A tragédia, talvez, é que nem se trata de mandarins -- ao contrário dos nossos -- mas de simples pensionistas governamentais. Eles até não ganham muito -- ao contrário dos nossos, especialmente juizes -- mas simplesmente enfrentam a calamidade do pior desequilibrio nas contas públicas de estados e municipalidades americanas.
A favor dos EUA, se pode dizer que pelo menos existem políticos corajosos que enfrentam o problema, e se dispõem a cortar na carne, na sua própria e na dos outros.
Aqui, nem isso se pode dizer...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Your Money
Battle Looms Over Huge Costs of Public Pensions
By RON LIEBER
The New York Times, August 6, 2010
Pension Pain
The haves are retirees who were once state or municipal workers. Their seemingly guaranteed and ever-escalating monthly pension benefits are breaking budgets nationwide.
The have-nots are taxpayers who don’t have generous pensions. Their 401(k)s or individual retirement accounts have taken a real beating in recent years and are not guaranteed. And soon, many of those people will be paying higher taxes or getting fewer state services as their states put more money aside to cover those pension checks.
At stake is at least $1 trillion. That’s trillion, with a “t,” as in titanic and terrifying.
The figure comes from a study by the Pew Center on the States that came out in February. Pew estimated a $1 trillion gap as of fiscal 2008 between what states had promised workers in the way of retiree pension, health care and other benefits and the money they currently had to pay for it all. And some economists say that Pew is too conservative and the problem is two or three times as large.
So a question of extraordinary financial, political, legal and moral complexity emerges, something that every one of us will be taking into town meetings and voting booths for years to come: Given how wrong past pension projections were, who should pay to fill the 13-figure financing gap?
Consider what’s going on in Colorado — and what is likely to unfold in other states and municipalities around the country.
Earlier this year, in an act of rare political courage, a bipartisan coalition of state legislators passed a pension overhaul bill. Among other things, the bill reduced the raise that people who are already retired get in their pension checks each year.
This sort of thing just isn’t done. States have asked current workers to contribute more, tweaked the formula for future hires or banned them from the pension plan altogether. But this was apparently the first time that state legislators had forced current retirees to share the pain.
Sharing the burden seems to be the obvious solution so we don’t continue to kick the problem into the future. “We have to take this on, if there is any way of bringing fiscal sanity to our children,” said former Gov. Richard Lamm of Colorado, a Democrat. “The New Deal is demographically obsolete. You can’t fund the dream of the 1960s on the economy of 2010.”
But in Colorado, some retirees and those eligible to retire still want to live that dream. So they sued the state to keep all of the annual cost-of-living increases they thought they would be getting in perpetuity.
The state’s case turns, in part, on whether it is an “actuarial necessity” for the Legislature to make a change. To Meredith Williams, executive director of the Public Employees’ Retirement Association, the state’s pension fund, the answer is pretty simple. “If something didn’t change, we would have run out of money in the foreseeable future,” he said. “So no one would have been paid anything.”
Meanwhile, Gary R. Justus, a former teacher who is one of the lead plaintiffs in the case against the state, asks taxpayers in Colorado and elsewhere to consider an ethical question: Why is the state so quick to break its promises?
After all, he and others like him served their neighbors dutifully for decades. And along the way, state employees made big decisions (and built lifelong financial plans) based on retiring with a full pension that was promised to them in a contract that they say has the force of the state and federal constitutions standing behind it. To them it is deferred compensation, and taking it away is akin to not paying a contractor for paving state highways.
And actuarial necessity or not, Mr. Justus said he didn’t believe he should be responsible for past pension underfunding and the foolish risks that pension managers made with his money long after he retired in 2003.
The changes the Legislature made don’t seem like much: there’s currently a 2 percent cap in retirees’ cost-of-living adjustment for their pension checks instead of the 3.5 percent raise that many of them received before.
But Stephen Pincus, a lawyer for the retirees who have filed suit, estimates that the change will cost pensioners with 30 years of service an average of $165,000 each over the next 20 years.
Mr. Justus, 62, who taught math for 29 years in the Denver public schools, says he thinks it could cost him half a million dollars if he lives another 30 years. He also notes that just about all state workers in Colorado do not (and cannot) pay into Social Security, so the pension is all retirees have to live on unless they have other savings.
No one disputes these figures. Instead, they apologize. “All I can say is that I am sorry,” said Brandon Shaffer, a Democrat, the president of the Colorado State Senate, who helped lead the bipartisan coalition that pushed through the changes. (He also had to break the news to his mom, a retired teacher.) “I am tremendously sympathetic. But as a steward of the public trust, this is what we had to do to preserve the retirement fund.”
Taxpayers, whose payments are also helping to restock Colorado’s pension fund, may not be as sympathetic, though. The average retiree in the fund stopped working at the sprightly age of 58 and deposits a check for $2,883 each month. Many of them also got a 3.5 percent annual raise, no matter what inflation was, until the rules changed this year.
Private sector retirees who want their own monthly $2,883 check for life, complete with inflation adjustments, would need an immediate fixed annuity if they don’t have a pension. A 58-year-old male shopping for one from an A-rated insurance company would have to hand over a minimum of $860,000, according to Craig Hemke of Buyapension.com. A woman would need at least $928,000, because of her longer life expectancy.
Who among aspiring retirees has a nest egg that size, let alone people with the same moderate earning history as many state employees? And who wants to pay to top off someone else’s pile of money via increased income taxes or a radical decline in state services?
If you find the argument of Colorado’s retirees wanting, let your local legislator know that you don’t want to be responsible for every last dollar necessary to cover pension guarantees gone horribly awry. After all, many government employee unions will be taking contrary positions and doing so rather loudly.
If you work for a state or local government, start saving money outside of the pension plan if you haven’t already, because that plan may not last for as long as you need it.
And if you’re a government retiree or getting close to the end of your career? Consider what it means to be a citizen in a community. And what it means to be civil instead of litigious, coming to the table and making a compromise before politicians shove it down your throat and you feel compelled to challenge them to a courthouse brawl.
“We have to do what unions call givebacks,” said Mr. Lamm, the former Colorado governor. “That’s the only way to sanity. Any other alternative, therein lies dragons.”
sábado, 7 de agosto de 2010
Cada pais tem os bilionarios que merece...
Todo mundo deve ter lido a matéria de poucos dias atrás sobre a mobilização de bilionários americanos para que doem pelo menos a metade de suas fortunas a causas humanitárias.
O artigo abaixo de um professor de Filosofia do RJ resume bem o que poderia ser dito, em comparação, dos nossos miseráveis bilionários, miseráveis não por serem relativamente mais pobres, mas por serem miseráveis, mesmo, promíscuos, amantes dos monopólios e favores concedidos pelo Estado.
Mas eu me permito acrescentar algo.
A despeito do fato de que todo o dinheiro dos bilionários americanos possa servir, teoricamente, para erradicar, digamos, diversas enfermidades na África, dependendo de como ele será usado e canalizado para os fins pretendidos, pode não servir muito para mudar a face dos lugares mais miseráveis do mundo.
Afinal de contas, são mais de cinco ou seis décadas de contínua ajuda humanitária (ocidental, of course) a esses países, sem que eles tenham superado uma miséria ancestral, trágica para muitos desses povos.
O dinheiro deveria servir simplesmente para educar as pessoas, o que não é simples...
Mas é a única coisa a ser feita.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Lá e cá
Mario Guerreiro (5.08.2010)
Nos Estados Unidos, tão odiado por Chávez e pelos antiamericanistas brasileiros - os 70% que acham o governo do PT bom ou ótimo – 40 bilionários vão doar metade de suas fortunas para fins filantrópicos. Entre eles, estão Bill Gates, talvez o homem mais rico do mundo e Warren Buffet, o megainvestidor de Wall Street.
No Brasil, o maior bilionário brasileiro e um dos maiores, a saber: respectivamente Eike Batista e Abílio Diniz – est’último padecendo até hoje da síndrome de Estocolmo - não vão doar nem a décima parte de suas fortunas - talvez 0,1 das mesmas – mas não para fins filantrópicos e sim para a campanha de Lula e sua boneca de ventríloquo no colo: Dilma. Trata-se de uma gratificação por serviços prestados na esperança de bons serviços futuros...
Bilionário americano é um capitalista inteligente e generoso; bilionário brasileiro é mesquinho e puramente interesseiro, um fervoroso adepto do capitalismo de Estado ou socialismo de compadres.
Como entender essa diferença? Nos Estados Unidos em que ainda há o espírito de entrepreneurship (empreendedorismo) indivíduos podem ganhar muito dinheiro graças aos seus talentos e esforços, sem contar com benesses do Estado. Quando, finalmente, amealham uma grande fortuna abrem mão de boa parte da mesma para fazer doações a hospitais, museus, universidades e fundações de caráter humanitário.
