terça-feira, 10 de maio de 2011

Dicionarios de economia: uma base de dados internacional - Daniele Besomi

Uma base de dados relativamente completa sobre todos os dicionários de economia compilados ao longo dos tês últimos séculos.

As one of the outcomes of a recent research, I have compiled a list of dictionaries of economics and related disciplines (about 650 titles for more than 1,100 different editions, from Choel's 1709 to today). I have posted it here:
http://www.danielebesomi.ch/dictionaries/bibliography.
As the above-mentioned work I undertook with some colleagues involved entries on crises and cycles and related subjects, a number of these (the copyright free ones) are also posted on the web site, at
http://www.danielebesomi.ch/dictionaries/crises_in_dictionaries/entries_crises/crises_entries.html.
This includes entries authored by writers such as Blanqui, Juglar, Tugan-Baranowsky, Edgeworth Mitchell, Spiethoff and others.

I hope this list of dictionaries and its sorting according to different criteria (chronological, by compiler, by size, language and scope) may be of some use: after all, dictionaries are not only reference sources for contemporaries, but taken as a whole they are precious witnesses for posterity concerning the moods, views, approaches, theories and styles of their epoch.

Although I have tried to produce a list as exhaustive as possible, I may have missed some items in the main European languages, and I have surely missed most in the languages of which I have no understanding. I would appreciate if you could communicate any relevant omission you may notice by means of this form:
http://www.danielebesomi.ch/dictionaries/submission_form/dictionaries_submission_form.php;
please only focus on monolingual dictionaries and ignore handbooks, textbooks etc. Thank you very much.

Best, Daniele Besomi

Um exemplo: Um Dicionário das Crises Econômicas:

Crises and cycles in dictionaries and encyclopedias

Abstracts
1. INTRODUCTION (DANIELE BESOMI)
This introductory chapter explains the rationale of dedicating an entire volume to the study of a specific subject—crises and cycles— as discussed in dictionaries and encyclopedia. The first lies in the nature of writings prepared for such reference works, a truly scientific-literary genre with its own specific features, in particular self-containedness, (relative) briefness, monographical and often educational character, and expert authorship, which make these entries of particular interest for historians of thought. Not only individual dictionary entries, some of which written by writers of absolute eminence, are informative on the subject and the views on the subject held at the time of writing, but taken as a whole such corpus of writings reflects the development of the understanding of the subject through almost two centuries of history of economic doctrines.

2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF ECONOMIC DICTIONARIES. AN ESSAY IN BIBLIOGRAPHY (DANIELE BESOMI)
This chapter outlines a history of specialized dictionaries in economics and allied disciplines, presenting them grouped by their scope in chronological order. The first dictionaries qualifying themselves as ‘economic’ were in reality concerned with practical arts and agriculture (18th and early 19th century). There followed a number of commercial and financial dictionaries in the 18th century and throughout the 19th century. The former eventually turned, early in the 20th century, into general business dictionaries, while financial dictionaries are still published nowadays. The first dictionary dedicated to political economy was published in 1826, it was followed by a dozen extensive works in the remainder of the century and a myriad of smaller sized works in the 20th century. Meanwhile more general dictionaries dedicated to social sciences also began to be published. In the late 20th century, a number of sectorial and biographical dictionaries also appeared. The chapter finally offers a quantitative survey of the distribution of dictionaries according to scope, size and language.

3. NAMING CRISES. A NOTE ON SEMANTICS AND CHRONOLOGY (DANIELE BESOMI)
This essay examines the main terms used to indicate crises, cycles and related phenomena since the early 18th century. Of each term are examined the etymology, the definitions and the (sometimes drastic) evolution of their usage in time, both in the general literature and in economic dictionaries. The terms are: Glut, Distress, Embarrassment, Stagnation, Panic, Bubble, Depression, Fluctuations, Recession, Crisis and Cycle. The latter two are those most widely used, and are thus discussed in more detail.

