegel
The City Journal, Summer 2010

The rise of environmentalism poisoned liberals’ historical optimism.

For the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, American liberals distinguished themselves from conservatives by what Lionel Trilling called “a spiritual orthodoxy of belief in progress.” Liberalism placed its hopes in human perfectibility. Regarding human nature as essentially both beneficent and malleable, liberals, like their socialist cousins, argued that with the aid of science and given the proper social and economic conditions, humanity could free itself from its cramped carapace of greed and distrust and enter a realm of true freedom and happiness. Conservatives, by contrast, clung to a tragic sense of man’s inherent limitations. While acknowledging the benefits of science, they argued that it could never fundamentally reform, let alone transcend, the human condition. Most problems don’t have a solution, the conservatives maintained; rather than attempting Promethean feats, man would do best to find a balanced place in the world.

In the late 1960s, liberals appeared to have the better of the argument. Something approaching the realm of freedom seemed to have arrived. American workers, white and black, achieved hitherto unimagined levels of prosperity. In the nineteenth century, only utopian socialists had imagined that ordinary workers could achieve a degree of leisure; in the 1930s, radicals had insisted that prosperity was unattainable under American capitalism; yet these seemingly unreachable goals were achieved in the two decades after World War II.

Why, then, did American liberalism, starting in the early 1970s, undergo a historic metanoia, dismissing the idea of progress just as progress was being won? Multiple political and economic forces paved liberalism’s path away from its mid-century optimism and toward an aristocratic outlook reminiscent of the Tory Radicalism of nineteenth-century Britain; but one of the most powerful was the rise of the modern environmental movement and its recurrent hysterias.

If one were to pick a point at which liberalism’s extraordinary reversal began, it might be the celebration of the first Earth Day, in April 1970. Some 20 million Americans at 2,000 college campuses and 10,000 elementary and secondary schools took part in what was the largest nationwide demonstration ever held in the United States. The event brought together disparate conservationist, antinuclear, and back-to-the-land groups into what became the church of environmentalism, complete with warnings of hellfire and damnation. Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, the founder of Earth Day, invoked “responsible scientists” to warn that “accelerating rates of air pollution could become so serious by the 1980s that many people may be forced on the worst days to wear breathing helmets to survive outdoors. It has also been predicted that in 20 years man will live in domed cities.”

Thanks in part to Earth Day’s minions, progress, as liberals had once understood the term, started to be reviled as reactionary. In its place, Nature was totemized as the basis of the authenticity that technology and affluence had bleached out of existence. It was only by rolling in the mud of primitive practices that modern man could remove the stain of sinful science and materialism. In the words of Joni Mitchell’s celebrated song “Woodstock”: “We are stardust / We are golden / And we got to get ourselves back to the garden.”

In his 1973 book The Death of Progress, Bernard James laid out an argument already popularized in such bestsellers as Charles Reich’s The Greening of America and William Irwin Thompson’s At the Edge of History. “Progress seems to have become a lethal idée fixe, irreversibly destroying the very planet it depends upon to survive,” wrote James. Like Reich, James criticized both the “George Babbitt” and “John Dewey” versions of “progress culture”—that is, visions of progress based on rising material attainment or on educational opportunities and upward mobility. “Progress ideology,” he insisted, “whether preached by New Deal Liberals, conservative Western industrialists or Soviet Zealots,” always led in the same direction: environmental apocalypse. Liberalism, which had once viewed men and women as capable of shaping their own destinies, now saw humanity in the grip of vast ecological forces that could be tamed only by extreme measures to reverse the damages that industrial capitalism had inflicted on Mother Earth. It had become progressive to reject progress.

Rejected as well was the science that led to progress. In 1970, the Franco-American environmentalist René Dubos described what was quickly becoming a liberal consensus: “Most would agree that science and technology are responsible for some of our worst nightmares and have made our societies so complex as to be almost unmanageable.” The same distrust of science was one reason that British author Francis Wheen can describe the 1970s as “the golden age of paranoia.” Where American consumers had once felt confidence in food and drug laws that protected them from dirt and germs, a series of food scares involving additives made many view science, not nature, as the real threat to public health. Similarly, the sensational impact of the feminist book Our Bodies, Ourselves—which depicted doctors as a danger to women’s well-being, while arguing, without qualifications, for natural childbirth—obscured the extraordinary safety gains that had made death during childbirth a rarity in developed nations.

Crankery, in short, became respectable. In 1972, Sir John Maddox, editor of the British journal Nature, noted that though it had once been usual to see maniacs wearing sandwich boards that proclaimed the imminent end of the Earth, they had been replaced by a growing number of frenzied activists and politicized scientists making precisely the same claim. In the years since then, liberalism has seen recurring waves of such end-of-days hysteria. These waves have shared not only a common pattern but often the same cast of characters. Strangely, the promised despoliations are most likely to be presented as imminent when Republicans are in the White House. In each case, liberals have argued that the threat of catastrophe can be averted only through drastic actions in which the ordinary political mechanisms of democracy are suspended and power is turned over to a body of experts and supermen.

Back in the early 1970s, it was overpopulation that was about to destroy the Earth. In his 1968 book The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, who has been involved in all three waves, warned that “the battle to feed all of humanity is over” on our crowded planet. He predicted mass starvation and called for compulsory sterilization to curb population growth, even comparing unplanned births with cancer: “A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people.” An advocate of abortion on demand, Ehrlich wanted to ban photos of large, happy families from newspapers and magazines, and he called for new, heavy taxes on baby carriages and the like. He proposed a federal Department of Population and Environment that would regulate both procreation and the economy. But the population bomb, fear of which peaked during Richard Nixon’s presidency, never detonated. Population in much of the world actually declined in the 1970s, and the green revolution, based on biologically modified foods, produced a sharp increase in crop productivity.

In the 1980s, the prophets of doom found another theme: the imminent danger of nuclear winter, the potential end of life on Earth resulting from a Soviet-American nuclear war. Even a limited nuclear exchange, argued politicized scientists like Ehrlich and Carl Sagan, would release enough soot and dust into the atmosphere to block the sun’s warming rays, producing drastic drops in temperature. Skeptics, such as Russell Seitz, acknowledged that even with the new, smaller warheads, a nuclear exchange would have fearsome consequences, but argued effectively that the dangers were dramatically exaggerated. The nuke scare nevertheless received major backing from the liberal press. Nuclear-winter doomsayers placed their hopes, variously, in an unverifiable nuclear-weapons “freeze,” American unilateral disarmament, or assigning control of nuclear weapons to international bodies. Back in the real world, nuclear fears eventually faded with Ronald Reagan’s Cold War successes.

The third wave, which has been building for decades, is the campaign against global warming. The global-warming argument relied on the claim, effectively promoted by former vice president Al Gore, that the rapid growth of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was producing an unprecedented rise in temperatures. This rise was summarized in the now-notorious “hockey stick” graph, which supposedly showed that temperatures had been steady from roughly ad 1000 to 1900 but had sharply increased from 1900 on, thanks to industrialization. Brandishing the graph, the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that the first decade of the twenty-first century would be even warmer. As it turned out, temperatures were essentially flat, and the entire global-warming argument came under increasing scrutiny. Skeptics pointed out that temperatures had repeatedly risen and fallen since ad 1000, describing, for instance, a “little ice age” between 1500 and 1850. The global-warming panic cooled further after a series of e-mails from East Anglia University’s Climatic Research Unit, showing apparent collusion among scientists to exaggerate warming data and repress contradictory information, was leaked.

As with the previous waves, politicized science played on liberal fears of progress: for Gore and his allies at the UN, only a global command-and-control economy that kept growth in check could stave off imminent catastrophe. The anti-progress mind-set was by then familiar ground for liberals. Back in the 1970s, environmentalist E. J. Mishan had proposed dramatic solutions to the growth dilemma. He suggested banning all international air travel so that only those with the time and money could get to the choice spots—thus reintroducing, in effect, the class system. Should this prove too radical, Mishan proposed banning air travel “to a wide variety of mountain, lake and coastal resorts, and to a selection of some islands from the many scattered about the globe; and within such areas also to abolish all motorised traffic.” Echoing John Stuart Mill’s mid-nineteenth-century call for a “stationary state” without economic growth, Mishan argued that “regions may be set aside for the true nature lover who is willing to make his pilgrimage by boat and willing leisurely to explore islands, valleys, bays, woodlands, on foot or on horseback.”

As such proposals indicate, American liberalism has remarkably come to resemble nineteenth-century British Tory Radicalism, an aristocratic sensibility that combined strong support for centralized monarchical power with a paternalistic concern for the poor. Its enemies were the middle classes and the aesthetic ugliness it associated with an industrial economy powered by bourgeois energies. For instance, John Ruskin, a leading nineteenth-century Tory Radical and a proponent of handicrafts, declaimed against “ilth,” a negative version of wealth produced by manufacturing.

Like the Tory Radicals, today’s liberal gentry see the untamed middle classes as the true enemy. “Environmentalism offered the extraordinary opportunity to combine the qualities of virtue and selfishness,” wrote William Tucker in a groundbreaking 1977 Harper’s article on the opposition to construction of the Storm King power plant along New York’s Hudson River. Tucker described the extraordinary sight of a fleet of yachts—including one piloted by the old Stalinist singer Pete Seeger—sailing up and down the Hudson in protest. What Tucker tellingly described as the environmentalists’ “aristocratic” vision called for a stratified, terraced society in which the knowing ones would order society for the rest of us. Touring American campuses in the mid-1970s, Norman Macrae of The Economist was shocked “to hear so many supposedly left-wing young Americans who still thought they were expressing an entirely new and progressive philosophy as they mouthed the same prejudices as Trollope’s 19th century Tory squires: attacking any further expansion of industry and commerce as impossibly vulgar, because ecologically unfair to their pheasants and wild ducks.”

Neither the failure of the environmental apocalypse to arrive nor the steady improvement in environmental conditions over the last 40 years has dampened the ardor of those eager to make hair shirts for others to wear. The call for political coercion as a path back to Ruskin’s and Mishan’s small-is-beautiful world is still with us. Radical environmentalists’ Tory disdain for democracy and for the habits of their inferiors remains undiminished. True to its late-1960s origins, political environmentalism in America gravitates toward both bureaucrats and hippies: toward a global, big-brother government that will keep the middle classes in line and toward a back-to-the-earth, peasantlike localism, imposed on others but presenting no threat to the elites’ comfortable lives. How ironic that these gentry liberals—progressives against progress—turn out to resemble nothing so much as nineteenth-century conservatives.