No Brasil - que ainda não saiu do mercantilismo de Colbert do século XVIII - é muito difícil um indivíduo amealhar uma grande fortuna sem a proteção e o favorecimento do Estado. O patrimonialismo entranhado na formação política brasileira torna extremamente difícil alguém se tornar bilionário sem favorecimentos do Príncipe e seu estamento.
Por isto mesmo, são raros os verdadeiros self-made men; o que mais temos são os state-made men. Daí que aquelas figuras de indivíduos que só pensam em dinheiro e poder, que supostamente caracteriza os “vis capitalistas”, é bem aplicada aos bilionários brasileiros. Na realidade, são vis mercantilistas.
Tinha razão Oliveira Viana quando afirmou que o capitalismo, entendido como um regime econômico baseado no mercado aberto e na livre iniciativa - sem a presença do Estado como agente econômico - este capitalismo nunca chegou às belas praias da Bruzundanga de Lima Barreto.
Somos um povo de analfabetos: os propriamente ditos e os anlfabetos funcionais diplomados. Somos um povo endogenamente corrupto. Somo um povo incapaz de se enxergar e que, por isto mesmo, construiu uma falsa imagem de si mesmo cultuada em falsos rituais.
Aliás, várias pesquisas já mostraram que o baixo nível de educação formal (isto é: aquela que se recebe da escola à universidade) e informal (isto é: aquela que se recebe em casa e que se absorve com a interação social) e a formação moral dos indivíduos andam geralmente de braços dados.
Os países em que o grau de corrupção é muito baixo e está nos limites do tolerável – por exemplo: a Finlândia e a Coréia do Sul – são os países de mais alto nível educacional, tanto no formal como no informal. E os países em que há alto nível de corrupção – como o Brasil, a Bolívia e a Nigéria – há também baixo nível educacional.
A razão de ser dessa correlação envolvendo a ética e o conhecimento está longe de ser mera coincidência estatística. Pode não ser imediatamente apreendida, mas não é de nenhum modo enganosa.
Afinal de contas, a educação começa em casa e pressupõe uma família bem estruturada. A escola e a universidade se limitam a acrescentar conhecimento aos discentes e pouco ou nada podem fazer para a formação moral deles quando provenientes de famílias iguais àquelas que aparecem nos fabulosos romances e peças de Nelson Rodrigues.
O artigo abaixo de um professor de Filosofia do RJ resume bem o que poderia ser dito, em comparação, dos nossos miseráveis bilionários, miseráveis não por serem relativamente mais pobres, mas por serem miseráveis, mesmo, promíscuos, amantes dos monopólios e favores concedidos pelo Estado.
Mas eu me permito acrescentar algo.
A despeito do fato de que todo o dinheiro dos bilionários americanos possa servir, teoricamente, para erradicar, digamos, diversas enfermidades na África, dependendo de como ele será usado e canalizado para os fins pretendidos, pode não servir muito para mudar a face dos lugares mais miseráveis do mundo.
Afinal de contas, são mais de cinco ou seis décadas de contínua ajuda humanitária (ocidental, of course) a esses países, sem que eles tenham superado uma miséria ancestral, trágica para muitos desses povos.
O dinheiro deveria servir simplesmente para educar as pessoas, o que não é simples...
Mas é a única coisa a ser feita.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Lá e cá
Mario Guerreiro (5.08.2010)
Nos Estados Unidos, tão odiado por Chávez e pelos antiamericanistas brasileiros - os 70% que acham o governo do PT bom ou ótimo – 40 bilionários vão doar metade de suas fortunas para fins filantrópicos. Entre eles, estão Bill Gates, talvez o homem mais rico do mundo e Warren Buffet, o megainvestidor de Wall Street.
No Brasil, o maior bilionário brasileiro e um dos maiores, a saber: respectivamente Eike Batista e Abílio Diniz – est’último padecendo até hoje da síndrome de Estocolmo - não vão doar nem a décima parte de suas fortunas - talvez 0,1 das mesmas – mas não para fins filantrópicos e sim para a campanha de Lula e sua boneca de ventríloquo no colo: Dilma. Trata-se de uma gratificação por serviços prestados na esperança de bons serviços futuros...
Bilionário americano é um capitalista inteligente e generoso; bilionário brasileiro é mesquinho e puramente interesseiro, um fervoroso adepto do capitalismo de Estado ou socialismo de compadres.
Como entender essa diferença? Nos Estados Unidos em que ainda há o espírito de entrepreneurship (empreendedorismo) indivíduos podem ganhar muito dinheiro graças aos seus talentos e esforços, sem contar com benesses do Estado. Quando, finalmente, amealham uma grande fortuna abrem mão de boa parte da mesma para fazer doações a hospitais, museus, universidades e fundações de caráter humanitário.
No Brasil - que ainda não saiu do mercantilismo de Colbert do século XVIII - é muito difícil um indivíduo amealhar uma grande fortuna sem a proteção e o favorecimento do Estado. O patrimonialismo entranhado na formação política brasileira torna extremamente difícil alguém se tornar bilionário sem favorecimentos do Príncipe e seu estamento.
Por isto mesmo, são raros os verdadeiros self-made men; o que mais temos são os state-made men. Daí que aquelas figuras de indivíduos que só pensam em dinheiro e poder, que supostamente caracteriza os “vis capitalistas”, é bem aplicada aos bilionários brasileiros. Na realidade, são vis mercantilistas.
Tinha razão Oliveira Viana quando afirmou que o capitalismo, entendido como um regime econômico baseado no mercado aberto e na livre iniciativa - sem a presença do Estado como agente econômico - este capitalismo nunca chegou às belas praias da Bruzundanga de Lima Barreto.
Somos um povo de analfabetos: os propriamente ditos e os anlfabetos funcionais diplomados. Somos um povo endogenamente corrupto. Somo um povo incapaz de se enxergar e que, por isto mesmo, construiu uma falsa imagem de si mesmo cultuada em falsos rituais.
Aliás, várias pesquisas já mostraram que o baixo nível de educação formal (isto é: aquela que se recebe da escola à universidade) e informal (isto é: aquela que se recebe em casa e que se absorve com a interação social) e a formação moral dos indivíduos andam geralmente de braços dados.
Os países em que o grau de corrupção é muito baixo e está nos limites do tolerável – por exemplo: a Finlândia e a Coréia do Sul – são os países de mais alto nível educacional, tanto no formal como no informal. E os países em que há alto nível de corrupção – como o Brasil, a Bolívia e a Nigéria – há também baixo nível educacional.
A razão de ser dessa correlação envolvendo a ética e o conhecimento está longe de ser mera coincidência estatística. Pode não ser imediatamente apreendida, mas não é de nenhum modo enganosa.
Afinal de contas, a educação começa em casa e pressupõe uma família bem estruturada. A escola e a universidade se limitam a acrescentar conhecimento aos discentes e pouco ou nada podem fazer para a formação moral deles quando provenientes de famílias iguais àquelas que aparecem nos fabulosos romances e peças de Nelson Rodrigues.
Fundo de Agricultura Familiar do Mercosul: o Brasil continua pagando pelos outros...
Não é preciso nenhum comentário sobre o conteúdo em si da matéria, independentemente do fato que o Brasil, uma vez mais, paga 70% da conta, para coisas que não apresentem nenhum sentido integracionista, apenas um reforço dos esquemas microeconômicos introvertidos, subsidiados pelo resto da sociedade sem critérios produtivos muito claros.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Fondo de Agricultura Familiar del Mercosur será reglamentado
Notícias do Senado, 06/08/2010
El incentivo a los programas de apoyo a la agricultura familiar en los cuatro países miembros del Mercosur –Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay– deberá contar con un refuerzo anual de US$ 360 mil. Este es el valor que debe ser aplicado cada 12 meses por los cuatro países según el Reglamento del Fondo de Agricultura Familiar del Mercosur que recibió, el miércoles (4), el dictamen favorable de la Representación Brasileña en el Parlamento del Mercosur (Parlasur).
Incluido en el Mensaje 111/10, del Poder Ejecutivo, el reglamento recibió el voto favorable del relator y presidente de la representación, diputado José Paulo Tóffano, y ahora será examinado por la Cámara y el Senado. De acuerdo con la propuesta, cada uno de los cuatro países hará un aporte anual de US$ 15 mil. Además, habrá una cuota proporcional al tamaño de cada uno de los cuatro miembros del bloque. Sumadas, estas cuotas representarán el total de US$ 300 mil.
De este total, el 70% estará a cargo de Brasil, mientras que el 27% quedará con Argentina. Uruguay se encargará del 2%, y Paraguay, del 1%. La contribución total de Brasil, por lo tanto, será de US$ 225 mil anuales. Los recursos del fondo serán utilizados para “financiar programas y proyectos de estímulo a la agricultura familiar”, según destacó Tóffano, y permitirán aún “una amplia participación de los actores sociales en actividades relacionadas con el tema”.