4. DICTIONARY RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE HISTORY OF THE THEORIES OF CRISES AND CYCLES. A META-TAXONOMY (DANIELE BESOMI)
This chapter surveys the classificatory approaches of business cycles and crises theories found in dictionary articles. These are found to belong to a surprisingly small number of types. At first, dictionary writers only cited the theories they wanted to disprove. Then (especially in Germany in the second half of the 19th century), writers were classified according to their acceptance, or rejection, of Say’s law, or depending on their political views. When cycles theories had completely displaced the previous emphasis on crises, the dividing line run through the ‘old’ or ‘new’ approaches (interwar years). Up to the 1950s, emphasis moved onto the classification of the causes of cycles, and a bit later on the formal properties of models. Finally, a more fundamental line of division was sought, considering theories in the context of different economic schools, or again with respect to the acceptance of Say’s law, or on the emphasis on endogenous or exogenous causes, or on the stability of equilibrium.

5. BETWEEN PROGRESS AND DECLINE: CRISES IN EARLY FRENCH DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS (1830–1840) (LUDOVIC FROBERT)
This chapter deals with the very first entries on ‘Crisis’ or ‘Crises’ in French encyclopaedias and dictionaries of the 1830s. It is during these years that the first dramatic and regular economic crises arose in the French economy. At the time, the analyses of this phenomenon were strictly associated with a wider reflection on the progress of the new industrial societies. That is why one could not hope to understand the early analyses of crisis without refering to the theme of Progress. In this chapter are presented four different visions of the relationship between crisis and Progress, as they were introduced by the main economic sects of the times: the Liberals, the Republicans, the Saint-Simonians, and the Fourierists.

6. THE ANALYSIS OF CRISES IN EARLY FRENCH DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS (DANIELE BESOMI)
This chapter examines the features of the 6 earliest articles on commercial crises published in economic dictionaries and in encyclopedias, 1835–42. It is noted that they offered the very first definitions of ‘crises’ found in the literature, although the conception was still rather trivial, as most of them saw crises as a disruption of the course of business. They admitted, however, endogenous as well as exogenous causes, but only some of them recognized some systematic character in their occurrence, and only one of these writers (Lemonnier) understood that they are a necessary consequence of technological advances and are therefore the price to pay for economic progress.

7. WILHELM ROSCHER’S CRISES THEORY: FROM PRODUCTION CRISES TO SALES CRISES (HARALD HAGEMANN)
In his early essay on production crises, which he later replaced by the term sales crises to characterize the essence of the disease, namely a lack of effective demand, Roscher made a very important argument. The consequence of the role of money as a store of value is the separation of the act of purchase and the act of sale. Although it had been the young John Stuart Mill, who first made this argument which is in the centre of all later critique of Say’s law, as for example in Marx and Keynes, Roscher put much more emphasis on that characteristic element of a monetary economy than the later Mill in his Principles. This makes Roscher’s essay a lasting contribution in the history of crises theories.

8. CHARLES COQUELIN: BANKING MONOPOLY AND COMMERCIAL CRISES (DANIELE BESOMI)
This chapter examines Charles Coquelin’s contribution to the theory of crises in his own and Guillemin’s Dictionnaire de l’économie politique (1852). The constantly operating cause he identified lies in the monopoly of the bank of issue. This causes a cumulation of tension within the system, as commercial banks deposit with the central bank the capitals they find difficult to place at remunerative rates thereby permitting the bank of issue to continuously expand its discounts, until the situation becomes too fragile to be sustained. Coquelin’s contribution is appreciated especially in terms of his epistemic reflections on the necessity of singling out a common cause that explains all the crises, laying the foundations for formulating a general law of crises.

9. COMMERCIAL CRISIS AND CREDIT IN THE FIRST SPANISH GENERAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA (1851–1855) (JESUS ASTIGARRAGA & JUAN ZABALZA)
The entries ‘Crédito’ and ‘Crisis comercial’ in the Enciclopedia moderna, the first Spanish general encyclopaedia, were drafted by J. J. Mora in the early 1850s. A large part of both entries was taken from a French mid-19th century commercial dictionary. Apart from the obvious aim of providing with information about the phenomena of commercial crisis and credit, Mora, who was a committed defender of free-trade, intended to place the analysis of commercial crisis and credit within the context of the debate on economic freedom and free trade that took place in Spain in the mid–19th century.

