O Comintern, ou Internacional Comunista, também chamado de Terceira Internacional -- para distingui-lo da Internacional dos Trabalhadores, de cuja fundação Marx participou, e da Segunda Internacional, de partidos social-democratas, que sempre foi considerada reformista e renegada pelos comunistas da era leninista e stalinista -- foi fundado por Lênin, para promover a causa revolucionário em todo o mundo e não deixar a Rússia isolada, como ela de fato ficou, depois da derrota de tentativas revolucioárias em países da Europa ou mesmo em outros continentes.
Houve -- talvez ainda exista -- uma Quarta Internacional, uma tentativa trotsquista de manter os princípios revolucionários, quando já estava claro que Stalin usava o Comintern, e todos os partidos comunistas -- cujo segundo título era "seção (nacional) da Internacional Comunista" -- para os seus próprios objetivos, os da diplomacia soviética e os interesses nacionais da URSS dirigida com mão de ferro por ele.
O Comintern, como dito neste livro, cometeu muitos erros, tanto por incompetência dos dirigentes e agentes, quanto por que os objetivos de Moscou tinham pouco a ver com as realdiades locais.
No caso do Brasil, foi patético, e tem um livro de William Waack dedicado ao tema do comando moscovita sobre o Partido Comunista do Brasil (sim, até 1961-2, quando ele adota o Brasileiro, gerando já a dissidência maoista), assim como vários outros sobre a intentona comunista de novembro de 1935, inteiramente devida ao Comintern e à estupidez de Luiz Carlos Prestes.
A seleção operada no livro deve tratar pouco desses outros casos, extra-europeus, do trabalho da IC, mas vou buscar o livro para ver.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Spence on Firsov and Klehr and Haynes, 'Secret Cables of
the Comintern, 1933-1943'
Author:
Fridrikh I. Firsov, Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes
Reviewer:
Richard Spence
Fridrikh I. Firsov, Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes.
Secret Cables of the Comintern, 1933-1943. Translated by Lynn
Visson. Annals of Communism Series. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. xi
+ 307 pp. $40.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-300-19822-5.
Reviewed by Richard Spence (University of
Idaho)
Published on H-Diplo (December, 2014)
Commissioned by Seth Offenbach
Moscow Rules
Over the past twenty years, John Earl Haynes and Harvey
Klehr, in such works as The Secret World of American Communism (1996), Venona:
Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (1999), and Spies: The
Decline and Fall of the KGB in America (2010), have made a virtual
cottage industry out of revealing the conspiratorial underbelly of the American
Communist movement and its role in Soviet espionage. In doing so, they have
collaborated and coauthored with former Soviet scholars, archivists, and
intelligence officers, including Kyrill Anderson, Alexander Vassiliev, and
Fridrikh Firsov. Firsov, in fact, is the “senior author” of the present work, a
position better defined below (p. 251n4).
Haynes is a retired twentieth-century political
historian of the Library of Congress’s Manuscript Division and Klehr is
the Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Politics and History at Emory
University. Firsov was a Soviet-era scholar and more recently section manager
of the former Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Documents of
Contemporary History later absorbed into the Russian State Archive of
Socio-Political History. His research into the Communist International
(Comintern) goes back to the 1960s, and he is the coauthor or editor of various
works on the topic, includingDimitrov and Stalin, 1934-1943 (2000,
with Alexander Dallin), and Deutscher Oktober, 1923 (2003,
with Bernhard Bayerlein, et al.). It is fair to say that “few scholars in the
world can match [his] expertise on the Communist International” (p. 6).
The authorship of Secret Cables of the
Comintern, 1933-1943 is a bit complicated. It is basically a
translated, scaled down, and rewritten version of Firsov’s thousand-page
Russian magnum opus on the topic. Lynn Visson provides the translation. As
Firsov describes it, the original focused heavily on the “technical aspects” of
the Comintern’s code and communication system, whereas Haynes and Klehr have
shifted the emphasis to how the cables reflected “Comintern policy and the
actions of the Communist parties” (p. ix). They also limited the time frame to
the last decade of the Comintern’s existence, which encompasses the Popular
Front era, the purges, and the early part of World War II. The end result is a
work that is, as Haynes and Klehr put it, “more accessible to
historically-minded readers in the United States as well as more generally to
the English-speaking world” (p. 6). In that, overall, they have succeeded
admirably.
