Mao, inclusive, confrontado com as informações de que o seu Grande Salto para a Frente estava causando fome disseminada mostrou indiferença e até contrariedade com o pouco sucesso de seu programa alucinante e alucinado de modernização. Pouco sucesso é um eufemismo, pois se tratou de um gigantesco fracasso, que provocou fome e canibalismo de forma disseminada em regiões inteiras da China.
Milhões pereceram, como revela Dikotter, e ele coloca esse número na casa de 45 milhões de pessoas, o que é absolutamente fantástico e estarrecedor.
As primeiras notícias sobre essa imensa tragédia humana eu li num artigo da New York Review of Books, no início dos anos 1980 quando, por efeito das reformas empreendidas pela nova gestão Deng Xiao-ping e sua reintegração aos orgãos do multilateralismo onusiano, a China liberou dados demográficos que tinham ficado rerservados durante mais de vinte anos. Revelou-se, então, um "gap" de vários milhões de habitantes que simplesmente faltavam nas estatísticas de censo e de estimativas intermediárias entre o final dos anos 1950 e meados dos anos 1960.
Dezenas de milhões de habitantes se volatilizaram nessas estatísticas, sem que as lacunas pudessem ser explicadas por nenhuma outra causa senão os efeitos catastróficos da política maoista de coletivização agrícola e de industrialização caseira, com "siderúrgicas" de fundo de quintal, que provocaram o caos e o declínio absolutos na produção alimentar.
Mao foi sem dúvida alguma o tirano mais assassino, contra o seu próprio povo, de toda a história da humanidade.
Naquela mesma conjuntura, confirmaram-se plenamente as primeiras informações dadas a respeito do Grande Salto Para a Frente feitas por Simon Leys, em seu livro do início dos anos 1970, Les Habits Neufs du Président Mao, As Roupas Novas do President Mao, um livro devastador.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Today's encore selection -- from Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-1962 by Frank Dikötter. During Chairman Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, which was an effort to use centralized Communist planning to vault China's economy past those of the Western European powers, China endured one of the greatest tragedies in human history -- the death of over 45 million people:
"Between 1958 and 1962, China descended into hell. Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, threw his country into a frenzy with the Great Leap Forward, an attempt to catch up with and overtake Britain in less than fifteen years. By unleashing China's greatest asset, a labour force that was counted in the hundreds of millions, Mao thought that he could catapult his country past its competitors. Instead of following the Soviet model of development, which leaned heavily towards industry alone, China would 'walk on two legs': the peasant masses were mobilized to transform both agriculture and industry at the same time, converting a backward economy into a modern communist society of plenty for all.
"In the pursuit of a utopian paradise, everything was collectivized, as villagers were herded together in giant communes which heralded the advent of communism. People in the countryside were robbed of their work, their homes, their land, their belongings and their livelihood. Food, distributed by the spoonful in collective canteens according to merit, became a weapon to force people to follow the party's every dictate. Irrigation campaigns forced up to half the villagers to work for weeks on end on giant water-conservancy projects, often far from home, without adequate food and rest. The experiment ended in the greatest catastrophe the country had ever known, destroying tens of millions of lives. ...
"At least 45 million people died unnecessarily between 1958 and 1962. The term 'famine', or even 'Great Famine', is often used to describe these four to five years of the Maoist era, but the term fails to capture the many ways in which people died under radical collectivization. The blithe use of the term 'famine' also lends support to the widespread view that these deaths were the unintended consequence of half-baked and poorly executed economic programs. Mass killings are not usually associated with Mao and the Great Leap Forward, and China continues to benefit from a more favourable comparison with the devastation usually associated with Cambodia or the Soviet Union. But as the fresh evidence ... demonstrates, coercion, terror and systematic violence were the foundation of the Great Leap Forward.
Peasant children line up for food during the Great Chinese Famine of 1959-61
"Thanks to the often meticulous reports compiled by the party itself, we can infer that between 1958 and 1962 by a rough approximation 6 to 8 per cent of the victims were tortured to death or summarily killed -- amounting to at least 2.5 million people. Other victims were deliberately deprived of food and starved to death. Many more vanished because they were too old, weak or sick to work -- and hence unable to earn their keep. People were killed selectively because they were rich, because they dragged their feet, because they spoke out or simply because they were not liked, for whatever reason, by the man who wielded the ladle in the canteen. Countless people were killed indirectly through neglect, as local cadres were under pressure to focus on figures rather than on people, making sure they fulfilled the targets they were handed by the top planners.
"A vision of promised abundance not only motivated one of the most deadly mass killings of human history, but also inflicted unprecedented damage on agriculture, trade, industry and transportation. Pots, pans and tools were thrown into backyard furnaces to increase the country's steel output, which was seen as one of the magic markers of progress. Livestock declined precipitously, not only because animals were slaughtered for the export market but also because they succumbed en masse to disease and hunger -- despite extravagant schemes for giant piggeries that would bring meat to every table. Waste developed because raw resources and supplies were poorly allocated, and because factory bosses deliberately bent the rules to increase output. As everyone cut corners in the relentless pursuit of higher output, factories spewed out inferior goods that accumulated uncollected by railway sidings. Corruption seeped into the fabric of life, tainting everything from soy sauce to hydraulic dams. 'The transportation system creaked to a halt before collapsing altogether, unable to cope with the demands created by a command economy. Goods worth hundreds of millions of yuan accumulated in canteens, dormitories and even on the streets, a lot of the stock simply rotting or rusting away. It would have been difficult to design a more wasteful system, one in which grain was left uncollected by dusty roads in the countryside as people foraged for roots or ate mud."
Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-1962
Author: Frank Dikötter
Publisher: Walker Books
Copyright 2010 by Frank Dikotter
Pages ix-x