Durante el debate, los miembros de la representación destacaron la necesidad de establecerse un mecanismo de control no sólo de los recursos de este fondo, pero también de otros ya creados en el ámbito del Mercosur, como el Fondo de Convergencia Estructural (Focem) que, sólo en la última reunión de cumbre del Mercosur, celebrada esta semana en la ciudad argentina de San Juan, ha liberado recursos de alrededor de US$ 800 millones para proyectos como la construcción de una línea de transmisión entre la central hidroeléctrica de Itaipú y Asunción, en Paraguay.
La senadora Marisa Serrano (PSDB-MS) anunció que pondría en marcha un proyecto de norma del Consejo del Mercado Común, para determinar que la utilización de los recursos de los fondos creados por el bloque sea fiscalizada por el Parlasur. Por su parte, el senador Sergio Zambiasi (PTB-RS) reiteró la defensa del establecimiento de un Tribunal de Cuentas del Mercosur, como órgano auxiliar del parlamento regional.
La representación también aprobó dictamen favorable al Proyecto de Decreto Legislativo 1677/09, que aprueba el texto del Acuerdo de Asistencia Jurídica Mutua en Asuntos Penales entre los Estados miembros del Mercosur, Bolivia y Chile. El proyecto, que tuvo Sergio Zambiasi como relator ad hoc, seguirá para apreciación del Senado.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Fondo de Agricultura Familiar del Mercosur será reglamentado
Notícias do Senado, 06/08/2010
El incentivo a los programas de apoyo a la agricultura familiar en los cuatro países miembros del Mercosur –Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay– deberá contar con un refuerzo anual de US$ 360 mil. Este es el valor que debe ser aplicado cada 12 meses por los cuatro países según el Reglamento del Fondo de Agricultura Familiar del Mercosur que recibió, el miércoles (4), el dictamen favorable de la Representación Brasileña en el Parlamento del Mercosur (Parlasur).
Incluido en el Mensaje 111/10, del Poder Ejecutivo, el reglamento recibió el voto favorable del relator y presidente de la representación, diputado José Paulo Tóffano, y ahora será examinado por la Cámara y el Senado. De acuerdo con la propuesta, cada uno de los cuatro países hará un aporte anual de US$ 15 mil. Además, habrá una cuota proporcional al tamaño de cada uno de los cuatro miembros del bloque. Sumadas, estas cuotas representarán el total de US$ 300 mil.
De este total, el 70% estará a cargo de Brasil, mientras que el 27% quedará con Argentina. Uruguay se encargará del 2%, y Paraguay, del 1%. La contribución total de Brasil, por lo tanto, será de US$ 225 mil anuales. Los recursos del fondo serán utilizados para “financiar programas y proyectos de estímulo a la agricultura familiar”, según destacó Tóffano, y permitirán aún “una amplia participación de los actores sociales en actividades relacionadas con el tema”.
Durante el debate, los miembros de la representación destacaron la necesidad de establecerse un mecanismo de control no sólo de los recursos de este fondo, pero también de otros ya creados en el ámbito del Mercosur, como el Fondo de Convergencia Estructural (Focem) que, sólo en la última reunión de cumbre del Mercosur, celebrada esta semana en la ciudad argentina de San Juan, ha liberado recursos de alrededor de US$ 800 millones para proyectos como la construcción de una línea de transmisión entre la central hidroeléctrica de Itaipú y Asunción, en Paraguay.
La senadora Marisa Serrano (PSDB-MS) anunció que pondría en marcha un proyecto de norma del Consejo del Mercado Común, para determinar que la utilización de los recursos de los fondos creados por el bloque sea fiscalizada por el Parlasur. Por su parte, el senador Sergio Zambiasi (PTB-RS) reiteró la defensa del establecimiento de un Tribunal de Cuentas del Mercosur, como órgano auxiliar del parlamento regional.
La representación también aprobó dictamen favorable al Proyecto de Decreto Legislativo 1677/09, que aprueba el texto del Acuerdo de Asistencia Jurídica Mutua en Asuntos Penales entre los Estados miembros del Mercosur, Bolivia y Chile. El proyecto, que tuvo Sergio Zambiasi como relator ad hoc, seguirá para apreciación del Senado.
EUA: com a crise, servicos publicos diminuem...
O que tinha de acontecer, aconteceu. Acostumados a viver de fumaça, a ser descontada no futuro, ou de mensalão chinês, os americanos estão tendo de confrontar a realidade, pela primeira vez em muitos anos.
A começar pelos serviços públicos, de transporte, educação, prestação de diversos serviços sociais que diminuem, ou são simplesmente suprimidos.
Chegou o momento de pagar a conta...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Governments Go to Extremes as the Downturn Wears On
Dana Romanoff
The New York Times, August 6, 2010
Plenty of businesses and governments furloughed workers this year, but Hawaii went further — it furloughed its schoolchildren. Public schools across the state closed on 17 Fridays during the past school year to save money, giving students the shortest academic year in the nation and sending working parents scrambling to find care for them.
Many transit systems have cut service to make ends meet, but Clayton County, Ga., a suburb of Atlanta, decided to cut all the way, and shut down its entire public bus system. Its last buses ran on March 31, stranding 8,400 daily riders.
Even public safety has not been immune to the budget ax. In Colorado Springs, the downturn will be remembered, quite literally, as a dark age: the city switched off a third of its 24,512 streetlights to save money on electricity, while trimming its police force and auctioning off its police helicopters.
Faced with the steepest and longest decline in tax collections on record, state, county and city governments have resorted to major life-changing cuts in core services like education, transportation and public safety that, not too long ago, would have been unthinkable. And services in many areas could get worse before they get better.
The length of the downturn means that many places have used up all their budget gimmicks, cut services, raised taxes, spent their stimulus money — and remained in the hole. Even with Congress set to approve extra stimulus aid, some analysts say states are still facing huge shortfalls.
Cities and states are notorious for crying wolf around budget time, and for issuing dire warnings about draconian cuts that never seem to materialize. But the Great Recession has been different. Around the country, there have already been drastic cuts in core services like education, transportation and public safety, and there are likely to be more before the downturn ends. The cuts that have disrupted lives in Hawaii, Georgia and Colorado may be extreme, but they reflect the kinds of cuts being made nationwide, disrupting the lives of millions of people in ways large and small.
Read the entire article here.
A começar pelos serviços públicos, de transporte, educação, prestação de diversos serviços sociais que diminuem, ou são simplesmente suprimidos.
Chegou o momento de pagar a conta...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Governments Go to Extremes as the Downturn Wears On
Dana Romanoff
The New York Times, August 6, 2010
Plenty of businesses and governments furloughed workers this year, but Hawaii went further — it furloughed its schoolchildren. Public schools across the state closed on 17 Fridays during the past school year to save money, giving students the shortest academic year in the nation and sending working parents scrambling to find care for them.
Many transit systems have cut service to make ends meet, but Clayton County, Ga., a suburb of Atlanta, decided to cut all the way, and shut down its entire public bus system. Its last buses ran on March 31, stranding 8,400 daily riders.
Even public safety has not been immune to the budget ax. In Colorado Springs, the downturn will be remembered, quite literally, as a dark age: the city switched off a third of its 24,512 streetlights to save money on electricity, while trimming its police force and auctioning off its police helicopters.
Faced with the steepest and longest decline in tax collections on record, state, county and city governments have resorted to major life-changing cuts in core services like education, transportation and public safety that, not too long ago, would have been unthinkable. And services in many areas could get worse before they get better.
The length of the downturn means that many places have used up all their budget gimmicks, cut services, raised taxes, spent their stimulus money — and remained in the hole. Even with Congress set to approve extra stimulus aid, some analysts say states are still facing huge shortfalls.
Cities and states are notorious for crying wolf around budget time, and for issuing dire warnings about draconian cuts that never seem to materialize. But the Great Recession has been different. Around the country, there have already been drastic cuts in core services like education, transportation and public safety, and there are likely to be more before the downturn ends. The cuts that have disrupted lives in Hawaii, Georgia and Colorado may be extreme, but they reflect the kinds of cuts being made nationwide, disrupting the lives of millions of people in ways large and small.
Read the entire article here.
sexta-feira, 6 de agosto de 2010
Hiroshima: a 65 anos da bomba atomica, memoria japonesa é seletiva
A bomba atomica sobre Hiroshima causou 66 mil mortes imediatas e algumas outras milhares depois.
Os japoneses parecem ter uma memória seletiva sobre a guerra. Eles esquecem o sofrimento causado para os povos que eles dominaram, desde antes da II Guerra Mundial Mundial.