In roughly 250 pages of text (the remainder being notes
and index), Secret Cables covers a lot of ground, albeit to
varying degrees of depth. While many cables are quoted, some extensively, and
all clearly referenced, none are reproduced. The book does not offer any grand
revelations, nor does it put forth any particular claims to revisionist
reinterpretations. Rather, its strength lies in the sheer weight of
corroborative and illuminating details revealed in the secret cables. For
instance, anyone still clinging to the notion that the Communist International
“was truly an international organization” aligned with, but distinct from, the
Soviet regime will find nothing here to support it (p. 12). In every
instance, it is abundantly clear that the Comintern possessed neither a mind
nor a soul of its own and functioned only to abet and promote policies
determined in the Kremlin. To keep up appearances, in 1934 Joseph Stalin put
Bulgarian Communist Georgi Dimitrov, a non-Soviet, at its head. Under
Dimitrov’s watch, there is ample and stark evidence of the Comintern
Executive’s (ECCI) bullying and micro-managing of national Communist parties,
which, with few exceptions, slavishly bowed to the dictates.
The first of the book’s ten chapters is a summary of the
above “technical aspects” and offers a necessary overview of the Comintern’s
use of ciphered communications, a job handled by the ECCI’s hush-hush
Department of International Communications (DIC). The most interesting thing is
how unsystematic and unsophisticated the codes were and how careless many of
the people using them, including big shots like Andre Marty, were (p.
16). The extensive use of radios to communicate with Moscow also proved a
liability when British cryptographers broke the codes in the early 1930s. The
matter of secret communications inevitably touches on the collaboration and
continuity between the Comintern and Soviet intelligence organs. In that
regard, it is telling that in 1935 the new chief of the DIC was Meer Trilisser,
the ex-head of the Joint State Political Directorate’s (OGPU, predecessor to
the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, NKVD) foreign intelligence
section. Trilisser and many other DIC personnel would perish in the purges just
a few years later. The subsequent chapter deals with the Comintern’s monetary
support to Communist parties, which is most remarkable for the relatively
modest, if often absolutely critical, sums involved and the ECCI’s obsessive
penny-pinching. As the authors make clear, comradely solidarity aside, such
subventions served as “a lever for exercising influence and ensuring
subordination” (p. 45).
The authors get more to the meat of the matter in the
following chapters dealing with the efforts to forge a Popular Front in France
and in the Spanish Civil War. The former is a blatant example of the Kremlin
dictating strategy and tactics to foreign comrades to keep them in line with
the best interests of Soviet diplomacy, not their own. Comintern operatives,
such as Marty and Palmiro Togliatti, played important roles in Spain, and the
creation of the International Brigades, a de facto Comintern Army, is often
seen as a crowning achievement of the organization. The reality, as revealed in
the cables, was much less organized and rather less heroic. International
Brigades troops commonly proved “ill-trained, poorly equipped, and commanded by
officers many of whom were as woefully short of training and military
experience as they were.” Morale was often poor, desertion rife, and casualties
heavy. ECCI chiefs in Moscow preferred to lay blame on “infiltration by spies
and fascists” but the root problem was the vanity and incompetence of men they
put in charge, notably Marty (p. 99). At the Brigades base camp in
Albacete, Marty set himself up as a mini-dictator whose capricious cruelty
earned him the nickname “Butcher.” When the highly capable commander of
the First Brigade, Emilio Kleber (Manfred Stern), earned too much attention,
Marty successfully schemed to get him recalled to Russia (where he ended up in
the Gulag). The politburo of the Spanish Communist Party blasted Marty for
mismanagement and “lacking flexibility” and tried to rein him in with a
collective executive (p. 97). When the ECCI dispatched Togliatti to sort
out the Spanish mess, his sensible advice to replace Marty and others fell on
deaf ears. Marty even picked a feud with Maurice Thorez, secretary of the
French Communist Party, which hindered French support for the International
Brigades.