Fred Siegel is a contributing editor of City Journal, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, and a scholar in residence at St. Francis College in Brooklyn.

Mais um malthusiano catastrofista: a proxima fome mundial...

As teses são conhecidas: o planeta (na verdade sua parte pobre) produz muita gente e eles vão morrer de fome.
Essas teses já foram derrotadas no passado e o serão novamente. Não impede que, no intervalo, pessoas ganhem dinheiro e façam sucesso anunciando a velha história de que "o fim está próximo". Mais um...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Books of The Times
Seeing a Time (Soon) When We’ll All Be Dieting
By MARK BITTMAN
The New York Times Book Review, August 24, 2010

THE COMING FAMINE
The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It

By Julian Cribb
248 pages. University of California Press. $24.95.

Fifty years ago, a billion people were undernourished or starving; the number is about the same today. That’s actually progress, since a billion represented a third of the human race then, and “only” a sixth now.

Today we have another worry: roughly the same number of people eat too much. But, says Julian Cribb, a veteran science journalist from Australia, “The era of cheap, abundant food is over.”

Like many other experts, he argues that we have passed the peak of oil production, and it’s all downhill from now on. He then presents evidence that we have passed the peaks for water, fertilizer and land, and that we will all soon be made painfully aware that we have passed it for food, as wealthy nations experience shortages and rising prices, and poorer ones starve.

Much of “The Coming Famine” builds an argument that we’ve jumped off a cliff and that global chaos — a tidal wave of people fleeing their own countries for wherever they can find food — is all but guaranteed. The rest of the book concentrates on catching an outcropping of rock with a finger and scrambling back up. The writing is neither personality-filled nor especially fluid, but the sheer number of terrifying facts makes the book gripping.

Arguments that overpopulation will lead to famine or worse are nothing new, of course; in the early 19th century the Rev. Thomas Malthus contended that the human march toward progress would be derailed by a cycle of overpopulation that led to shortages and misery. And of the many who’ve followed in the Malthusian tradition, none have been correct: overpopulation has caused problems, but, as noted above, the percentage of people starving has actually declined.

Mr. Cribb is reporting on the fate of a planet whose resources have, in the last 200 years, been carelessly, even ruthlessly exploited for the benefit of the minority. Now that the majority is beginning to demand — or at least crave — the same kind of existence, it’s clear that, population boom or not, there simply isn’t enough of the Euro-American way of life to go around.

And while there is a sky-is-falling tone to his relatively brief (just over 200 pages) thesis — if it doesn’t make you restock your survivalist shelter with another hundred pounds of rice and beans — the book does offer sensible ways to help alleviate the “global feeding frenzy.”

Climate change, of course, is an important piece of Mr. Cribb’s puzzle, as are overexploitation of the sea and natural resources, overuse of chemical fertilizer, reliance on fossil fuels, protectionism, subsidies, biofuels, waste and other factors.

Most important are what he calls “the two elephants in the kitchen”: population growth and overconsumption. A projected 33 percent growth in population in the next 20 years, combined with increased consumption of meat as the global middle class grows larger, means that food production must grow by at least 50 percent in that same period.

Livestock is a major problem: the grain fed to American animals alone is enough to feed those billion hungry people. But what about the next couple of billion? Production, says Mr. Cribb, is headed in the wrong direction. Grain stockpiles shrank in the last decade, and the amount of available water for each human is plummeting. Yet to produce more food, we need more water; to produce more meat, we need much more water.

We also need more land, as much as “two more North Americas” to produce the fodder needed to meet projected demand. Yet existing land is being degraded by a variety of factors. (Mr. Cribb provides a nicely horrifying quote from some older Chinese farmers: “When we were young, we had trouble seeing the cattle in the grassland. Now we can see the mice.”)

In the decades following World War II, new technologies helped to increase sharply the worldwide agricultural yield. Mr. Cribb contends that were research adequately financed, a second such Green Revolution, with its own amazing discoveries, might be right around the corner. But the current meager financing picture diminishes that likelihood.

One of the book’s more interesting discussions is a comparison of organic and industrial farming. Mr. Cribb sees this as “a philosophical divide the world, in its present state, can ill afford,” and suggests that each camp draw lessons from the other to form a new kind of agriculture. Yet for the most part he comes down on the side of organic, or at least small-share farming, pointing out that entire countries support themselves without resorting to industrial farming.

If there is a way out of the morass, rationality and fairness will be its basis, and here Mr. Cribb is impassioned, even inspiring. He would have society mandate food and waste composting (waste should not be wasted); eliminate subsidies to the biggest agriculture companies; and finance research for new technology. (Big Food, he believes, should be compelled to contribute to this. Bravo.)

He proposes subsidizing small farms for their stewardship of the earth, and paying them fairer prices for production; taxing food to reflect its true costs to the environment; regulating practices that counter sustainability and rewarding those that promote it; and educating the public about the true costs of food. “An entire year of primary schooling” should be devoted to the importance of growing and eating food, he suggests.

Few experts without vested interests in corporate agriculture would disagree with any of this, though little progress is being made. Individuals, however, can make helpful changes more quickly. Dietary change is primary, and can be as simple as eating a salad instead of a cheeseburger and an apple instead of a bag of chips. Waste less food. Compost. Garden, even if (or especially if) you live in a city. Choose sustainable food, including fish. And so on.

None of these practices will matter much unless they’re adopted worldwide. “Even if North Americans and Europeans halved their meat and dairy consumption,” Mr. Cribb writes, “the saving could be completely swamped by the demand from six hundred million newly affluent Indian and Chinese consumers.”

Yet Mr. Cribb is not hopeless; he predicts that we’ll eventually “unlock new insights capable of making profound gains in food production and sustainability on a par with those of the Green Revolution.”

But finding a sustainable farming system is “perhaps the greatest challenge ever faced in the ten thousand years since agriculture began,” he writes. If the challenge is not met, we’re going to be reading scarier books than this one.

Mark Bittman, who writes “The Minimalist” column for The Times, is the author of the forthcoming “Food Matters Cookbook.”
A version of this review appeared in print on August 25, 2010, on page C2 of the New York edition.


Excerpt: ‘The Coming Famine’ (August 25, 2010)

‘The Coming Famine’
By JULIAN CRIBB

What Food Crisis?

Lo que separa la civilización de la anarquía son solo siete comidas. (Civilization and anarchy are only seven meals apart.)
—Spanish proverb

Digging into a mountain of caviar, sea urchin roe, succulent Kyoto beef, rare conger eels, truffles, and fine champagne, the leaders of the world’s richest and most powerful countries shook their heads over soaring grocery prices in the developed world and spreading hunger in Africa, India, and Asia. Over an eighteen-course banquet prepared for them by sixty chefs, the eight global potentates declared, “We are deeply concerned that the steep rise in global food prices coupled with availability problems in a number of developing countries is threatening global food security. The negative impacts of this recent trend could push millions more back into poverty.”

This statement, which followed the July 2008 meeting of the G8 (Group of Eight) nations in Hokkaido, Japan, was revelatory in several ways. The leaders of France, the United States, Rus sia, Britain, Germany, Canada, Italy, and Japan seemed bemused by the sudden emergence of the specter of food scarcity after de cades of apparent abundance and cheap prices. This was a problem they clearly thought had been fixed.

Concealed within their response were embarrassing admissions. First, in urging major increases in global food aid, the leaders appeared to tacitly concede that wealthy countries had failed to fulfill their pledges to the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals of 2000 to fight poverty. Second, in calling on the world to reverse declining support for agricultural development and research, they were implicitly confessing that they had let these deteriorate. Third, in demanding food security early warning systems, the G8 leaders effectively admitted that they had been caught unawares by the emerging food crisis — and didn’t like it. There are few things a politician likes less than an unforeseen development, so for good mea sure they backhanded the United Nations Food and Agriculture Or ga ni za tion (FAO), demanding its “thorough reform,” presumably for the sin of having failed to get their attention with its previous warnings.

The “Blessings of the Earth and the Sea Social Dinner” for the G8 leaders, hosted by the government of Japan, had more than a touch of the fall of the Roman Empire about it. The eight most powerful men on Earth and their partners regaled themselves on cornbread stuffed with caviar, smoked salmon, and sea urchin roe; hot onion tart and winter lily bulbs followed by kelp-flavored cold Kyoto beef with asparagus dressed with sesame cream; diced fatty tuna flesh with avocado, shiso, and jellied soy sauce; boiled clam, tomato, and shiso in jellied clear soup; water shield and pink conger dressed with a vinegary soy sauce; boiled prawn with jellied tosazu vinegar; grilled eel rolled in burdock; sweet potato; and fried and seasoned goby with soy sauce and sugar. This beginning was followed by a bisque of hairy crab and salt-grilled bighand thornyhead with vinegar-pepper sauce. The main course was poele of milk-fed lamb flavored with aromatic herbs and mustard, as well as roasted lamb with black truffle and pine seed oil sauce. This was followed by a special cheese selection with lavender honey and caramelized nuts, and then a whimsical “G8 fantasy dessert” and coffee with candied fruits and vegetables. The food was accompanied by Le Rêve grand cru/La Seule Gloire champagne; a sake wine, Isojiman Junmai Daiginjo Nakadori; Corton-Charlemagne 2005 (France); Ridge California Monte Bello 1997; and Tokaji Esszencia 1999 (Hungary). The cost of holding the G8 summit (five hundred million dollars) could have fed for a week the additional one hundred million people left hungry by the emerging food crisis.

With eloquent symbolism, this Petronian banquet made clear that the well-off part of humanity has largely forgotten what it is to go hungry and is awakening to an unpleasant shock: starvation and the wars, refugee crises, and collapse of nation-states that often accompany hunger have not been permanently banished after all. Indeed, they are once more at our doorstep. Food insecurity and its deadly consequences are again a pressing concern for every nation and each individual.

Despite the global food crisis of 2007–8, the coming famine hasn’t happened yet. It is a looming planetary emergency whose interlocked causes and deeper ramifications the world has barely begun to absorb, let alone come to grips with. Experts predict that the crisis will peak by the middle of the twenty-first century; it is arriving even faster than climate change. Yet there is still time to forestall catastrophe.