Eles esquecem de mencionar, por exemplo, os massacres perpetrados em Nanjing, na invasão da China, entre dezembro de 1937 e fevereiro de 1938, quando eles devem ter trucidado, de maneira bestial, mais de 120 mil chineses, violando mulheres, esquartejando grávidas, cortando bebês ao meio, decapitando homens, simplesmente fuzilando, queimando vivos milhares de chineses.
Eles deveriam introduzir uma data de arrependimento pelos massacres cometidos nos países asiáticos invadidos...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile Is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT; Truman Warns Foe of a 'Rain of Ruin'
By SIDNEY SHALETT
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES, August 6, 1945
NEW AGE USHERED Day of Atomic Energy Hailed by President, Revealing Weapon HIROSHIMA IS TARGET 'Impenetrable' Cloud of Dust Hides City After Single Bomb Strikes
Washington, Aug. 6 -- The White House and War Department announced today that an atomic bomb, possessing more power than 20,000 tons of TNT, a destructive force equal to the load of 2,000 B-29's and more than 2,000 times the blast power of what previously was the world's most devastating bomb, had been dropped on Japan.
The announcement, first given to the world in utmost solemnity by President Truman, made it plain that one of the scientific landmarks of the century had been passed, and that the "age of atomic energy," which can be a tremendous force for the advancement of civilization as well as for destruction, was at hand.
At 10:45 o'clock this morning, a statement by the President was issued at the White House that sixteen hours earlier- about the time that citizens on the Eastern seaboard were sitting down to their Sunday suppers- an American plane had dropped the single atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, an important army center.
Japanese Solemnly Warned
What happened at Hiroshima is not yet known. The War Department said it "as yet was unable to make an accurate report" because "an impenetrable cloud of dust and smoke" masked the target area from reconnaissance planes. The Secretary of War will release the story "as soon as accurate details of the results of the bombing become available."
But in a statement vividly describing the results of the first test of the atomic bomb in New Mexico, the War-Department told how an immense steel tower had been "vaporized" by the tremendous explosion, how a 40,000-foot cloud rushed into the sky, and two observers were knocked down at a point 10,000 yards away. And President Truman solemnly warned:
"It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26, was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air the like of which has never been seen on this earth."
Most Closely Guarded Secret
The President referred to the joint statement issued by the heads of the American, British and Chinese Governments in which terms of surrender were outlined to the Japanese and warning given that rejection would mean complete destruction of Japan's power to make war.
[The atomic bomb weighs about 400 pounds and is capable of utterly destroying a town, a representative of the British Ministry of Aircraft Production said in London, the United Press reported.]
What is this terrible new weapon, which the War Department also calls the "Cosmic Bomb"? It is the harnessing of the energy of the atom, which is the basic power of the universe. As President Truman said, "The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East."
"Atomic fission" - in other words, the scientists' long-held dream of splitting the atom- is the secret of the atomic bomb. Uranium, a rare, heavy metallic element, which is radioactive and akin to radium, is the source essential to its production. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, in a statement closely following that of the President, promised that "steps have been taken, to assure us of adequate supplies of this mineral."
The imagination-sweeping experiment in harnessing the power of the atom has been the most closely guarded secret of the war. America to date has spent nearly $2,000,000,000 in advancing its research. Since 1939, American, British and Canadian scientists have worked on it. The experiments have been conducted in the United States, both for reasons of achieving concentrated efficiency and for security; the consequences of having the material fall into the hands of the enemy, in case Great Britain should have been successfully invaded, were too awful for the Allies to risk.
All along, it has been a race with the enemy. Ironically enough, Germany started the experiments, but we finished them. Germany made the mistake of expelling, because she was a "non-Aryan," a woman scientist who held one of the keys to the mystery, and she made her knowledge available to those who brought it to the United States. Germany never quite mastered the riddle, and the United States, Secretary Stimson declared, is "convinced that Japan will not be in a position to use an atomic bomb in this war."
A Sobering Awareness of Power
Not the slightest spirit of braggadocio is discernible either in the wording of the official announcements or in the mien of the officials who gave out the news. There was an element of elation in the realization that we had perfected this devastating weapon for employment against an enemy who started the war and has told us she would rather be destroyed than surrender, but it was grim elation. There was sobering awareness of the tremendous responsibility involved.
Secretary Stimson said that this new weapon "should prove a tremendous aid in the shortening of the war against Japan," and there were other responsible officials who privately thought that this was an extreme understatement, and that Japan might find herself unable to stay in the war under the coming rain of atom bombs.
It was obvious that officials at the highest levels made the important decision to release news of the atomic bomb because of the psychological effect it may have in forcing Japan to surrender. However, there are some officials who feel privately it might have been well to keep this completely secret. Their opinion can be summed up in the comment by one spokesman: "Why bother with psychological warfare against an enemy that already is beaten and hasn't sense enough to quit and save herself from utter doom?"
The first news came from President Truman's office. Newsmen were summoned and the historic statement from the Chief Executive,who still is on the high seas, was given to them.
"That bomb," Mr. Truman said, "had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. It had more than 2,000 times the blast power of the British 'Grand Slam,' which is the largest bomb (22,000 pounds) ever yet used in the history of warfare."
Explosive Charge Is Small
No details were given on the plane that carried the bomb. Nor was it stated whether the bomb was large or small. The President, however, said the explosive charge was "exceedingly small." It is known that tremendous force is packed into tiny quantities of the element that constitutes these bombs. Scientists, looking to the peacetime uses of atomic power, envisage submarines, ocean liners and planes traveling around the world on a few pounds of the element. Yet, for various reasons, the bomb used against Japan could have been extremely large.
Hiroshima, first city on earth to be the target of the "Cosmic Bomb," is a city of 318,000, which is- or was- a major quartermaster depot and port of embarkation for the Japanese. In addition to large military supply depots, it manufactured ordinance, mainly large guns and tanks, and machine tools, and aircraft-ordinance parts.
President Truman grimly told the Japanese that "the end is not yet."
"In their present form these bombs are now in production," he said, "and even more powerful forms are in development."
He sketched the story of how the late President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed that it was wise to concentrate research in America, and how great secret cities sprang up in this country, where, at one time, 125,000 men and women labored to harness the atom. Even today more than 65,000 workers are employed.
"What has been done," he said, "is the greatest achievement of organized science in history.
"We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive and enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy Japan's power to make war."
The President emphasized that the atomic discoveries were so important, both for the war and for the peace, that he would recommend to Congress that it consider promptly establishing "an appropriate commission to control the production and use of atomic power within the United States."
"I shall give further consideration and make further recommendations to the Congress as to how atomic power can become a powerful and forceful influence toward the maintenance of world peace," he said.
Secretary Stimson called the atomic bomb "the culmination of years of herculean effort on the part of science and industry, working in cooperation with the military authorities." He promised that "improvements will be forthcoming shortly which will increase by several fold the present effectiveness."
"But more important for the long-range implications of this new weapon," he said, "is the possibility that another scale of magnitude will be developed after considerable research and development. The scientists are confident that over a period of many years atomic bombs may well be developed which will be very much more powerful than the atomic bombs now at hand."
Investigation Started in 1939
It was late in 1939 that President Roosevelt appointed a commission to investigate use of atomic energy for military purposes. Until then only small-scale research with Navy funds had taken place. The program went into high gear.
By the end of 1941 the project was put under direction of a group of eminent American scientists in the Office of Scientific Research and Development, under Dr. Vanever Bush, who reported directly to Mr. Roosevelt. The President also appointed a General Policy Group, consisting of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, Secretary Stimson, Gen. George C. Marshall, Dr. James B. Conant, president of Harvard, and Dr. Bush. In June 1942, this group recommended vast expansion of the work transfer of the major part of the program to the War Department.
Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, a native of Albany, N. Y., and a 48-year-old graduate of the 1918 class at West Point, was appointed by Mr. Stimson to take complete executive charge of the program. General Groves, an engineer, holding the permanent Army rank of lieutenant colonel, received the highest praise from the War Department for the way he "fitted together the multifarious pieces of the vast, country-wide jigsaw," and, at the same time, organized the virtually air-tight security system that kept the project a secret.
A military policy committee also was appointed, consisting of Dr. Bush, chairman; Dr. Conant, Lieut. Gen. Wilhelm D. Styer and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell.
In December, 1942, the decision was made to proceed with construction of large-scale plants. Two are situated at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee and a third at the Hanaford Engineer Works in the State of Washington.
These plants were amazing phenomena in themselves. They grew into large, self-sustaining cities, employing thousands upon thousands of workers. Yet, so close was the secrecy that not only were the citizens of the area kept in darkness about the nature of the project, but the workers themselves had only the sketchiest ideas- if any- as to what they were doing. This was accomplished Mr. Stimson said, by "compartmentalizing" the work so "that no one has been given more information than was absolutely necessary to his particular job."
The Tennessee reservation consists of 59,000 acres, eighteen miles west of Knoxville, it is known as Oak Ridge and has become a modern small city of 78,000, fifth largest in Tennessee.