10. EXPECTATIONS AND CRISES IN AUGUSTE OTT’S DICTIONNAIRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES ET SOCIALES (1854) (DANIELE BESOMI)
In his Dictionnaire des sciences politiques et sociales (1854), Auguste Ott (an otherwise obscure systematizer of Philippe Buchez’s theory of social economic) contributed one of the few French criticisms of Say’s law, and formulated a theory of crises based on the systematic disappointment of expectations. These are formed on the grounds of limited information as to the the state of demand and supply, and are driven by the movement of prices. High prices are taken by entrepreneurs to indicate thriving demand, which indices them to increase production without realizing that other entrepreneurs are doing the same, thus causing an excess of production. Such emphasis on expectations was sixty years ahead of the modern treatment of this subject by the Swedes in the interwar years.

11. GEROLAMO BOCCARDO ON INTERNALLY GENERATED COMMERCIAL CRISES (1857) (DANIELE BESOMI)
Although Gerolamo Boccardo did not contribute an original theory of crises in his own Dizionario della economia politica (1857)—he relied, in fact, on the one formulated a few years earlied by Charles Coquelin— he introduced some interesting innovations. In particular, he examined the relationships between different kinds of crises (commercial, agricultural and industrial), and discussed the exogenous and endogenous character of crises not only in terms of their causes, but in terms of the possibility of theorizing them.

12. CLÉMENT JUGLAR 1863/1891: TRACKING AND INTERPRETING THE PERIODIC RETURN OF CRISES (CÉCILE DANGEL-HAGNAUER)
Although the ‘Juglar cycle’ is familiar to many people, even in the general public, Juglar’s actual contribution to the emergence of the theory of business cycles has been, to a large extent, ignored. His conception must indeed be dug out from the jumble of statistics and historical considerations contained in the two editions of his major work, Des crises commerciales et de leur retour périodique en France, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis. In contrast, the two entries examined here, published very shortly (in 1863 and 1891) after the publication of the two editions of the book (1862 and 1889), are concise and to the point. They also reflect the evolution of Juglar’s approach to the phenomenon of crises and their periodic return.

13. HENRY D. MACLEOD’S DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY: BRITAIN’S FIRST ABORTED ATTEMPT (CÉCILE DANGEL-HAGNAUER)
A controversial figure in the history of economics, Macleod is considered today as having made interesting contributions to the theory of money, credit, banking and finance. He is also the first Briton to have tried to publish a Dictionary of political economy. His attempt ended however in failure, as he never managed to go beyond the first volume, which contains nevertheless an entry on commercial crises. This entry provides an historical account of the crises that affected England in the century that preceded the publication of the Dictionary. It shows that Macleod had a good understanding of the role played by the central bank as lender of last resort, although the notion does not stand at the centre of his argument.

14. ADOLF WAGNER: ECONOMIC CRISES, CAPITALISM AND HUMAN NATURE (VITANTONIO GIOIA)
This chapter focuses on Wagner’s contribution to the theory of economic crises. In the entry Krisen of the Handwőrterbuch der Volkswirthschaftslehre (1866), Wagner rejects Roscher’s approach to this subject in order to reestablish the explicative meaning of Say’s law. According to Wagner, the causes of crises have to be looked for not in an alleged pathology or “structural defect” of the economic system, but in the consequences of human behaviour that turn the economic opportunities provided by the free-market into risky activities sustained by over-speculative attitudes.

15. EMILE DE LAVELEYE. ECONOMIC CRISES, CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIALISM (LUDOVIC FROBERT)
The aim of this chapter is to present Émile de Laveleye’s entry on commercial crisis published in La Grande Encyclopédie around 1890. Laveleye’s intuitions have to be analysed in the light of his whole intellectual project. It is particularly important to point out the link between his reflections on crises and, on the one hand, his Christian ethos, and on another hand, his involvement in Socialist movements. The chapter begins with a survey of Laveleye’s intellectual sources. Then his more general thesis is analysed, as presented in other essays, notably Primitive Property. Finally, their impact on his conception of commercial crisis is examined.