The first foreshocks were discernible soon after the turn of the millennium. In the years from 2001 to 2008 the world steadily consumed more grain that it produced, triggering rising prices, growing shortages, and even rationing and famine in poorer countries. The global stockpile of grain shrank from more than a hundred days’ supply of food to less than fifty days’. It was the difference between a comfortable surplus and alarming shortages in some countries; it was accompanied by soaring prices — and the resulting fury of ordinary citizens.

It was mainly this simple fact of each year consuming slightly more than we grew that panicked the long-quiescent grain markets, triggering a cycle of price increases that sent shockwaves through consumers in all countries, governments, and global institutions such as the United Nations, its FAO, and the World Bank. All of a sudden food security, having been off the po liti cal menu for de cades, was heading the bill of fare — not even to be entirely eclipsed by the spectacular crash of the world’s financial markets that followed soon afterward.

That the world was suddenly short of food — after almost a half century of abundance, extravagant variety, year-round availability, and the cheapest real food prices enjoyed by many consumers in the whole of human history — seemed unimaginable. On tele vi sion celebrity chefs extolled the virtue of devouring animals and plants increasingly rare in the wild; magazines larded their pages with mouth-watering recipes to tempt their overfed readers’ jaded appetites; food corporations churned out novel concoctions of salt, sugar, fat, emulsifier, extender, and dye; fast-food outlets disgorged floods of dubious nutrition to fatten an already overweight 1.4 billion people. And, in the third world, nearly fifteen thousand children continued to die quietly and painfully each day from hunger-related disease.

“A brutal convergence of events has hit an unprepared global market, and grain prices are sky high. The world’s poor suffer most,” stated the Washington Post. “The food price shock now roiling world markets is destabilizing governments, igniting street riots and threatening to send a new wave of hunger rippling through the world’s poorest nations. It is outpacing even the Soviet grain emergency of 1972–75, when world food prices rose 78 percent.” Between 2005 and 2008 food prices rose on average by 80 percent, according to the FAO.

“Rocketing food prices — some of which have more than doubled in two years — have sparked riots in numerous countries recently,” Time magazine reported. “Millions are reeling . . . and governments are scrambling to staunch a fast-moving crisis before it spins out of control. From Mexico to Pakistan, protests have turned violent.” Time attributed events to booming demand from newly affluent Chinese and Indian consumers, freak weather events that had reduced harvests, the spike in oil prices, and growth in the production of farm biofuels.

In early 2007, thousands of Mexicans turned out on the streets in protest over the “tortilla crisis” — savage increases in the cost of maize flour. Over the ensuing months food riots or public unrest over food prices were reported by media in Haiti, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Bangladesh, India, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Cameroon, Morocco, Mauritania, Somalia, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Kenya, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Mexico, and Zimbabwe. In Haiti riots forced the resignation of the prime minister and obliged the United Nations World Food Programme to provide emergency aid to 2.3 million people. The new government of Nepal tottered. Mexico announced plans to freeze the prices of 150 staple foods. The U.K. Guardian reported riots in fifteen countries; the New York Times and the World Bank both said thirty. The FAO declared that thirty-seven countries faced food crises due to conflict or disaster at the start of 2008, adding that 1.5 billion people living in degraded lands were at risk of starvation. The Economist magazine succinctly labeled it a “silent tsunami.”

The rhetoric reflected the sudden, adventitious nature of the crisis. “It is an apocalyptic warning,” pronounced Tim Costello, the Australian head of the aid agency World Vision. “Until recently we had plenty of food: the question was distribution. The truth is because of rising oil prices, global warming and the loss of arable land, all countries that can produce food now desperately need to produce more.”

“What we are witnessing is not a natural disaster — a silent tsunami or a perfect storm. It is a man-made catastrophe,” the World Bank group president Robert Zoellick advised the G8 leaders feasting in Japan. Major rice-growing countries, including India, Vietnam, China, and Cambodia, imposed export restrictions to curb rice price inflation at home. Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines began stockpiling grain while Pakistan and Rus sia raised wheat export taxes and Brazil, Indonesia, and Argentina imposed export restrictions. Guinea banned all food exports.

The panic reached a peak in Asia, where rice prices soared by almost 150 percent in barely a year. “Nobody has ever seen such a jump in the price of rice,” said sixty-eight-year-old Kwanchai Gomez, the executive director of the Thai Rice Foundation. Filipino fast-food outlets voluntarily reduced customer portions by half. In Thailand, thieves secretly stripped rice paddies by night to make a fast profit. India banned the export of all non-basmati rice, and Vietnam embargoed rice exports, period, sending Thai rice prices spiraling upward by 30 percent. The giant U.S. retailer Wal-Mart rationed rice sales to customers of its Sam’s Club chain, as did some British retailers. Such mea sures did little to quell the panic, which was originally touched off by a 50 percent drop in surplus rice stocks over the previous seven years. The International Rice Research Institute attributed the crisis to loss of land to industrialization and city sprawl, the growing demand for meat in China and India, and floods or bad weather in Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, China, and Burma.

By mid-2009, accelerated by the worldwide financial crash, thirtythree countries around the world were facing either “alarming” or “extremely alarming” food shortages, a billion people were eating less each day — and most of Earth’s citizens were feeling the pinch. Though food prices fell, alongside prices of stocks and most other commodities, in the subsequent months, they fell only a little — and then began to rise again.

What happened in 2008 wasn’t the coming famine of the twenty-first century, merely a premonition of what lies ahead. This will not be a single event, affecting all nations and peoples equally at all times, but in one way or another it will leave no person in the world untouched. The reemergence of food scarcity occurs after de cades of plenty, accompanied by the lowest real food prices for consumers in history. These bounteous years were the consequence of a food production miracle achieved by the world’s farmers and agricultural scientists from the 1960s on — a miracle of which the urbanized world of today seems largely oblivious and which we have forgotten to renew.

By the early twenty-first century, signs of complacency were in evidence. In 2003, a conference of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research in Nairobi was told, “According to the Food and Agriculture Or ga ni za tion of the United Nations, the number of foodinsecure people in developing countries fell from 920 million in 1980 to 799 million in 1999.” Even in the immediate aftermath of the 2008 food price spike, the FAO itself, along with the Or ga ni za tion for Economic Cooperation and Development, remarked, “the underlying forces that drive agricultural product supply (by and large productivity gains) will eventually outweigh the forces that determine stronger demand, both for food and feed as well as for industrial demand, most notably for biofuel production. Consequently, prices will resume their decline in real terms, though possibly not by quite as much as in the past.”

For some years, reassuring statements such as these had been repeatedly aired in the food policy, overseas aid, and research worlds. Unintentionally, food scientists and policy makers were sending a signal to governments and aid donors around the world that implied, “Relax. It’s under control. We’ve fixed the problem. Food is no longer critical.” Not surprisingly, aid donors rechanneled scarce funds to other urgent priorities — and growth in crop yields sagged as the world’s foot came off the scientific accelerator.

Many found the new crisis all the more mysterious for its apparent lack of an obvious trigger. Various culprits were pilloried by blameseeking politicians and media. Biofuels, after being talked up as one of the great hopes for combating climate change, quickly became a villain accused of “burning the food of the poor” and, from China to Britain, countries slammed the brakes on policies intended to encourage farmers to grow more “green fuel” from grain. According to the World Bank, biofuels could have caused as much as three-quarters of the hike in food prices. Equally to blame, according to other commentators, were oil prices, which had soared sixfold in the five years from mid-2003 to mid-2008 (although they fell again sharply as the global recession bit deep) with severe consequences for the cost of producing food, through their impact on farmer’s fuel, fertilizer, pesticide, and transportation costs. In developed countries the financial pain was high, but in developing nations it was agony: farmers simply could not afford to buy fertilizer and crop yields began to slip. In Thailand rice farmers quietly parked their new but unaffordable tractors in their sheds and went back to plowing with buffalo; buffalo breeders experienced a bonanza. “Energy and agricultural prices have become increasingly intertwined,” commented Joachim von Braun, the head of the International Food Policy Research Institute. “High energy prices have made agricultural production more expensive by raising the cost of cultivation, inputs — especially fertilizers and irrigation — and transportation of inputs and outputs. In poor countries, this hinders production response to high output prices. The main new link between energy and agricultural prices, however, is the competition of grain and oilseed land for feed and food, versus their use for bio energy.”

Speculators, fleeing crumbling financial markets and discovering an unlikely haven in booming agricultural commodities, were a favorite target of media ire: “Food was becoming the new gold. Investors fleeing Wall Street’s mortgage-related strife plowed hundreds of millions of dollars into grain futures, driving prices up even more. By Christmas (2007), a global panic was building,” reported the Washington Post. In developing nations, traders and grain dealers were accused of buying up surplus stocks and hoarding them to drive the prices higher still. In the Philippines the government threatened hoarders with charges of economic sabotage and sent armed soldiers to supervise the distribution of subsidized grain. Retirement and hedge funds, casting about for something to invest in that wasn’t going to hell in a handbasket, also jumped on farm commodities and even agribusiness enterprises — areas such investors traditionally shun.

Many saw the crisis as simply a result of the growth of human population, the inexorable climb from 3 billion people in 1960 to 6.8 billion by 2008 — the hundred million more mouths we have to feed in each succeeding year. Others ascribed it chiefly to burgeoning appetites in China and India, which had in a matter of five years or so together added the consumer equivalent of Eu rope to global demand for food as their emergent middle classes indulged in the delights of diets containing far more meat, poultry, dairy, and fish than ever before. In China, meat consumption trebled in less than fifteen years, requiring a tenfold increase in the grain needed to feed the animals and fish. One way to visualize the issue is that growth in global food production of 1–1.5 percent a year has more or less kept pace with growth in population — but has fallen short of meeting the growth in demand. One explanation for this is that farmers around the world have not responded by increasing the area of land they plant and harvest or raising their crop yields so rapidly as in the past. The big question is: why?

Some blamed the weather. Portentously, many were quick to discern the looming shadow of climate change in the run of droughts, floods, and other natural mishaps that had disrupted global farm production across most continents in recent years. In eastern Australia a ten-year drought slashed grain production and all but obliterated the rice industry; the unpre ce dented draining of Australia’s food bowl, the Murray-Darling Basin, threatened to eliminate fruit, vegetable, and livestock industries reliant on irrigation. Similar hardship faced producers across sub-Sahelian Africa. Floods in China and along the Mississippi River wreaked local havoc with grain production. In Burma, Cyclone Nargis flattened the Irawaddy Delta rice crop, propelling Asian prices into a fresh spiral. Heat waves in California and torrential rains in India added to perceptions — heightened by media reportage — that the climate was running amok.