In the State of Washington the Government has 430,000 acres in an isolated area, fifteen miles northwest of Pasco. The settlement there, which now has a population of 17,000, consisting of plant operators and their immediate families, is known as Richmond.
A special laboratory also has been set up near Santa Fe, N. M., under direction of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California, Dr. Oppenheimer also supervised the first test of the atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. This took place in a remote section of the New Mexico desert lands, with a group of eminent scientists gathered, frankly fearful to witness the results of the invention, which might turn out to be either the salvation or the Frankenstein's monster of the world.
Mr. Stimson also gave full credit to the many industrial corporations and educational institutions which worked with the War Department in bringing this titanic undertaking to fruition.
In August, 1943, a combined policy committee was appointed, consisting of Secretary Stimson, Drs. Bush and Conant for the United States; the late Field Marshall Sir John Dill (now replaced by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson) and Col. J. J. Llewellin (since replaced by Sir Ronald Campbell), for the United Kingdom, and C. D. Howe for Canada.
"Atomic fission holds great promise for sweeping developments by which our civilization may be enriched when peace comes, but the overriding necessities of war have precluded the full exploration of peacetime applications of this new knowledge," Mr. Stimson said. "However, it appears inevitable that many useful contributions to the well-being of mankind will ultimately flow from these discoveries when the world situation makes it possible for science and industry to concentrate on these aspects."
Although warning that many economic factors will have to be considered "before we can say to what extent atomic energy will supplement coal; oil and water as fundamental sources of power," Mr. Stimson acknowledged that "we are at the threshold of a new industrial art which will take many years and much expenditures of money to develop."
The Secretary of War disclosed that he had appointed an interim committee to study post-war control and development of atomic energy. Mr. Stimson is serving as chairman, and other members include James F. Byrnes, Secretary of State; Ralph A. Bard, former Under-Secretary of the Navy; William L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State; Dr. Bush, Dr. Conant, Dr. Carl T. Compton, chief of the Office of Field Service in OSRD and president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and George L. Harrison, special consultant to the Secretary of War and president of the New York Life Insurance Company. Mr. Harrison is alternate chairman of the committee.
The committee also has the assistance of an advisory group of some of the country's leading physicists including Dr. Oppenheimer, Dr. E. O. Lawrence, Dr. A. H. Compton and Dr. Enrico Fermi.
The War Department gave this supplementary background on the development of the atomic bomb.
"The series of discoveries which led to development of the atomic bomb started at the turn of the century when radioactivity became known to science. Prior to 1939 the scientific work in this field was world-wide, but more particularly so in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Denmark. One of Denmark's great scientists, Dr. Neils Bohr, a Nobel Prize winner, was whisked from the grasp of the Nazis in his occupied homeland and later assisted in developing the atomic bomb.
"It is known that Germany worked desperately to solve the problem of controlling atomic energy."
RELATED HEADLINES
Report by Britain: 'By God's Mercy' We Beat Nazis to Bomb, Churchill Says: Roosevelt Aid Cited: Raiders Wrecked Norse Laboratory in Race for Key to Victory
Steel Tower 'Vaporized' in Trial of Mighty Bomb: Scientists Awe-Struck as Blinding Flash Lighted New Mexico Desert and Great Cloud Bore 40,000 Feet Into Sky
Trains Canceled in Stricken Area: Traffic Around Hiroshima Is Disrupted -- Japanese Still Sift Havoc by Split Atoms
Atom Bombs Made in 3 Hidden 'Cities': Secrecy on Weapon So Great That Not Even Workers Knew of Their Product
Reich Exile Emerges as Heroine in Denial to Nazis of Atom's Secret
OTHER HEADLINES
Hiram W. Johnson, Republican Dean in the Senate, Dies: Isolationist Helped Prevent U.S. Entry Into League -- Opposed World Charter: California Ex-Governor Ran for Vice President With Theodore Roosevelt in '12 -- In Washington Since '17
Jet Plane Explosion Kills Major Bong, Top U.S. Ace: Flier Who Downed 40 Japanese Craft, Sent Home to Be 'Safe,' Was Flying New 'Shooting Star' as a Test Pilot
Kyushu City Razed: Kenney's Planes Blast Tarumizu in Reord Blow From Okinawa, Rocket Site Is Seen, 125 B-29's Hit Japan's Toyokawa Naval Arsenal in Demolition Strike
Morris Is Accused of 'Taking a Walk': Fusion Official 'Sad to Part Company' -- McGoldrick Sees Only Tammany Aided
Chinese Win More of 'Invasion Coast': Smash Into Port 121 Miles Southwest of Canton -- Big Area Open for Landing
Turks Talk War if Russia Presses; Prefer Vain Battle to Surrender
Os japoneses parecem ter uma memória seletiva sobre a guerra. Eles esquecem o sofrimento causado para os povos que eles dominaram, desde antes da II Guerra Mundial Mundial.
Eles esquecem de mencionar, por exemplo, os massacres perpetrados em Nanjing, na invasão da China, entre dezembro de 1937 e fevereiro de 1938, quando eles devem ter trucidado, de maneira bestial, mais de 120 mil chineses, violando mulheres, esquartejando grávidas, cortando bebês ao meio, decapitando homens, simplesmente fuzilando, queimando vivos milhares de chineses.
Eles deveriam introduzir uma data de arrependimento pelos massacres cometidos nos países asiáticos invadidos...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile Is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT; Truman Warns Foe of a 'Rain of Ruin'
By SIDNEY SHALETT
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES, August 6, 1945
NEW AGE USHERED Day of Atomic Energy Hailed by President, Revealing Weapon HIROSHIMA IS TARGET 'Impenetrable' Cloud of Dust Hides City After Single Bomb Strikes
Washington, Aug. 6 -- The White House and War Department announced today that an atomic bomb, possessing more power than 20,000 tons of TNT, a destructive force equal to the load of 2,000 B-29's and more than 2,000 times the blast power of what previously was the world's most devastating bomb, had been dropped on Japan.
The announcement, first given to the world in utmost solemnity by President Truman, made it plain that one of the scientific landmarks of the century had been passed, and that the "age of atomic energy," which can be a tremendous force for the advancement of civilization as well as for destruction, was at hand.
At 10:45 o'clock this morning, a statement by the President was issued at the White House that sixteen hours earlier- about the time that citizens on the Eastern seaboard were sitting down to their Sunday suppers- an American plane had dropped the single atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, an important army center.
Japanese Solemnly Warned
What happened at Hiroshima is not yet known. The War Department said it "as yet was unable to make an accurate report" because "an impenetrable cloud of dust and smoke" masked the target area from reconnaissance planes. The Secretary of War will release the story "as soon as accurate details of the results of the bombing become available."
But in a statement vividly describing the results of the first test of the atomic bomb in New Mexico, the War-Department told how an immense steel tower had been "vaporized" by the tremendous explosion, how a 40,000-foot cloud rushed into the sky, and two observers were knocked down at a point 10,000 yards away. And President Truman solemnly warned:
"It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26, was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air the like of which has never been seen on this earth."
Most Closely Guarded Secret
The President referred to the joint statement issued by the heads of the American, British and Chinese Governments in which terms of surrender were outlined to the Japanese and warning given that rejection would mean complete destruction of Japan's power to make war.
[The atomic bomb weighs about 400 pounds and is capable of utterly destroying a town, a representative of the British Ministry of Aircraft Production said in London, the United Press reported.]
What is this terrible new weapon, which the War Department also calls the "Cosmic Bomb"? It is the harnessing of the energy of the atom, which is the basic power of the universe. As President Truman said, "The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East."
"Atomic fission" - in other words, the scientists' long-held dream of splitting the atom- is the secret of the atomic bomb. Uranium, a rare, heavy metallic element, which is radioactive and akin to radium, is the source essential to its production. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, in a statement closely following that of the President, promised that "steps have been taken, to assure us of adequate supplies of this mineral."
The imagination-sweeping experiment in harnessing the power of the atom has been the most closely guarded secret of the war. America to date has spent nearly $2,000,000,000 in advancing its research. Since 1939, American, British and Canadian scientists have worked on it. The experiments have been conducted in the United States, both for reasons of achieving concentrated efficiency and for security; the consequences of having the material fall into the hands of the enemy, in case Great Britain should have been successfully invaded, were too awful for the Allies to risk.
All along, it has been a race with the enemy. Ironically enough, Germany started the experiments, but we finished them. Germany made the mistake of expelling, because she was a "non-Aryan," a woman scientist who held one of the keys to the mystery, and she made her knowledge available to those who brought it to the United States. Germany never quite mastered the riddle, and the United States, Secretary Stimson declared, is "convinced that Japan will not be in a position to use an atomic bomb in this war."