16. CRISES AND RELATED ENTRIES IN PALGRAVE’S DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, 1894-99 (PASCAL BRIDEL)
This chapter examines the four entries devoted to crisis, periodicity of crises, commercial and financial crises and over production published between 1894 and 1899 in the three-volume ‘old’ Palgrave Dictionary of Political Economy. Mainly descriptive and historical in nature, these entries do not seem curiously to give an appropriate account of the complexity and richness of trade cycle theory in England at the time. Even if Jevons’s solar spot theory and Mills ‘credit cycle’ are looming large, no theoretical use of these attempts at finding an endogenous explanation of the periodicity/regularity of cycles are properly reported in any of these entries. These entries seem in fact to display the dominant approach as to the unimportance of crises and hence of a proper theory of crisis ‘which is not of great permanent importance’. As ‘spasmodic symptoms and not symptoms of any serious and continuous diseases’, crises should not be brought ‘under some legislative remedy’. Moreover, the logical impossibility of over production adds to the idea that a systematic theoretical explanation of crises in terms of regular and recurrent cycles is not possible, indeed necessary: ‘events so exceptional defy regulation’ and hence theoretical explanations.

17. FROM CRISES TO CYCLES: TUGAN-BARANOVSKY AND THE BROCKHAUS-EFRON (1895–1915) (FRANÇOIS ALLISSON)
This chapter examines Tugan-Baranovsky's entries on economic crises in the successive editions of Brockhaus-Efron, the landmark encyclopedic dictionary in Tsarist Russia. These entries were published in 1895 and 1915, one year after the first Russian edition of his masterpiece, /Industrial crises in England/ (1894), and one year after its third Russian edition (1914). The evolution of these entries, together with the specific nature of encyclopedic writing (brevity, objectivity), allow to study the development of Tugan-Baranovsky's thought on economic fluctuations. This comparative analysis clearly shows a profound terminological shift from crises to cycles: crises are no longer just periodic accidents, but a normal phase of any capitalist economy.

18. HEINRICH HERKNER: INEQUALITY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, OVERCAPITALISATION AND UNDERCONSUMPTION (HARALD HAGEMANN)
In his essay on crises in Conrad’s Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (1892–1910), Heinrich Herkner, who succeeded Gustav Schmoller on his chair at the University of Berlin as well as in the role of chairman of the Verein für Sozialpolitik, gave a meritorious summary of the different explanations of crises. In his own interpretation Herkner favours theoretical approaches, as those given by Sismondi and Lexis, which put emphasis on the negative consequences of a great inequality of income distribution leading to overcapitalisation and underconsumption. For Herkner an appropriate therapy of the crises problem therefore is strongly linked to the solving of the ‘labour question’ by raising the capability of the masses to consume.

19. WILHELM LEXIS: CRISES AND OVERPRODUCTION (HARALD HAGEMANN)
Wilhelm Lexis, a demographer and outstanding mathematical statistician who is still remembered for the Lexis diagram and his dispersion theory, wrote many articles on consumption, crises and overproduction. For Lexis the relation between production and consumption in the economy is a decisive issue. In contrast to the optimistic views of Say, Ricardo and Mill, Lexis held the view that a general overproduction can arise temporarily in a capitalist economy. He identifies the crisis as the turning point in which the excesses of the former boom are corrected. In his explanation of general overproduction Lexis points out that excess supply on some goods markets reduces labour demand which then lowers the purchasing power of workers and thereby indirectly enhances excess supply of consumption goods. Lexis thus discusses spillover and feedback effects which indicates that the had a general equilibrium system in mind.

20. ARTHUR SPIETHOFF: FROM ECONOMIC CRISES TO BUSINESS CYCLE THEORY (VITANTONIO GIOIA)
The chapter examines the role of the Krisen entry by Spiethoff (Handwőrterbuch der Staatswissenschaften) in the making and the diffusion of the theory of business cycles. Spiethoff’s statement that “cyclical upswings and downswing are the evolutionary forms of a highly developed capitalist system” defines his field of inquiry. His analysis, endowed with an innovative methodological approach, is devoted to a radical critique both against orthodox theory, rooted in Say’s law, and against authors such as Malthus, Sismondi, Lauderdale, etc., who consider the economic crises as symptoms of the pathology of capitalism. His peculiar reflection on the role of overproduction provides a rich explanation of the antithetic stimuli characterizing capitalistic dynamics.

21. KOYNUS’S ‘ECONOMIC CONJUNCTURE’ IN THE GRANAT ENCYCLOPEDIA (VINCENT BARNETT)
This chapter discusses the entry on ‘Economic Conjuncture’ by A.A. Konyus in the Russian/Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Granat Bibliographical Institute, published in fifty-eight volumes between 1910 and 1948. It summarises the basic approach of the entry as empirically and statistically orientated, being concerned with describing the observable features of business cycles, in direct comparison with similar work undertaken by Wesley Mitchell. It then outlines the use made in the entry of work by both Russian and Western economists. Konyus’s long career from the 1910s to the 1980s is also considered.