Other commentators sought villains among the world’s governments, blaming protectionism and hidden trade barriers, farm subsidies, food price controls or taxes, environmental and health restrictions, the ensnaring of farmers in snarls of red tape, along with the perennial failure of trade negotiators to open up global trade in agricultural products. Supermarkets and globalization of the food trade came in for flak, especially from the po liti cal left and from farmers themselves, for driving down farm commodity prices and thus discouraging growers from increasing production. Economic observers read the crisis as primarily due to weaker growth in food production at a time of strong growth in consumer demand, especially in China and India and among affluent populations worldwide.

The Green Revolution, whose technologies had delivered the last great surge in global food production in the 1970s and 1980s seemed to be fizzling out, a view supported by the disturbing slide in crop yield advances. Yields of the major crops of wheat, maize, and rice had once increased by as much as 5 and even 10 percent a year — now they were increasing by 1 percent or nothing at all. In the overheated economy of the early twenty-first century, farm costs had soared along with oil prices, hindering farmers from adopting newer, but costlier and more energyintensive, technologies. In advanced countries, some scientists whispered, we might actually be approaching the physical limits of the ability of plants to turn sunlight into edible food.

In the general hunt for someone to blame for the short-term food crisis, a more profound truth was being obscured — that the challenge is far deeper, longer-term, and more intractable than most people, and certainly most governments, understand. It stems from the magnifying and interacting constraints on food production generated as civilization presses harder against the finite bounds of the planet’s natural resources, combined with human appetites that seem to know no bounds.

This challenge is more pressing even than climate change. A climate crisis may emerge over de cades. A food crisis can explode within weeks — and kill within days. But the two are also interlocked. “If the world were to experience a year of bad weather similar to that experienced in 1972, the current ‘food crisis’ would pale in comparison to the crisis that would arise as a result. This should be taken as a warning that advance planning ought to be done if total chaos is to be avoided,” observes the resource analyst Bruce Sundquist.

The character of human conflict has also changed: since the early 1990s, more wars have been triggered by disputes over food, land, and water than over mere po liti cal or ethnic differences. This should not surprise us: people have fought over the means of survival for most of history. But in the abbreviated reports on the nightly media, and even in the rarefied realms of government policy, the focus is almost invariably on the players — the warring national, ethnic, or religious factions — rather than on the play, the deeper subplots building the tensions that ignite conflict. Caught up in these are groups of ordinary, desperate people fearful that there is no longer sufficient food, land, and water to feed their children — and believing that they must fight “the others” to secure them. At the same time, the number of refugees in the world doubled, many of them escaping from conflicts and famines precipitated by food and resource shortages. Governments in troubled regions tottered and fell.

The coming famine is planetary because it involves both the immediate effects of hunger on directly affected populations in heavily populated regions of the world in the next forty years — and also the impacts of war, government failure, refugee crises, shortages, and food price spikes that will affect all human beings, no matter who they are or where they live. It is an emergency because unless it is solved, billions will experience great hardship, and not only in the poorer regions. Mike Murphy, one of the world’s most progressive dairy farmers, with operations in Ireland, New Zealand, and North and South America, succinctly summed it all up: “Global warming gets all the publicity but the real imminent threat to the human race is starvation on a massive scale. Taking a 10–30 year view, I believe that food shortages, famine and huge social unrest are probably the greatest threat the human race has ever faced. I believe future food shortages are a far bigger world threat than global warming.”

The coming famine is also complex, because it is driven not by one or two, or even a half dozen, factors but rather by the confluence of many large and profoundly intractable causes that tend to amplify one another. This means that it cannot easily be remedied by “silver bullets” in the form of technology, subsidies, or single-country policy changes, because of the synergetic character of the things that power it.

To see where the answers may lie, we need to explore each of the main drivers. On the demand side the chief drivers are:

Population. Although the rate of growth in human numbers is slowing, the present upward trend of 1.5 percent (one hundred million more people) per year points to a population of around 9.2 billion in 2050 — 3 billion more than in 2000. Most of this expansion will take place in poorer countries and in tropical/subtropical regions. In countries where birth rates are falling, governments are bribing their citizens with subsidies to have more babies in an effort to address the age imbalance.

Consumer demand. The first thing people do as they climb out of poverty is to improve their diet. Demand for protein foods such as meat, milk, fish, and eggs from consumers with better incomes, mainly in India and China but also in Southeast Asia and Latin America, is rising rapidly. This in turn requires vastly more grain to feed the animals and fish. Overfed rich societies continue to gain weight. The average citizen of Planet Earth eats one-fifth more calories than he or she did in the 1960s — a “food footprint” growing larger by the day.

Population and demand. This combination of population growth with expansion in consumer demand indicates a global requirement for food by 2050 that will be around 70–100 percent larger than it is today. Population and demand are together rising at about 2 percent a year, whereas food output is now increasing at only about 1 percent a year.

These demand-side factors could probably be satisfied by the world adopting tactics similar to those of the 1960s, when the Green Revolution in farming technology was launched, were it not for the many constraints on the supply side that are now emerging to hinder or prevent such a solution:

Water crisis. Put simply, civilization is running out of freshwater. Farmers presently use about 70 percent of the world’s readily available freshwater to grow food. However, increasingly megacities, with their huge thirst for water for use in homes, industry, and waste disposal, are competing with farmers for this finite resource and, by 2050, these uses could swallow half or more of the world’s available freshwater at a time when many rivers, lakes, and aquifers will be drying up. Unless major new sources or savings are found, farmers will have about half of the world’s currently available freshwater with which to grow twice the food.

Land scarcity. The world is running out of good farmland. A quarter of all land is now so degraded that it is scarcely capable of yielding food. At the same time, cities are sprawling, smothering the world’s most fertile soil in concrete and asphalt, while their occupants fan out in search of cheap land for recreation that diverts the best food-producing areas from agriculture. A third category of land is poisoned by toxic industrial pollution. Much former urban food production has now ceased. The emerging global dearth of good farmland represents another severe limit on increasing food production.

Nutrient losses. Civilization is hemorrhaging nutrients — substances essential to all life. Annual losses in soil erosion alone probably exceed all the nutrients applied as fertilizer worldwide. The world’s finite nutrient supplies may already have peaked. Half the fertilizer being used is wasted. In most societies, up to half the food produced is trashed or lost; so too are most of the nutrients in urban waste streams. The global nutrient cycle, which has sustained humanity throughout our history, has broken down.

Energy dilemma. Advanced farming depends entirely on fossil fuels, which are likely to become very scarce and costly within a generation. At present farmers have few alternative means of producing food other than to grow fuel on their farms — which will reduce food output by 10–20 percent. Many farmers respond to higher costs simply by using less fertilizer or fuel — and so cutting yields. Driven by high energy prices and concerns about climate change, the world is likely to burn around 400 million tonnes (441 million U.S. tons) of grain as biofuels by 2020 — the equivalent of the entire global rice harvest.

Oceans. Marine scientists have warned that ocean fish catches could collapse by the 2040s due to overexploitation of wild stocks. Coral reefs — whose fish help feed about five hundred million people — face decimation under global warming. The world’s oceans are slowly acidifying as carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels dissolves out of the atmosphere, threatening ocean food chains. Fish farms are struggling with pollution and sediment runoff from the land. The inability of the fish sector to meet its share of a doubling in world food demand will throw a heavier burden onto land-based meat industries.

Technology. For three de cades the main engine of the modern food miracle, the international scientific research that boosted crop yields, has been neglected, leading to a decline in productivity gains. Farmers worldwide are heading into a major technology pothole, with less new knowledge available in the medium run to help them to increase output.

Climate. The climate is changing: up to half the planet may face regular drought by the end of the century. “Unnatural disasters” — storms, floods, droughts, and sea-level rise — are predicted to become more frequent and intense, with adventitious impacts on food security, refugee waves, and conflict.

Economics, politics, and trade. Trade barriers and farm subsidies continue to distort world markets, sending the wrong price signals to farmers and discouraging investment in agriculture and its science. The globalization of food has helped drive down prices received by farmers. Speculators have destabilized commodity markets, making it riskier for farmers to make production decisions. Some countries discourage or ban food exports and others tax them, adding to food insecurity. Others pay their farmers to grow fuel instead of food. A sprawling web of health, labor, and environmental regulation is limiting farmers’ freedom to farm.

The collapse in world economic conditions in late 2008 and 2009 has changed the prices of many things, including land, food, fuel, and fertilizer — but has not altered the fact that demand for food continues to grow while limits on its production multiply. Indeed, the economic crash exacerbated hunger among the world’s poor, and has not altered the fundamentals of climate change, water scarcity, population growth, land degradation, or nutrient or oil depletion.

In early 2009 a report by Chatham House, a think tank focused on international affairs, observed that a lower food price “does not mean that policy-makers around the world can start to breathe a sigh of relief. . . . [E]ven at their somewhat diminished levels current prices remain acutely problematic for low-income import-dependent countries and for poor people all over the world. The World Bank estimates that higher food prices have increased the number of undernourished people by as much as 100 million from its pre-price-spike level of 850 million.”

In the medium and longer term, the report warned, food prices were poised to rise again. “Although many policy-makers have taken a degree of comfort from a recent OECD-FAO report on the world’s agricultural outlook to 2017 . . . the report largely overlooked the potential impact of long-term resource scarcity trends, notably climate change, energy security and falling water availability.”

To sum it all up, the challenge facing the world’s 1.8 billion women and men who grow our food is to double their output of food — using far less water, less land, less energy, and less fertilizer. They must accomplish this on low and uncertain returns, with less new technology available, amid more red tape, economic disincentives, and corrupted markets, and in the teeth of spreading drought. Achieving this will require something not far short of a miracle.

Yet humans have done it before and, resilient species that we are, we can do it again. This time, however, it won’t just be a problem for farmers, scientists, and policy makers. It will be a challenge involving every single one of us, in our daily lives, our habits, and our influence at the ballot box and at the supermarket.

It will be the greatest test of our global humanity and our wisdom we have yet faced.

From "The Coming Famine" by Julian Cribb, published by the University of California Press, 2010. Excerpt courtesy of the University of California Press.