The authors next turn their attention to the Terror back
home in the USSR and the Comintern’s role as the uncritical “megaphone of the Stalinist
regime” in justifying show trials, mass arrests, and general hysteria (p.
127). Beyond this, the Comintern took an active hand in ordering or enticing
foreign Communists to Moscow where they were duly arrested and liquidated by
the NKVD. The most glaring example of this was the Polish Communist Party which
ended up formally abolished and most of its leadership shot. Ominously, the
“confessions” of the Polish comrades only fueled notions of “the existence of
an espionage organization within the Comintern” (p. 126).
Perhaps nothing better indicated Stalin’s disregard for
the Comintern than the fact that “the ECCI leadership had not been warned of
Stalin’s intentions and had not grasped the meaning of Stalin’s sharp shift
towards a rapprochement with Hitler’s Germany” (p. 141). The blindsiding left
everyone from Dimitrov to local party leaders scrambling to wrap their minds
around the new order of things, a process, depending on your sense of humor, at
times almost comical. As the authors note elsewhere in the book, the “typical
Communist boilerplate” that permeated the Comintern’s public propaganda
was just as evident in its internal communiqués and reflected the “deeply
ingrained nature of the Stalinist belief system,” effectively, a kind of mental
straitjacket (p. 247). Thus, on Stalin’s instruction, all good
comrades eventually learned that the resulting war was not caused by Nazi
aggression but by the nefarious “aggressive British-French imperialist bloc”
(p. 166).
At least, that was the line until Hitler invaded the USSR
in June 1941. Much of the latter part of the book is devoted to the Comintern’s
role in supporting the Soviet war effort and foreign policy goals. This chapter
bounces around a good deal, but arguably the most interesting parts concern the
Comintern’s relations with Josip Tito and his already independent-minded
Partisan movement and the 1942 reanimation of the Polish Communists under the
label of the Polish Workers’ Party. The latter was almost at once dragged into
the Comintern’s frantic campaign to refute Soviet involvement in the infamous
Katyn Massacre of Polish POWs. The authors conclude that “it is quite unlikely
that the Comintern leadership knew that this massacre had been carried out
pursuant to a decision of the Politburo” (p. 212), but it also seems unlikely
they would have acted any differently if they had known. A separate chapter
centers on the ECCI’s wartime dealings with the Chinese Communists who also
displayed a tendency to pursue their own agenda, not Moscow’s. At the heart of
this was the Comintern’s (i.e., Stalin’s) insistence that Mao Zedong and his
comrades play nice with Chiang Kai-shek in fighting the Japanese, whereas Mao
stubbornly regarded Chiang as his primary enemy.
In the end, it is perhaps surprising that the Communist
International survived as long as it did. Stalin toyed with abolishing it as
early as April 1941. When the axe finally fell in May 1943, the authors
conclude, once again wartime expediency, in this case the arrival of American
diplomatic representative Joseph Davies in Moscow, was the precipitating
factor. However, they also note that despite the formal dissolution, little
really changed. In June, Dimitrov cabled party leaders around the world that
they should “continue to send information in the same way as heretofore” (p.
244). Moreover, ECCI or no ECCI, the “mental Comintern” still exerted a
powerful influence over Communist movements (p. 247).
Secret Cables does a splendid job in showing
Stalin’s personal dominance and manipulation of the Comintern in its final
decade, as well as the ECCI’s domination and manipulation of the thinking
and actions of Communist parties. The book likely will be of greatest value to
those who already have a solid grasp on the Communist International and its
history, but it has something to offer to anyone interest in Communist history
or in the diplomatic and political history of the 1930s and WWII.
Citation: Richard Spence. Review of Firsov,
Fridrikh I.; Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl, Secret Cables of the
Comintern, 1933-1943. H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews. December, 2014.