A Sobering Awareness of Power
Not the slightest spirit of braggadocio is discernible either in the wording of the official announcements or in the mien of the officials who gave out the news. There was an element of elation in the realization that we had perfected this devastating weapon for employment against an enemy who started the war and has told us she would rather be destroyed than surrender, but it was grim elation. There was sobering awareness of the tremendous responsibility involved.
Secretary Stimson said that this new weapon "should prove a tremendous aid in the shortening of the war against Japan," and there were other responsible officials who privately thought that this was an extreme understatement, and that Japan might find herself unable to stay in the war under the coming rain of atom bombs.
It was obvious that officials at the highest levels made the important decision to release news of the atomic bomb because of the psychological effect it may have in forcing Japan to surrender. However, there are some officials who feel privately it might have been well to keep this completely secret. Their opinion can be summed up in the comment by one spokesman: "Why bother with psychological warfare against an enemy that already is beaten and hasn't sense enough to quit and save herself from utter doom?"
The first news came from President Truman's office. Newsmen were summoned and the historic statement from the Chief Executive,who still is on the high seas, was given to them.
"That bomb," Mr. Truman said, "had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT. It had more than 2,000 times the blast power of the British 'Grand Slam,' which is the largest bomb (22,000 pounds) ever yet used in the history of warfare."
Explosive Charge Is Small
No details were given on the plane that carried the bomb. Nor was it stated whether the bomb was large or small. The President, however, said the explosive charge was "exceedingly small." It is known that tremendous force is packed into tiny quantities of the element that constitutes these bombs. Scientists, looking to the peacetime uses of atomic power, envisage submarines, ocean liners and planes traveling around the world on a few pounds of the element. Yet, for various reasons, the bomb used against Japan could have been extremely large.
Hiroshima, first city on earth to be the target of the "Cosmic Bomb," is a city of 318,000, which is- or was- a major quartermaster depot and port of embarkation for the Japanese. In addition to large military supply depots, it manufactured ordinance, mainly large guns and tanks, and machine tools, and aircraft-ordinance parts.
President Truman grimly told the Japanese that "the end is not yet."
"In their present form these bombs are now in production," he said, "and even more powerful forms are in development."
He sketched the story of how the late President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed that it was wise to concentrate research in America, and how great secret cities sprang up in this country, where, at one time, 125,000 men and women labored to harness the atom. Even today more than 65,000 workers are employed.
"What has been done," he said, "is the greatest achievement of organized science in history.
"We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive and enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy Japan's power to make war."
The President emphasized that the atomic discoveries were so important, both for the war and for the peace, that he would recommend to Congress that it consider promptly establishing "an appropriate commission to control the production and use of atomic power within the United States."
"I shall give further consideration and make further recommendations to the Congress as to how atomic power can become a powerful and forceful influence toward the maintenance of world peace," he said.
Secretary Stimson called the atomic bomb "the culmination of years of herculean effort on the part of science and industry, working in cooperation with the military authorities." He promised that "improvements will be forthcoming shortly which will increase by several fold the present effectiveness."
"But more important for the long-range implications of this new weapon," he said, "is the possibility that another scale of magnitude will be developed after considerable research and development. The scientists are confident that over a period of many years atomic bombs may well be developed which will be very much more powerful than the atomic bombs now at hand."
Investigation Started in 1939
It was late in 1939 that President Roosevelt appointed a commission to investigate use of atomic energy for military purposes. Until then only small-scale research with Navy funds had taken place. The program went into high gear.
By the end of 1941 the project was put under direction of a group of eminent American scientists in the Office of Scientific Research and Development, under Dr. Vanever Bush, who reported directly to Mr. Roosevelt. The President also appointed a General Policy Group, consisting of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, Secretary Stimson, Gen. George C. Marshall, Dr. James B. Conant, president of Harvard, and Dr. Bush. In June 1942, this group recommended vast expansion of the work transfer of the major part of the program to the War Department.
Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves, a native of Albany, N. Y., and a 48-year-old graduate of the 1918 class at West Point, was appointed by Mr. Stimson to take complete executive charge of the program. General Groves, an engineer, holding the permanent Army rank of lieutenant colonel, received the highest praise from the War Department for the way he "fitted together the multifarious pieces of the vast, country-wide jigsaw," and, at the same time, organized the virtually air-tight security system that kept the project a secret.
A military policy committee also was appointed, consisting of Dr. Bush, chairman; Dr. Conant, Lieut. Gen. Wilhelm D. Styer and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell.
In December, 1942, the decision was made to proceed with construction of large-scale plants. Two are situated at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee and a third at the Hanaford Engineer Works in the State of Washington.
These plants were amazing phenomena in themselves. They grew into large, self-sustaining cities, employing thousands upon thousands of workers. Yet, so close was the secrecy that not only were the citizens of the area kept in darkness about the nature of the project, but the workers themselves had only the sketchiest ideas- if any- as to what they were doing. This was accomplished Mr. Stimson said, by "compartmentalizing" the work so "that no one has been given more information than was absolutely necessary to his particular job."
The Tennessee reservation consists of 59,000 acres, eighteen miles west of Knoxville, it is known as Oak Ridge and has become a modern small city of 78,000, fifth largest in Tennessee.
In the State of Washington the Government has 430,000 acres in an isolated area, fifteen miles northwest of Pasco. The settlement there, which now has a population of 17,000, consisting of plant operators and their immediate families, is known as Richmond.
A special laboratory also has been set up near Santa Fe, N. M., under direction of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California, Dr. Oppenheimer also supervised the first test of the atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. This took place in a remote section of the New Mexico desert lands, with a group of eminent scientists gathered, frankly fearful to witness the results of the invention, which might turn out to be either the salvation or the Frankenstein's monster of the world.
Mr. Stimson also gave full credit to the many industrial corporations and educational institutions which worked with the War Department in bringing this titanic undertaking to fruition.
In August, 1943, a combined policy committee was appointed, consisting of Secretary Stimson, Drs. Bush and Conant for the United States; the late Field Marshall Sir John Dill (now replaced by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson) and Col. J. J. Llewellin (since replaced by Sir Ronald Campbell), for the United Kingdom, and C. D. Howe for Canada.
"Atomic fission holds great promise for sweeping developments by which our civilization may be enriched when peace comes, but the overriding necessities of war have precluded the full exploration of peacetime applications of this new knowledge," Mr. Stimson said. "However, it appears inevitable that many useful contributions to the well-being of mankind will ultimately flow from these discoveries when the world situation makes it possible for science and industry to concentrate on these aspects."
Although warning that many economic factors will have to be considered "before we can say to what extent atomic energy will supplement coal; oil and water as fundamental sources of power," Mr. Stimson acknowledged that "we are at the threshold of a new industrial art which will take many years and much expenditures of money to develop."
The Secretary of War disclosed that he had appointed an interim committee to study post-war control and development of atomic energy. Mr. Stimson is serving as chairman, and other members include James F. Byrnes, Secretary of State; Ralph A. Bard, former Under-Secretary of the Navy; William L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State; Dr. Bush, Dr. Conant, Dr. Carl T. Compton, chief of the Office of Field Service in OSRD and president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and George L. Harrison, special consultant to the Secretary of War and president of the New York Life Insurance Company. Mr. Harrison is alternate chairman of the committee.
The committee also has the assistance of an advisory group of some of the country's leading physicists including Dr. Oppenheimer, Dr. E. O. Lawrence, Dr. A. H. Compton and Dr. Enrico Fermi.
The War Department gave this supplementary background on the development of the atomic bomb.
"The series of discoveries which led to development of the atomic bomb started at the turn of the century when radioactivity became known to science. Prior to 1939 the scientific work in this field was world-wide, but more particularly so in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Denmark. One of Denmark's great scientists, Dr. Neils Bohr, a Nobel Prize winner, was whisked from the grasp of the Nazis in his occupied homeland and later assisted in developing the atomic bomb.
"It is known that Germany worked desperately to solve the problem of controlling atomic energy."