A inacreditavel compulsao estatizante do governo

Nao apenas compulsão, talvez obsessão estatizante, em atividades perfeitamente voltadas para o mercado, que poderiam ser resolvidas pelo mercado.
As únicas coisas que só o governo pode fazer, que é reforma tributária, para desonerar empresas, ele não faz.
Talvez porque esteja muito ocupado criando estatais...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Eximbank amarrado

Editorial - O Estado de S.Paulo
25 de agosto de 2010

Todos os membros do governo que tratam do assunto, a começar pelo presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, defendem a urgência do início de operação do banco de financiamento do comércio exterior, o Eximbank brasileiro. Projeto discutido há décadas, a criação desse banco foi tardiamente anunciada no último dos oito anos do governo Lula. No entanto, previsto para estar em operação em outubro, o Eximbank, como outros projetos do governo do PT, corre o sério risco de não sair do papel, por discordâncias entre os Ministérios envolvidos.

A criação de uma instituição dedicada exclusivamente a financiar as exportações, como as que existem em outros países também com o nome de Eximbank (banco de exportação e importação), foi um dos principais itens do pacote de apoio ao comércio exterior anunciado em maio pelo governo, com o objetivo de estimular as vendas externas e conter a queda do superávit comercial brasileiro.

A nova instituição, de acordo com o modelo defendido pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento (Mdic) e pelo BNDES - do qual será subsidiária -, deve oferecer serviços integrados de apoio ao exportador, incluindo garantia, seguro e financiamento. "Quando essas operações são combinadas, a instituição fica mais poderosa", disse há algum tempo o presidente do BNDES, Luciano Coutinho, citando o exemplo de bancos da Coreia do Sul e da China, que operam de acordo com o modelo por ele defendido.

O Ministério da Fazenda, porém, embora defenda a necessidade do seguro - "o Exim (brasileiro) não seria viável sem o seguro à exportação; é assim que os grandes países competem", afirmou o ministro Guido Mantega -, tem dito que empréstimos e seguros não devem ficar sob a responsabilidade de uma mesma instituição ou empresa.

Com base nesse argumento, o ministro da Fazenda anunciou, no mês passado, a criação também de uma nova estatal de seguros, argumentando que o setor privado - que não foi ouvido - é incapaz de atender às necessidades de seguros do País. Além de atender as empresas exportadoras, essa nova estatal deve oferecer todos os tipos de seguros oferecidos pelas companhias já em operação, com as quais concorrerá em regime ainda não devidamente explicado pelo ministro.

Agora, nem anda o projeto da grande seguradora estatal proposta pelo ministro, nem o do Eximbank brasileiro com competência para oferecer também serviços de seguros, defendido pelo Mdic e pelo BNDES.

Há, de fato, uma questão de competência legal que precisa ser resolvida. O Fundo de Garantia das Exportações (FGE), principal instrumento de seguro às exportações, é vinculado ao Ministério da Fazenda, tem como gestor o BNDES e tem suas regras definidas pelo Comitê de Financiamento e Garantia das Exportações (Cofig), cuja presidência cabe ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento. As operações do FGE são atribuição de uma empresa privada, a Seguradora Brasileira de Crédito à Exportação (SBCE), que tem como principal acionista a Coface, uma seguradora de capital francês. O Banco do Brasil e o BNDES também participam da SBCE. A nova seguradora proposta por Mantega substituiria a atual nas operações de comércio exterior.

Quaisquer que sejam os argumentos dos dois lados, a disputa mostra a dificuldade do governo para superar divergências internas que travam um projeto de interesse nacional e o desinteresse do presidente da República por questões que não digam respeito às eleições de outubro.

Ressalve-se, ainda, que, mesmo na remota hipótese de o governo do PT conseguir colocar em operação esse banco de apoio às exportações, ainda ficará devendo muito ao setor exportador. O sistema tributário, cuja reforma foi prometida no início do primeiro mandato de Lula, continua a onerar o setor, reduzindo-lhe dramaticamente a competitividade, os gargalos de infraestrutura - rodovias, ferrovias, portos e aeroportos - encarecem a logística das exportações e os controles burocráticos excessivos desestimulam as empresas que poderiam se interessar por exportar.

A tragedia educacional brasileira: um projeto para afundar o pais

Parece que é isso: políticos, militantes sindicais e políticos, responsáveis governamentais, agitadores de ONGs racialistas fizeram um complô para afundar a educação brasileira e imbecilizar o país.
Bem, não acredito em teorias conspiratórias, mas se acreditasse, eu teria todas as confirmações de que todos esses militantes de causas perdidas se organizaram para impedir o Brasil de se desenvolver.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Prometem cidadãos, entregam maus alunos
CARLOS ALBERTO SARDENBERG *
O GLOBO - 19/08/10

Há algum tempo, em visita ao Brasil, um diretor do Ministério da Educação da China alinhava as razões pelas quais seu país logo seria a segunda potência econômica do mundo. Além dos motivos clássicos - rápido crescimento, elevado nível de poupança e investimento, muita pesquisa em novas tecnologias, escola de qualidade - acrescentou um que chamou a atenção: na China, dizia, com orgulho, há 300 milhões de jovens estudando inglês, bom inglês. E isso é igual à população dos Estados Unidos, onde nem todo mundo fala inglês, acrescentava, com satisfeita ironia.
Quantos jovens estudam inglês a sério no Brasil? E quantos nas escolas públicas? Em compensação, nos últimos três anos, conforme leis aprovadas no Congresso, os alunos do ensino básico brasileiro passaram a ter aulas de filosofia, sociologia, artes, música, cultura afro-brasileira e indígena, direitos das crianças, adolescentes e idosos, educação para o trânsito e meio ambiente.
Como não aumentaram o número de horas/aula nem o número de dias letivos, é óbvio que o novo currículo reduz as horas dedicadas a essas coisas banais como português, matemática e ciências.
Vamos falar francamente: isto não tem o menor sentido. É um sinal eloquente de como estão erradas as agendas brasileiras.
Dirão: mas nossas escolas precisam formar cidadãos conscientes, não apenas bons alunos.
Está bem. Então vai aqui a sugestão: dedicar os sábados e talvez algumas manhãs de domingo para essa formação. Não há melhor maneira de conhecer a cultura indígena do que visitar aldeias, aos sábados, um passeio educativo. Artes plásticas? Nos museus e nas oficinas. Música? Que tal orquestras e bandas que ensaiariam aos sábados ou durante a semana depois das aulas? Meio ambiente? Visitas às florestas e parques. Consciência de trânsito? Um sábado acompanhando os funcionários pelas cidades.
E assim por diante. Como aliás se faz nos países asiáticos, conhecidos pela qualidade de seu ensino. Mas é mais complicado, exige organização, um pouco mais de dinheiro, mais trabalho, especialmente nos fins de semana, e professores e instrutores mais qualificados e entusiasmados com as funções, obviamente com boa remuneração.
Em vez disso, determina-se a inclusão de algumas aulas no currículo e está completa a enganação: ninguém vai aprender a sério nenhuma dessas "disciplinas do cidadão", assim como a maioria não aprende a contento português, matemática e ciências.
Inglês então, nem se fala, porque aí tem um componente ideológico. É a língua do imperialismo. (Embora seja provável que dentro em pouco seja a língua do imperialismo chinês).
Mas reparem que, quando se trata de estudar mesmo, nem essa ideologia esquerdo-latina ajuda. Diz o pessoal: como estudar inglês se somos todos latino-americanos, bolivarianos e amamos Chávez? Vai daí que vamos ensinar o espanhol a sério? Já seria uma grande ajuda, mas esquece.
Até já se disse que o espanhol seria obrigatório, mas não vingou. Talvez porque o espanhol seja a língua dos colonizadores? Não se espantem se alguma emenda mandar que todos aqui estudem as línguas dos índios.
A sério: todos os testes, nacionais e internacionais, mostram que nossos alunos vão mal em português, matemática e ciências. Todos os estudos mostram que isso cria um enorme problema para as pessoas e para o país. Para as pessoas, porque não conseguem emprego numa economia da era do conhecimento. E para o país, porque, com uma mão de obra não qualificada, perde a batalha crucial dos nossos dias, a da produtividade tecnológica.
Reparem: isso é sabido, provado e demonstrado. E fica por isso mesmo.
Por isso mesmo, não. Tiram tempo de português para incluir uma rápida enganação de cultura afro.
A agenda equivocada atravessa todo o ensino brasileiro. Nada contra as ciências sociais e as artes, mas, responda sinceramente, caro leitor, cara leitora, é normal, é razoável que a PUC-Rio tenha formado, no ano passado, 27 bacharéis em cinema, três físicos e dois matemáticos? É normal que, em 2008, as faculdades de todo o Brasil tenham formado 1.114 físicos, 1.972 matemáticos e 2.066 modistas? Como comentou o cineasta e humanista João Moreira Salles, em evento recente da Rádio CBN, nem Hollywood tem emprego para tantos cineastas quanto os que são formados por aqui. E sobre 128 cursos superiores de moda no Brasil: "Alimento o pesadelo de que, em alguns anos, os aviões não decolarão, mas todos nós seremos muito elegantes." Duvido. As escolas de moda precisariam ser eficientes, o que está longe da realidade.
Na verdade, há aqui uma perversidade sem tamanho. As pessoas das classes mais pobres e os pais que não estudaram já estão convencidos que seus filhos não vão longe sem estudo.
Tiram isso, com sabedoria, de sua própria experiência. E fazem um sacrifício danado para colocar os filhos nas escolas e levá-los até a faculdade, particular, paga, na maior parte dos casos.
Quando conseguem, topam com a perversidade: os rapazes e as moças pegam o diploma superior, mas não estão prontos para o trabalho qualificado.
Com o diploma, caro, guardado em casa, fazem concurso para gari, por exemplo.
Uma injustiça com as famílias pobres, um custo enorme para o país e a desmoralização do estudo.
Se tivessem planejado algo para atrasar o país, não teriam conseguido tanto êxito.

*Carlos Alberto Sardenberg é jornalista.

http://aspirantesdiplomaticos.politicaexterna.com/2010/08/24/questionario-respondido-por-paulo-roberto-de-almeida/

quarta-feira, 25 de agosto de 2010

Brasil: os subterraneos do Estado policialesco e ilegal

Estamos falando não de simples golpes de alguns espertos, mas do próprio ovo da serpente totalitária, o Estado policialesco, como existia na RDA, com a Stasi, e como existe em Cuba, com o aparelho de segurança. A corja a serviço de uma causa política coloca o Estado como mero provedor de informações estratégicas para seu projeto de poder.
Não compreendo como as pessoas não se sentem pessoalmente atingidas por esse tipo de crime. É isto que nos espera...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Receita vasculhou sigilos de mais 3 pessoas ligadas a Serra e FHC
Leandro Colon e Rui Nogueira
O Estado de S.Paulo, 25 de agosto de 2010

Investigação revela que Luiz Carlos Mendonça de Barros, Ricardo Sérgio de Oliveira e Gregório Marin Preciado também tiveram sigilos quebrados

BRASÍLIA - Investigação interna da Receita Federal revela que acessos suspeitos aos sigilos fiscais de adversários do PT foram além do manuseio dos dados do vice-presidente do PSDB, Eduardo Jorge. Os documentos mostram que, no mesmo dia, de um mesmo computador e em sequência, servidores do Fisco abriram os dados sigilosos de Eduardo Jorge e de mais três pessoas ligadas ao alto comando do PSDB. São elas: Luiz Carlos Mendonça de Barros, Ricardo Sérgio de Oliveira e Gregório Marin Preciado.

O Estado teve acesso a informações do processo aberto pela Corregedoria da Receita para saber quem acessou e por que os dados de Eduardo Jorge foram abertos em terminais da delegacia da Receita Federal em Mauá (SP). Essas informações foram parar num dossiê que teria sido montado por integrantes do comitê de campanha da candidata à Presidência Dilma Rousseff (PT). A oposição acusa funcionários do governo de violarem os sigilos fiscais de tucanos para fabricar dossiês na campanha eleitoral.

Os dados da investigação revelam que as declarações de renda de Eduardo Jorge e dos outros três tucanos foram acessadas do mesmo computador, por uma única senha, entre 12h27 e 12h43 do dia 8 de outubro do ano passado. O terminal usado foi a da servidora Adeilda Ferreira Leão dos Santos. A senha era de Antonia Aparecida Rodrigues dos Santos Neves Silva. Às 12h27, foi aberta a declaração de renda de 2009 de Mendonça de Barros, ex-ministro das Comunicações do governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Três minutos depois, às 12h30, acessaram os dados do empresário Gregorio Marin Preciado, casado com uma prima de José Serra. Às 12h31, a declaração de Renda de Ricardo Sérgio foi aberta. Ele é ex-diretor do Banco do Brasil no governo FHC. Às 12h43m41s daquele mesmo dia, o mesmo terminal acessou a declaração de renda de 2009 de Eduardo Jorge. Quatorze segundos depois, os dados referentes a 2008 foram abertos por um servidor da Receita.

Os nomes dos tucanos foram destacados pela própria investigação da Receita Federal, como "contribuintes que despertaram interesse na apuração". O trabalho de apuração da Receita compreendeu os acessos ocorridos naquela delegacia entre 3 de agosto e 7 de dezembro de 2009. Em depoimento à corregedoria da Receita, as duas funcionárias negam envolvimento na abertura desses dados. Dona da senha usada, Antonia Aparecida alega que repassou o código a outras duas colegas e que não sabe quem fez essas consultas.

Alemanha: governo projeta taxa bancaria

Alguns diriam que é o triunfo do Estado sobre os mercados desregulados: deixados à sua própria conta, eles provocariam crises e depressões, e precisam, portanto, ser "regulados" pelo Estado, e taxados em sua "ganância" exagerada.
Na verdade, o Estado só se mete a salvar os bancos porque se intrometeu demasiadamente nos assuntos bancários. Deixados à sua própria conta, os bancos teriam feito o que se chama comumento de seguro. Uma espécie de cooperativa de ajuda mútua...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Le gouvernement allemand adopte un projet de taxe bancaire
Le Monde avec AFP, 25.08.2010

Le gouvernement allemand a adopté mercredi 25 août un projet contesté de taxe sur les bénéfices des banques, qui doit éviter que l'Etat soit le seul à mettre la main à la poche pour sauver des établissements.
Les banques allemandes devront à l'avenir verser à l'Etat une partie de leurs profits, selon ce projet de loi qui doit être validé par le Parlement avant la fin de l'année. Le montant de la taxe sera fonction de la taille de l'établissement et du degré de risque de ses activités.

CONSTITUTION D'UN FONDS
Les sommes ainsi récoltées serviront à créer un fonds dans lequel on pourra puiser en cas de menace de faillite d'une banque jugée d'importance stratégique.
L'Allemagne, échaudée après des sauvetages publics très coûteux tel celui de l'établissement spécialisé dans l'immobilier Hypo Real Estate, pour plus de 100 milliards d'euros, est le premier pays à avoir lancé l'idée d'une telle taxe. Berlin espère convaincre d'autres Etats de faire de même, pour préserver la compétitivité de ses banques, mais jusqu'ici la France est l'un des seuls pays à s'enthousiasmer pour le projet.

PROJET FRANÇAIS À L'AUTOMNE
La taxe bancaire française devrait, pour sa part, être officiellement présentée fin septembre. Ce dispositif, qui sera inscrit dans le projet de loi de finances pour 2011, sera "assis" sur les actifs bancaires les plus risqués.
C'est ce qu'avait préconisé Jean-François Lepetit, l'ex-président du Conseil national de la comptabilité (CNC), dans un rapport remis mi-avril à la ministre de l'économie, Christine Lagarde : "Certaines activités dégagent des rendements et profits anormaux qui ont pour contrepartie un coût pour la société le jour où le risque systémique se réalise. Il est proposé de taxer ces activités afin de réduire les externalités ", avait-il expliqué.
Contrairement à son homologue allemand, qui veut créer un "fonds de résolution systémique", le gouvernement français a fait part de son intention d'affecter le produit de cette taxe au budget de l'Etat, comme il l'a fait pour la taxe sur les bonus.

Direitos humanos seletivos: o caso brasileiro

Não se pode estar certo de que direitos humanos seja a palavra adequada para o caso do Brasil. Talvez apenas política, na acepção mais vulgar do termo.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Direitos humanos a sério
Oscar Vilhena Vieira
O Estado de S.Paulo, 25 de agosto de 2010

Em recente artigo publicado na imprensa, o ministro Celso Amorim busca refutar as crescentes objeções que vêm sendo feitas à política externa brasileira no campo dos direitos humanos. O fato de o chanceler vir a público justificar a condução da política externa é, em si, um avanço. A manifestação também é positiva na medida em que reitera o compromisso do governo com os direitos humanos. O que se pretende aqui questionar é se as premissas e as ações do governo são condizentes com esse compromisso, reiterado pelo ministro.

De acordo com Amorim "reprimendas ou condenações públicas" não constituem o melhor caminho para obter o respeito aos direitos humanos. A seu ver, é mais eficaz dar o "exemplo e, ao mesmo tempo, agir pela via do diálogo franco". Essa premissa, além de moral e juridicamente discutível, não pode ser comprovada faticamente. São inúmeras as experiências em que a denúncia e a pressão internacional desempenharam papel fundamental na derrubada de regimes violadores, como o emblemático caso sul-africano. Teria sido melhor se a comunidade internacional, incluindo as Nações Unidas, em vez de denunciar e impor duras medidas ao regime racista, tivesse apenas buscado o diálogo respeitoso com seus líderes? Teria sido melhor que a Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, que no final dos anos 1970 denunciou corajosamente a tortura e os desaparecimentos forçados na Argentina e no Chile, tivesse optado pelo diálogo com Augusto Pinochet ou Jorge Videla? Por acaso as denúncias feitas pelo presidente Jimmy Carter em 1977 sobre a tortura no Brasil não contribuíram para a redemocratização? Deveria ter optado por uma atuação mais discreta, para não incomodar nossos generais?

O diálogo e a persuasão são instrumentos não apenas válidos, como importantes, mas não podem dispensar o reconhecimento público das violações, a responsabilização dos violadores e a reparação às vítimas, especialmente pelos mecanismos internacionalmente concebidos para proteger os direitos humanos. Ao se propor uma atuação "conciliadora" não apenas de Estados, mas dos próprios mecanismos multilaterais de direitos humanos, a política brasileira tem contribuído para fragilizar esses mesmos mecanismos, com consequências nefastas para as vítimas.

Ao buscar superar o maniqueísmo e a seletividade que imperam na conduta de muitos países do Norte, o Brasil corre o risco de criar um novo maniqueísmo e uma nova seletividade. Muitas das recentes manifestações do Brasil no Conselho de Direitos Humanos da ONU têm causado inconformismo entre aqueles que tomam os direitos humanos a sério. É o que se pode identificar nos casos de Irã, Sri Lanka, Mianmar, Sudão (Darfur), República Democrática do Congo, em que a participação brasileira não se alinhou a resoluções voltadas para apurar as violações, responsabilizar os violadores ou mesmo manter mecanismos internacionais para aferição de tais violações. O Brasil parece estar criando uma nova seletividade, em que o que importa não é a natureza ou a gravidade das violações, mas a origem das acusações ou a proximidade política com o violador. No caso do Sri Lanka, o Brasil juntou-se ao próprio governo desse país, a Cuba, Paquistão, Irã e Sudão, entre outros governos não-democráticos, para derrubar uma resolução proposta pela União Europeia. O Brasil já vinha se comportando seletivamente na antiga Comissão de Direitos Humanos. Basta verificar como se manifestou em relação às resoluções que cuidavam de violações na China, na Chechênia, no Zimbábue e em Belarus. Esse mesmo padrão de diálogo não se aplica, por exemplo, quando o assunto é a condenação das violações promovidas por Israel no caso dos palestinos. O Brasil, porém, não ousa promover resoluções que condenem as violações sérias e existentes em países do Norte, como, por exemplo, as conhecidas manifestações contra os direitos básicos dos prisioneiros de Guantánamo.

O caso da Coreia do Norte talvez seja o mais emblemático. Apesar de gravíssimas denúncias de existência de campos de concentração e execuções de dissidentes políticos, e das inúmeras demonstrações de que o regime de Pyongyang não está disposto a cooperar, o Brasil vislumbrou uma "janela de oportunidades" e negou-se a apoiar uma resolução que propunha renovar o mandato do relator especial para aquele país. Somente depois de ver suas propostas ignoradas pelo regime totalitário de Pyongyang e ser interpelado pelo Ministério Público Federal, o Itamaraty finalmente mudou sua posição. O resultado desse processo foi o estabelecimento de um conjunto de recomendações ao governo para que não mais olvide suas obrigações constitucionais no trato das questões de direitos humanos.