RELATED HEADLINES
Report by Britain: 'By God's Mercy' We Beat Nazis to Bomb, Churchill Says: Roosevelt Aid Cited: Raiders Wrecked Norse Laboratory in Race for Key to Victory
Steel Tower 'Vaporized' in Trial of Mighty Bomb: Scientists Awe-Struck as Blinding Flash Lighted New Mexico Desert and Great Cloud Bore 40,000 Feet Into Sky
Trains Canceled in Stricken Area: Traffic Around Hiroshima Is Disrupted -- Japanese Still Sift Havoc by Split Atoms
Atom Bombs Made in 3 Hidden 'Cities': Secrecy on Weapon So Great That Not Even Workers Knew of Their Product
Reich Exile Emerges as Heroine in Denial to Nazis of Atom's Secret
OTHER HEADLINES
Hiram W. Johnson, Republican Dean in the Senate, Dies: Isolationist Helped Prevent U.S. Entry Into League -- Opposed World Charter: California Ex-Governor Ran for Vice President With Theodore Roosevelt in '12 -- In Washington Since '17
Jet Plane Explosion Kills Major Bong, Top U.S. Ace: Flier Who Downed 40 Japanese Craft, Sent Home to Be 'Safe,' Was Flying New 'Shooting Star' as a Test Pilot
Kyushu City Razed: Kenney's Planes Blast Tarumizu in Reord Blow From Okinawa, Rocket Site Is Seen, 125 B-29's Hit Japan's Toyokawa Naval Arsenal in Demolition Strike
Morris Is Accused of 'Taking a Walk': Fusion Official 'Sad to Part Company' -- McGoldrick Sees Only Tammany Aided
Chinese Win More of 'Invasion Coast': Smash Into Port 121 Miles Southwest of Canton -- Big Area Open for Landing
Turks Talk War if Russia Presses; Prefer Vain Battle to Surrender
quinta-feira, 5 de agosto de 2010
Uniao Aduaneira Surrealista (tem quem goste...)
Um editorial do Estadão, como sempre realista.
Não compreendo o que o embargo a Cuba tem a ver com os assuntos do Mercosul. A menos que seus membros pretendam convidar Cuba para tornar-se o próximo membro, claro. Mas ela pode entrar mesmo com embargo. Tem muita gente que gosta de Cuba no Mercosul, exatamente como ela é, e isso não tem nada a ver com o embargo, dó de Cuba, etc; não, tem a ver com a atitude complacente com ditaduras...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Uma plástica no Mercosul
Editorial O Estado de S.Paulo
05/08/2010
O Mercosul é uma caricatura de união aduaneira, com barreiras comerciais entre os países-membros e uma Tarifa Externa Comum (TEC) cheia de exceções, mas sua imagem está um pouco mais apresentável depois da reunião de ministros e presidentes em San Juan, na Argentina. Depois de seis anos de impasses, o bloco terá finalmente o seu Código Aduaneiro, com normas, papéis e procedimentos comuns aos quatro sócios - Brasil, Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai. Além disso, os governos concordaram em eliminar uma velha aberração - a dupla cobrança do imposto alfandegário. Quando um produto entra no Mercosul por um país e é reexportado para outro, os dois cobram o tributo. Essa distorção tem sido um dos obstáculos a um acordo de livre comércio com a União Europeia.
Durante anos o assunto esteve na pauta. Resolvê-lo tornou-se quase uma questão de honra para cada chefe de governo ao assumir a presidência temporária do bloco. A presidente Cristina Kirchner pode inscrever esse feito em seu currículo. A maior dificuldade foi certamente convencer o presidente paraguaio, Fernando Lugo. Como o Paraguai não tem litoral, produtos importados por mar só chegam ao país depois de passar por um porto brasileiro ou argentino.
Esse imposto é importante para o Paraguai, mas o acordo inclui uma repartição do tributo cobrado na primeira operação. Além disso, a mudança será gradual, entre 2012 e 2014.
A eliminação de problemas como esse poderá ajudar, mas não garantirá o acordo com a União Europeia. A negociação ficou emperrada durante anos e foi retomada recentemente. Divergências entre Brasil e Argentina sobre a abertura do mercado para bens industriais dificultaram o entendimento com os europeus. Segundo o chanceler Celso Amorim, o Mercosul está preparado para ofertas mais ousadas e o avanço depende agora da União Europeia. É melhor ver as cartas sobre a mesa antes de formar um juízo sobre o assunto
Sem um acordo sequer com países do mundo rico, o Mercosul continua dando prioridade à chamada agenda Sul-Sul. A reunião em San Juan serviu para a assinatura de um acordo de livre comércio com o Egito, o segundo com um parceiro de fora da América do Sul. O primeiro foi com Israel. As duas iniciativas podem ter algum aspecto positivo, mas nenhuma acrescenta grandes benefícios ao comércio exterior do Brasil e de seus sócios sul-americanos. Mais provavelmente o novo acordo abrirá oportunidades no sentido oposto - para exportadores egípcios e indústrias turcas eventualmente instaladas no Egito.
O resto da conferência pouco ou nada se desviou da rotina de um bloco atolado em problemas internos, movido mais pela retórica do que por ações efetivas de cooperação. Foram aprovados investimentos com recursos do fundo comum de integração, destinados principalmente a obras de infraestrutura. Os documentos assinados por ministros e presidentes tratam de alguns assuntos costumeiros, como o direito da Argentina sobre as Ilhas Malvinas, Geórgia e Sandwich. Condenou-se como ilegítima a pretensão do Reino Unido de explorar petróleo na região.
O comunicado principal, com 42 itens, trata de assuntos tão variados quanto o G-20, a ação da Corte Penal Internacional, as políticas migratórias do mundo rico, o bloqueio comercial a Cuba e as mudanças climáticas.
O presidente venezuelano, Hugo Chávez, não apareceu para mostrar seu desagrado diante da omissão do velho amigo Néstor Kirchner, secretário-geral da Unasur. Kirchner faltou a uma reunião em Quito e deixou, portanto, de mostrar seu apoio a Chávez em sua nova briga com o governo colombiano.
O presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva mostrou mais uma vez seu estranho senso de oportunidade, falando a favor do Irã na frente do chanceler Héctor Timmerman, primeiro judeu a chefiar o Ministério de Relações Exteriores da Argentina. O governo argentino continua cobrando explicações do governo iraniano, suspeito de participação no atentado - com 85 mortes - à Associação Mutual Israelita Argentina. Além do constrangimento, a presidente Cristina Kirchner ainda teve de enfrentar perguntas incômodas da imprensa.
Como serão as conferências do Mercosul sem Lula?
Não compreendo o que o embargo a Cuba tem a ver com os assuntos do Mercosul. A menos que seus membros pretendam convidar Cuba para tornar-se o próximo membro, claro. Mas ela pode entrar mesmo com embargo. Tem muita gente que gosta de Cuba no Mercosul, exatamente como ela é, e isso não tem nada a ver com o embargo, dó de Cuba, etc; não, tem a ver com a atitude complacente com ditaduras...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Uma plástica no Mercosul
Editorial O Estado de S.Paulo
05/08/2010
O Mercosul é uma caricatura de união aduaneira, com barreiras comerciais entre os países-membros e uma Tarifa Externa Comum (TEC) cheia de exceções, mas sua imagem está um pouco mais apresentável depois da reunião de ministros e presidentes em San Juan, na Argentina. Depois de seis anos de impasses, o bloco terá finalmente o seu Código Aduaneiro, com normas, papéis e procedimentos comuns aos quatro sócios - Brasil, Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai. Além disso, os governos concordaram em eliminar uma velha aberração - a dupla cobrança do imposto alfandegário. Quando um produto entra no Mercosul por um país e é reexportado para outro, os dois cobram o tributo. Essa distorção tem sido um dos obstáculos a um acordo de livre comércio com a União Europeia.
Durante anos o assunto esteve na pauta. Resolvê-lo tornou-se quase uma questão de honra para cada chefe de governo ao assumir a presidência temporária do bloco. A presidente Cristina Kirchner pode inscrever esse feito em seu currículo. A maior dificuldade foi certamente convencer o presidente paraguaio, Fernando Lugo. Como o Paraguai não tem litoral, produtos importados por mar só chegam ao país depois de passar por um porto brasileiro ou argentino.
Esse imposto é importante para o Paraguai, mas o acordo inclui uma repartição do tributo cobrado na primeira operação. Além disso, a mudança será gradual, entre 2012 e 2014.
A eliminação de problemas como esse poderá ajudar, mas não garantirá o acordo com a União Europeia. A negociação ficou emperrada durante anos e foi retomada recentemente. Divergências entre Brasil e Argentina sobre a abertura do mercado para bens industriais dificultaram o entendimento com os europeus. Segundo o chanceler Celso Amorim, o Mercosul está preparado para ofertas mais ousadas e o avanço depende agora da União Europeia. É melhor ver as cartas sobre a mesa antes de formar um juízo sobre o assunto
Sem um acordo sequer com países do mundo rico, o Mercosul continua dando prioridade à chamada agenda Sul-Sul. A reunião em San Juan serviu para a assinatura de um acordo de livre comércio com o Egito, o segundo com um parceiro de fora da América do Sul. O primeiro foi com Israel. As duas iniciativas podem ter algum aspecto positivo, mas nenhuma acrescenta grandes benefícios ao comércio exterior do Brasil e de seus sócios sul-americanos. Mais provavelmente o novo acordo abrirá oportunidades no sentido oposto - para exportadores egípcios e indústrias turcas eventualmente instaladas no Egito.