A política de direitos humanos brasileira tem avançado em diversas frentes, como na discussão sobre propriedade intelectual, medicamentos, meio ambiente e luta contra a pobreza, porém tem se demonstrado ambígua quando se reporta às violações cometidas por regimes repressivos. Se o Brasil quer representar algo novo no cenário internacional, não apenas no aspecto econômico, mas também ético, não pode mais invocar o "simplório" e ultrapassado princípio da não-interferência; não pode mais praticar uma seletividade enrustida e ressentida; não pode mais fragilizar a autoridade dos mecanismos internacionais de direitos humanos e das ONGs que operam nesse campo.

Se a proposta é estabelecer um "diálogo franco", isso significa disposição para o reconhecimento das violações, responsabilização dos violadores e reparação às vítimas. Esta, porém, não parece ser a postura de muitos dos interlocutores do governo brasileiro.

DIRETOR JURÍDICO DA CONECTAS DIREITOS HUMANOS, É PROFESSOR DA ESCOLA DE DIREITO DE SÃO PAULO DA FUNDAÇÃO GETÚLIO VARGAS

A frase da semana, da campanha eleitoral

Não sei exatamente quem formulou a frase, mas merece o prêmio do ano:

O horário político eleitoral é o único momento em que os bandidos estão em cadeia nacional.

A "maldicao" do poder nucelar: o caso de Israel (NYT)

Bringing Israel's Bomb Out of the Basement
By AVNER COHEN and MARVIN MILLER
I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor
The New York Times, August 25, 2010

In the shadow of the Holocaust, Israel made a determined and ultimately successful effort to acquire nuclear weapons. Just as fear of genocide is the key to understanding Israel’s nuclear resolve, that fear has also encouraged nuclear restraint. After all, if Israel’s enemies also acquired the bomb, the small Jewish state might well face destruction. Moreover, the specter of killing large numbers of innocent people was morally unsettling.

This combination of resolve and restraint led to a nuclear posture known as opacity, which is fundamentally different from that of all other nuclear weapons states. Israel neither affirms nor denies its possession of nuclear weapons; indeed, the government refuses to say anything factual about its nuclear activities, and Israeli citizens are encouraged, both by law and by custom, to follow suit.

Opacity was first codified in a secret accord between President Richard Nixon and Prime Minister Golda Meir of Israel in September 1969. As long as Israel did not advertise its possession of nuclear weapons, by either declaring it had them or testing them, the United States agreed to tolerate and shield Israel’s nuclear program. Ever since, all U.S. presidents and Israeli prime ministers have reaffirmed this policy — most recently, President Obama in a July White House meeting with President Benjamin Netanyahu, during which Mr. Obama stated, “Israel has unique security requirements. ... And the United States will never ask Israel to take any steps that would undermine [its] security interests.”

Opacity continues to have almost universal support among members of the Israeli security establishment, who argue that, by not publicly flaunting its nuclear status, Israel has reduced its neighbors’ incentives to proliferate and has made it easier to resist demands that it give up its nuclear shield before a just and durable peace is established in the Middle East.

But this policy has now become anachronistic, even counterproductive. In the early days of its nuclear program, Israel had no concerns about legitimacy, recognition and responsibility; its focus was acquiring a nuclear capability. Today, the situation is different. Israel is now a mature nuclear weapons state, but it finds it difficult under the strictures of opacity to make a convincing case that it is a responsible one. To the extent that opacity shields Israel’s nuclear capabilities and intentions, it also undercuts the need for its citizens to be informed about issues that are literally matters of life and death, such as: Whose finger is on the nuclear trigger and under what circumstances would nuclear weapons be used?

Opacity also prevents Israel from making a convincing case that its nuclear policy is indeed one of defensive last resort and from participating in a meaningful fashion in regional arms control and global disarmament deliberations.

Israel needs to recognize, moreover, that the Middle East peace process is linked to the issue of nuclear weapons in the region. International support for Israel and its opaque bomb is being increasingly eroded by its continued occupation of Palestinian territory and the policies that support that occupation. Such criticism of these policies might well spill over into the nuclear domain, making Israel vulnerable to the charge that it is a nuclear-armed pariah state, and thus associating it to an uncomfortable degree with today’s rogue Iranian regime.

Indeed, while almost all states publicly oppose the acquisition of nuclear weapons by Iran, there is also growing support for dealing with this problem in an “evenhanded” manner, namely, by establishing a nuclear weapons free zone across the entire region.

However, if Israel takes seriously the need to modify its own nuclear posture and its approach to the peace process, there will likely be stronger international support for measures designed to stop Iran from crossing the nuclear threshold and to contain a nuclear-armed Iran if those efforts fail.

Israel was not the first state to acquire nuclear weapons, and given its unique geopolitical concerns, it should not be expected to lead the world into the nuclear-free age. But in order to deal effectively with the new regional nuclear environment and emerging global nuclear norms, Israel must reassess the wisdom of its unwavering commitment to opacity and realize that international support for retaining its military edge, including its military edge, rests on retaining its moral edge.

Avner Cohen is a senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Non-proliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. Marvin Miller is a research associate in the Science, Technology, and Society Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A longer version of this article will appear in the September/October issue of Foreign Affairs.
Tribune Media Services

A "maldicao" do petroleo, estilo brasileiro...

Economistas e historiadores, leitores bem informados também, conhecem o que comumente se chama de "maldição do petróleo", ou seja, o fato de um país permanecer pobre, e aumentar tremendamente suas taxas de desigualdade, de corrupção, disfuncionalidades diversas, por causa desse produto natural que já foi chamado um dia, por um entendido -- ele vinha ele mesmo de um dos países amaldiçoados, a Venezuela, e foi, me parece, o primeiro diretor da OPEP -- de "excremento do diabo".
A disponibilidade, em abundância, desse mineral estratégico na atual conformação civilizatória e industrial, torna os países que o exploram "rentistas", no pior sentido da palavra. E ser rentista é a pior coisa que possa existir para um país.
Pois bem, o Brasil ainda não virou rentista do petróleo -- embora alguns prefeitos e o governo do Rio de Janeiro desejassem sê-lo, e de certo modo o são, ao se apropriarem de uma extraordinária renda, usada de forma irracional -- mas corre o risco de atrair desde já uma espécie de "maldição" financeira sobre a Petrobras, a partir das trapalhadas patéticas feitas desde o começo em torno dos recursos do pré-sal.
O governo ainda afunda a Petrobras, não só pela utilização política que ele faz dela, mas também por obrigá-la, por essa nova lei talhada para o pré-sal, a participar de absolutamente todas as etapas de todas as concessões a serem feitas, o que obriga a empresa a se capitalizar muito além de sua capacidade, gerando desconfiança nos investidores quanto aos bons fundamentos de sua gestão (politizada, claro).
Em lugar de o governo manter o regime anterior -- ele já teria arrecadado uma fábula das empresas estrangeiras interessadas nessa fabulosa província petrolífera, sem correr nenhum risco -- ele se meteu a sujar a mão de petróleo, literalmente, por pura demagogia, e também pela insanidade mental que atinge todos os políticos de países rentistas do petróleo.
Os nossos não poderiam ficar atrás, contaminando aliás a população, que também quer ser rentista.
Não existe coisa mais patética a que eu assisti na minha vida (pela TV e fotos nos jornais, claro) do que a tal "marcha" dos prefeitos e do governador do Rio de Janeiro "em defesa dos royalties" do petróleo: ou seja, eles querem ser rentistas...
Triste, se não fosse altamente perigoso para a psicologia nacional. Já tem um bocado de gente aprendendo a viver de esmola pública. Agora também tem gente que quer viver da esmola do petrólo.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

PETROBRAS NA IMPRENSA
Inferno astral do pré-sal
Por Rolf Kuntz
Observatório da Imprensa, 24/8/2010

A Vale tornou-se em 19 de agosto a maior empresa brasileira em valor de mercado – R$ 254,9 bilhões naquele dia. A Petrobras ficou pouco abaixo, com R$ 253,1 bilhões. A ultrapassagem foi manchete do Valor, no dia seguinte, sexta (20/8), e ganhou destaque em toda a grande imprensa de São Paulo e do Rio de Janeiro.

Mas a ultrapassagem foi apenas um evento espetacular, e talvez de curta duração, no meio de uma história muito mais importante e mais longa. As ações da petrolífera estatal perderam cerca de um quarto do valor desde o começo do ano. As cotações começaram a fraquejar antes disso, quando surgiram dúvidas sobre como seria a capitalização da empresa.

A Petrobras precisa de muito dinheiro para a exploração do pré-sal, um dos maiores desafios técnicos e financeiros de sua história, talvez o maior. Terá de levantar, em pouco tempo, pelo menos uns US$ 150 bilhões para enfrentar a tarefa. O empreendimento pode ser muito lucrativo no longo prazo, mas grandes investidores têm preferido evitar o risco, neste momento.

Dificuldades reconhecidas
A Petrobras atravessa um inferno astral desde as primeiras informações sobre a capitalização. Em um ano, até a semana passada, seu valor de mercado encolheu cerca de R$ 66 bilhões. O drama começou com as incertezas sobre como o governo participará do aumento de capital. Em princípio, a União cederá à empresa 5 bilhões de barris de petróleo do pré-sal, uma riqueza ainda enterrada vários quilômetros abaixo da superfície do mar. Na prática, a União entregará à empresa títulos da dívida, para adiantar sua participação no reforço do capital. A estatal ficará com o petróleo, mais tarde, e liquidará o financiamento recebido na fase inicial.

Até aí, nenhum grande mistério, apesar da aparente complicação. O grande problema está na avaliação dos 5 bilhões de barris. A Petrobras, segundo informações extraoficiais, apresentou avaliações entre US$ 5 e US$ 6 por barril. As cifras da Agência Nacional do Petróleo (ANP), de acordo com as mesmas fontes, ficaram entre US$ 10 e US$ 12. A diferença é enorme e, quanto mais alto o preço de cada barril, maior será o desafio para os acionistas minoritários – hoje detentores, em conjunto, de 60,2% do capital total. A União detém 32,1% e a Bndespar, 7,7%. A maioria das ações com direito a voto pertence ao Estado brasileiro.