O resto da conferência pouco ou nada se desviou da rotina de um bloco atolado em problemas internos, movido mais pela retórica do que por ações efetivas de cooperação. Foram aprovados investimentos com recursos do fundo comum de integração, destinados principalmente a obras de infraestrutura. Os documentos assinados por ministros e presidentes tratam de alguns assuntos costumeiros, como o direito da Argentina sobre as Ilhas Malvinas, Geórgia e Sandwich. Condenou-se como ilegítima a pretensão do Reino Unido de explorar petróleo na região.
O comunicado principal, com 42 itens, trata de assuntos tão variados quanto o G-20, a ação da Corte Penal Internacional, as políticas migratórias do mundo rico, o bloqueio comercial a Cuba e as mudanças climáticas.
O presidente venezuelano, Hugo Chávez, não apareceu para mostrar seu desagrado diante da omissão do velho amigo Néstor Kirchner, secretário-geral da Unasur. Kirchner faltou a uma reunião em Quito e deixou, portanto, de mostrar seu apoio a Chávez em sua nova briga com o governo colombiano.
O presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva mostrou mais uma vez seu estranho senso de oportunidade, falando a favor do Irã na frente do chanceler Héctor Timmerman, primeiro judeu a chefiar o Ministério de Relações Exteriores da Argentina. O governo argentino continua cobrando explicações do governo iraniano, suspeito de participação no atentado - com 85 mortes - à Associação Mutual Israelita Argentina. Além do constrangimento, a presidente Cristina Kirchner ainda teve de enfrentar perguntas incômodas da imprensa.
Como serão as conferências do Mercosul sem Lula?
Justica brasileira conivente com o crime: é o minimo que se pode dizer
Sempre apoiando-se em regras formais de procedimento, juizes em geral, e juizes da Suprema Corte em particular, frustram o desejo da cidadania de se ter aquilo que se espera da Justiça: justiça.
Registre-se que os bandidos em questão, todos juízes bem postos, estavam apenas sendo aposentados compulsoriamente, ou seja, passariam a ganhar os mesmos altos salários sem trabalhar, e não se leu, ou ouviu, que teriam de devolver o dinheiro desviado.
O Brasil é um país em que a Justiça protege os seus próprios criminosos...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
STF suspende punição de juízes acusados de desviar R$ 1 milhão
Mário Coelho
Congresso em Foco, 04/08/2010
CNJ condenou magistrados do Mato Grosso acusados de desviar dinheiro de tribunal para a maçonaria
O ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) Celso de Mello suspendeu na segunda-feira (2) a aposentadoria compulsória de três juízes acusados de desviar dinheiro do Tribunal de Justiça do Mato Grosso (TJMT) para a maçonaria. Os magistrados Graciema Ribeiro das Caravellas, Antonio Horácio da Silva Neto e Juanita Cruz da Silva Clait Duarte foram aposentados compulsoriamente pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) após investigação em processo disciplinar concluir sobre a existência do esquema beneficiando a Grande Oriente do Mato Grosso.
Por unanimidade, o CNJ condenou em fevereiro sete juízes e três desembargadores do Tribunal de Justiça de Mato Grosso. Todos eram acusados de uso irregular de verbas com distribuição privilegiada de pagamentos atrasados. Parte da verba foi usada para sanear o rombo financeiro de loja maçônica integrada por alguns dos magistrados. Por conduta antiética, corrupção ativa e passiva, todos foram condenados à aposentadoria compulsória proporcional. Os dez eram acusados de arquitetar e executar um esquema que desviou mais de R$ 1 milhão do tribunal para a entidade maçônica.
Ao analisar os mandados de segurança, Celso de Mello entendeu que, neste momento, não era função do CNJ abrir o processo disciplinar e investigar o caso. Para ele, quem deveria fazer isso era o Tribunal de Justiça do Mato Grosso. Na decisão, ele enfatizou que a atuação do Conselho deve observar o princípio da subsidiariedade. Ou seja, o CNJ deve ter um papel subsidiário e complementar em relação aos tribunais, atuando somente quando constatada a ineficácia dos mecanismos ordinários de administração e repressão do poder Judiciário local.
"O desempenho da atividade fiscalizadora (e eventualmente punitiva) do CNJ deveria ocorrer somente nos casos em que os Tribunais – havendo tido a possibilidade de exercerem, eles próprios, a competência disciplinar e correicional de que se acham ordinariamente investidos – deixassem de fazê-lo (inércia) ou pretextassem fazê-lo (simulação) ou demonstrassem incapacidade de fazê-lo (falta de independência) ou, ainda, dentre outros comportamentos evasivos, protelassem, sem justa causa, o seu exercício (procrastinação indevida)", afirmou o ministro na decisão.
Celso de Mello, no entanto, ressaltou que sua decisão pode ser revista pelos pares do Supremo. Mas ele disse que a remessa da denúncia ao CNJ pelo corregedor-geral de Justiça do Mato Grosso frustou a possibilidade de a corte local analisar o caso. "Ao precipitar a atuação do CNJ, sem sequer haver ensejado ao TJMT o exercício de sua competência correicional em sede disciplinar, o corregedor teria, aparentemente, inviabilizado a prática, pelo Judiciário local, de uma prerrogativa que não lhe poderia ter sido subtraída, o que teria implicado, por efeito da inobservância do postulado da subsidiariedade, transgressão à autonomia institucional do Tribunal de Justiça daquela unidade da federação”, enfatizou o ministro do STF.
Registre-se que os bandidos em questão, todos juízes bem postos, estavam apenas sendo aposentados compulsoriamente, ou seja, passariam a ganhar os mesmos altos salários sem trabalhar, e não se leu, ou ouviu, que teriam de devolver o dinheiro desviado.
O Brasil é um país em que a Justiça protege os seus próprios criminosos...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
STF suspende punição de juízes acusados de desviar R$ 1 milhão
Mário Coelho
Congresso em Foco, 04/08/2010
CNJ condenou magistrados do Mato Grosso acusados de desviar dinheiro de tribunal para a maçonaria
O ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) Celso de Mello suspendeu na segunda-feira (2) a aposentadoria compulsória de três juízes acusados de desviar dinheiro do Tribunal de Justiça do Mato Grosso (TJMT) para a maçonaria. Os magistrados Graciema Ribeiro das Caravellas, Antonio Horácio da Silva Neto e Juanita Cruz da Silva Clait Duarte foram aposentados compulsoriamente pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) após investigação em processo disciplinar concluir sobre a existência do esquema beneficiando a Grande Oriente do Mato Grosso.
Por unanimidade, o CNJ condenou em fevereiro sete juízes e três desembargadores do Tribunal de Justiça de Mato Grosso. Todos eram acusados de uso irregular de verbas com distribuição privilegiada de pagamentos atrasados. Parte da verba foi usada para sanear o rombo financeiro de loja maçônica integrada por alguns dos magistrados. Por conduta antiética, corrupção ativa e passiva, todos foram condenados à aposentadoria compulsória proporcional. Os dez eram acusados de arquitetar e executar um esquema que desviou mais de R$ 1 milhão do tribunal para a entidade maçônica.
Ao analisar os mandados de segurança, Celso de Mello entendeu que, neste momento, não era função do CNJ abrir o processo disciplinar e investigar o caso. Para ele, quem deveria fazer isso era o Tribunal de Justiça do Mato Grosso. Na decisão, ele enfatizou que a atuação do Conselho deve observar o princípio da subsidiariedade. Ou seja, o CNJ deve ter um papel subsidiário e complementar em relação aos tribunais, atuando somente quando constatada a ineficácia dos mecanismos ordinários de administração e repressão do poder Judiciário local.
"O desempenho da atividade fiscalizadora (e eventualmente punitiva) do CNJ deveria ocorrer somente nos casos em que os Tribunais – havendo tido a possibilidade de exercerem, eles próprios, a competência disciplinar e correicional de que se acham ordinariamente investidos – deixassem de fazê-lo (inércia) ou pretextassem fazê-lo (simulação) ou demonstrassem incapacidade de fazê-lo (falta de independência) ou, ainda, dentre outros comportamentos evasivos, protelassem, sem justa causa, o seu exercício (procrastinação indevida)", afirmou o ministro na decisão.
Celso de Mello, no entanto, ressaltou que sua decisão pode ser revista pelos pares do Supremo. Mas ele disse que a remessa da denúncia ao CNJ pelo corregedor-geral de Justiça do Mato Grosso frustou a possibilidade de a corte local analisar o caso. "Ao precipitar a atuação do CNJ, sem sequer haver ensejado ao TJMT o exercício de sua competência correicional em sede disciplinar, o corregedor teria, aparentemente, inviabilizado a prática, pelo Judiciário local, de uma prerrogativa que não lhe poderia ter sido subtraída, o que teria implicado, por efeito da inobservância do postulado da subsidiariedade, transgressão à autonomia institucional do Tribunal de Justiça daquela unidade da federação”, enfatizou o ministro do STF.
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