A história tem sido bem coberta pelos jornais, com detalhes suficientes para esclarecer o leitor medianamente informado. A hipótese de um novo adiamento da capitalização foi noticiada na semana passada e desmentido pelo ministro da Fazenda, Guido Mantega. Talvez não haja prorrogação, mas a hipótese foi certamente considerada em Brasília. O limite para encerramento da operação, 30 de setembro, é muito próximo das eleições.

No fim da semana, a ideia de um aumento de participação estatal na Petrobrás já estava em circulação, para o caso de uma contribuição insuficiente dos minoritários. Mas os conflitos entre a empresa e a ANP eram mais amplos. Envolviam também o grau de nacionalização de máquinas e equipamentos destinados à exploração do pré-sal e à produção de petróleo e gás na área. A indústria brasileira, segundo a estatal, será incapaz de fornecer todo o material necessário, pelo menos durante algum tempo. A ANP e o Executivo já reconheceram a dificuldade, mas a questão não está encerrada, como ficou claro em reportagem publicada pelo Estado de S. Paulo na quarta-feira (19/8). Na fase de desenvolvimento do pré-sal, a presença de produtos e serviços nacionais poderá ficar abaixo dos 65% defendidos pelo governo, mas ainda seria preciso definir um número.

Tretas e mutretas
As polêmicas em torno da capitalização têm aparecido com destaque na imprensa internacional. Mas há muito mais especulações sobre o risco do investimento. O desastre com a plataforma da British Petroleum no Golfo do México foi lembrado em matérias sobre o pré-sal, um projeto de exploração e produção em águas muito mais profundas. Além disso, sindicalistas denunciaram más condições de manutenção em plataformas brasileiras.

O assunto deixou de ser especulativo quando o Globo publicou fotos coloridas de equipamentos enferrujados. Sem poder continuar negando o problema, o presidente da empresa, José Sérgio Gabrielli, acabou admitindo: algumas plataformas da Bacia de Campos, segundo ele, "realmente estavam feias, com problemas de conservação". A Petrobras divulgou uma nota sobre o programa de manutenção e negou haver risco para os trabalhadores. Mas as fotos forçaram a empresa a reconhecer a existência de algo fora dos padrões.

As plataformas não foram as únicas coisas feias mostradas pela imprensa na mesma semana. O Valor deu manchete com a tentativa de aumento e de indexação de salários dos ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) e do pessoal da Procuradoria-Geral da União. Dois projetos foram enviados ao Congresso, um no dia 12, outro no dia 16, com as propostas de novos benefícios para suas excelências. Os dois textos são iguaizinhos exceto por um detalhe: um se refere ao STF, o outro à Procuradoria. As duas propostas incluem a substituição, a partir de 2012, de leis de reajuste aprovadas no Congresso por atos administrativos assinados pelos chefes do Judiciário e do Ministério Público. Levantada a história, outros jornalistas foram atrás dos detalhes e da reação dos congressistas.

O Brasil Econômico também deu uma boa contribuição para quem quer conhecer um pouco mais da administração pública brasileira. Auditorias da Controladoria Geral da União em cidades com menos de 500 mil habitantes detectaram indícios de fraudes em 95% das licitações. Foram encontradas, entre outras irregularidades, alterações em documentos já assinados e até casos de editais de concorrência sem divulgação.

Valeu a pena, ultimamente, gastar dinheiro com mais de um jornal.

A tragedia educacional brasileira (with a little help from someone you know...)

Este post necessita ser lido em conexão com este aqui:

O custo da ignorância: nunca antes em qualquer país...

ao qual ele sucede e complementa. O debate continua, seremos vencidos pelos ignorantes na prática, mas não pelos fatos e pela razão...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Mais um pouco do desastre da Educação no governo do PT: universidades precárias, a farsa do Fundeb e o aumento do analfabetismo
Reinaldo Azevedo, 25.08.2010

Lula exaltou ontem a sua condição de não-universitário que mais criou universidades. Provei com números que o que ele fez mesmo foi aumentar o cabide de empregos nas universidades federais, aumentar a evasão e o número de vagas ociosas. Suas supostas 14 novas universidades não passam, de fato, de quatro — seis com alguma boa vontade —, todas elas construídas à matroca. Leiam o texto de ontem. Quero tratar um tantinho mais da educação em mais este texto. E não será o último.

Sugestão de pauta
As fantásticas universidades de Lula, feitas às pressas para que ele possa exaltar o seu desprezo generoso com o ensino universitário, são, na média, um exemplo de precariedade. Em vez de boa parte da imprensa ficar refém do aspismo, deveria apurar como funciona, por exemplo, a Unipampa (Universidade Federal do Pampa), no Rio Grande do Sul. Há quatro anos, divide-se em em instalações provisórias, espalhadas em 10 cidades. Alunos e professores ficam zanzando entre os campi, onde faltam salas e laboratórios.

Funcionam em prédios improvisados a Universidade Federal do Oeste do Paraná (Ufopa), a Federal de Alfenas (MG) e a Universidade federal Tecnológica do Paraná. O mesmo vai acontecer com a Unila (Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana), que terá campus em Foz do Iguaçu (PR), com projeto de Oscar Niemeyer. Temporariamente, vai operar no Parque Tecnológico de Itaipu.

Outra boa pauta é a Ufersa (Universidade Federal Rural do Seminário), no Rio Grande do Norte. Eis aí: é só o rebatismo da Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró, criada em 1967. O governo quadruplicou as vagas — as vagas! — em quatro anos e prometeu dois novos campi, que só existem no papel. Alunos reclamam que laboratórios projetos para 20 alunos estão abrigando 50.

Basta ir lá e ver. Como basta pedir ao Ministério da Educação que forneça aqueles números que publiquei aqui ontem. Alguns petralhas se fingindo de educadinhos espernearam: “Cadê a fonte?” Ora, perguntem ao ministro cut-cut da Educação, Fernando Haddad.

Fundeb
Ontem, no horário eleitoral de Dilma, apareceu lá: “O governo Lula criou o Fundeb”. Uma ova! Mentira! O governo lula mudou em 2007 o nome do Fundef — como mudou o nome do Bolsa Família, que já existia; como mudou o nome do Luz para Todos, que já existia; como, se me permitem a graça, mudou até o nome da política econômica, que já existia…. Além de atender ao ensino fundamental (como fazia o Fundef), o Fundeb se propôs também a auxiliar o ensino médio e o ensino infantil. Pois bem.

No ensino médio — área afeita aos governos de Estado, mas sob monitoramento do Ministério da Educação, que pode atuar —, o desastre é assombroso. Nos oito anos de governo FHC, houve uma expansão de 80%; nos seis primeiros anos de governo Lula, apenas 16%. Em 1995, 33% dos jovens brasileiros entre 15 e 17 anos estavam fora da escola. Em 2002, esse número havia caído para 18% — uma redução de 15 pontos percentuais. Em 2008, eram ainda 16% — redução de ridículos dois pontos.

Mais analfabetos
Cresceu o número de analfabetos no país sob o governo Lula — e eu não estou fazendo graça ou uma variante do trocadilho. Os números estão estampados no PNAD (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicílios), do IBGE. No governo FHC, a redução do número de analfabetos avançou num ritmo de 0,5% ao ano; na primeira metade do governo Lula, já caiu a 0,35% - E FOI DE APENAS 0,1% ENTRE 2007 E 2008. Sabem o que isso significa? Crescimento do número absoluto de analfabetos no país. Fernando Haddad sabe que isso é verdade, não sabe?

O combate ao analfabetismo é uma responsabilidade federal. Em 2003, o próprio governo lançou o programa “Brasil Alfabetizado” como estandarte de sua política educacional. Uma dinheirama foi transferida para as ONGs sem resultado — isso a imprensa noticiou. O MEC foi deixando a coisa de lado e acabou passado a tarefa aos municípios, com os resultados pífios que se vêem.

A coisa acabou por aqui? Ah, não! Eu ainda tenho alguns posts para escrever sobre o trabalho de Lula e Fernando Haddad, estes notáveis patriotas do ensino. Falta falar do desastre do Enem, das mentiras sobre o ensino técnico, do relaxamento da aferição da qualidade do ensino superior privado, da porcentagem do PIB investido em educação…

Não adianta me xingar
É bobagem me xingar ou me acusar de “tucano” — como se fosse crime, mas não sou. Ou dizer que esses são números do PSDB ou que interessam ao partido. Ainda que tudo isso fosse verdade, seria o caso de se perguntar: são números falsos? Não são! Como sabe o ministro Fernando Haddad, como sabe o IBGE.

O governo Lula mente sobre a educação como mente sobre quase tudo. Duas coisas faltaram para que ele tivesse uma avaliação compatível com seus feitos — e não quero dizer, com isso, que estaria na lona: a) uma oposição sem medo de ser feliz, que não temesse os seus galopantes índices de popularidade, aceitando travar o bom combate, e b) uma imprensa — as exceções existem; não vou citá-las para não parecer cabotino ou corporativista — que tivesse se interessado em averiguar a verdade do discurso oficial, que fosse além do aspismo, que não considerasse que tudo não passa de uma questão de “lado” e “outro lado”.

O silêncio de uns e a omissão de outros transformaram o governo numa fantástica máquina de mentir, sob a liderança de uma figura de forte apelo publicitário e carisma inegável: Lula. “Ah, a vida melhorou!”, diria aquele subintelectual integrado, buscando ganhar uma boquinha num eventual governo Dilma. Melhorou, sim!, nas condições com as quais Lula contou, como melhorou nas condições com as quais FHC contou. O resto é conversa mole.

Encerrando por enquanto
Com mais este texto, deixo um aviso aos navegantes — inclusive àqueles que vêm por essas águas sem que eu os queira: aqui, a mentira não vai prosperar. Vamos lá, ministro Haddad:
- negue a precariedade daquelas universidades federais que citei;
- negue que o Fundeb é sucessor do Fundef;
negue a brutal desaceleração do ritmo da expansão do ensino médio;
- negue o desastre no combate ao analfabetismo.

Ele não vai negar nada disso porque não é bobo. Resposta política ou desaforada não serve. Tem de provar que os números estão errados.

E por último: no post de ontem, em que demonstro as mistificações de Lula no ensino superior, alguns petralhas reagiram mais ou menos assim: “E daí? Dilma vai ganhar mesmo assim!” Pode até ser - embora seja prudente que a vitória venha antes do festejo… E eu com isso? Não estou disputando um lugar à grama num eventual futuro governo. Prefiro o meu lugar ao sol dos fatos. Como se nota, caso a petista vença, ela pode contar comigo, se é que me entendem.