22. W.C. MITCHELL, A. BURNS AND T. HAAVELMO ON BUSINESS CYCLES: THE TWO ENCYCLOPAEDIAS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES (1930-1935 AND 1968) (FRANCESCO ASSO AND LUCA FIORITO)
This chapter discusses the entries on business cycles contained in the Encyclopaedia of the social sciences (ESS) and the International encyclopaedia of the social sciences (IESS). The ESS and the IESS were published, respectively, in 1930-35 and in 1968 and their treatment of business fluctuations presents both relevant elements of continuity and discontinuity. The major element of continuity is represented by the main entries on business cycles authored by Wesley Clair Mitchell for the ESS and Arthur Burns for the IESS. Both authors were affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research and their presentations of business cycles can be seen as two different steps in the development of the so called NBER method. The major element of discontinuity is the inclusion, by the IESS, of a specific entry on “Mathematical models of business cycles” authored by Trygve Haavelmo. Differently from the more “empirical” discussion proposed by Burns, Haavelmo deals with cycles from a strictly analytical point of view, distinguishing between those models which treat the cycle as a consequence of endogenous (closed models) or exogenous disturbances (open models). Moreover, Haavelmo considers the possibility that cyclical behavior may be produced because “the driving force is itself cyclical” (“forced oscillation”) or because “of the particular ways in which the economic system responds to the stimulating forces” (“free oscillations”). The chapter also offers some general presentation of the main features of the two editorial enterprises which hosted these original contributions on cycles.

23. TINBERGEN ON DYNAMICS AND CONJUNCTURE IN STRIDIRON’S BEDRIJFSECONOMISCHE ENCYCLOPEDIE (PETER RODENBURG)
This chapter investigates the way business cycle theory was presented to a bigger audience of non-technical practitioners and businessmen, in economic dictionaries in the Netherlands. In the Netherlands thinking about business cycles was obviously dominated by Jan Tinbergen, as he was by far the greatest authority in this field. The chapter will therefore focus on Jan Tinbergen’s contributions to the Bedrijfseconomische encyclopedie of 1947. The chapter argues that, though the Bedrijfseconomische encyclopedie was perhaps less influential as one might expect on the basis of its considerable seize and big names, it clearly exemplified and popularized Tinbergen’s view on business cycles, even though they were contested in small circles in the Netherlands, most notably by Jan Goudriaan.

24. NIKOLAI KONDRATIEV AND LONG WAVES IN RECENT DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPAEDIAS (FRANCISCO LOUÇÃ)
This chapter summarizes the three stages in the debate on the long waves of capitalist development. Firstly, the debate on business cycles was introduced by Clément Juglar, and almost immediately by a number of statisticians who claimed to have detected longer cycles: Aftalion, Lescure, Parvus, De Wolff, Van Gelderen and Kondratiev, whose works created a new research programme. The second stage was dominated by Schumpeter?s efforts to disseminate the notion of long waves, although others followed him, namely the founders of econometrics, such as Frisch and Tinbergen, or discussed the statistical evidence, as Mitchell and Kuznets. Finally, the modern debates are surveyed as they are evoked in different dictionaries, including the contributions of Solomou, Mensch, Mandel, Reijnders, Tylecote, Freeman and others.

25. POLITICAL BUSINESS CYCLES (JAN-PETER OLTERS)
In surveying the exceptionally extensive and conceptually heterogeneous literature on political business cycles (PBCs), encyclopaedic entries have quite consistently referred to the (presumed) inflationary bias of democratic systems. Internalising voters’ responsiveness to the (expected) state of the economy and designing economic policies on that premise, policymakers are presumed to add elements of instability to the market. While mainstream economics has largely ignored these strategic manipulations of the economy—clearly sub-optimal from a social-welfare perspective—, PBC contributions succeeded in deriving policy recommendations aimed at depoliticising economic (monetary) policy, thus influencing critically the design of economic reforms in recent decades.

26. NONLINEAR BUSINESS CYCLES IN RECENT DICTIONARIES (GIORGIO COLACCHIO)
This chapter surveys the entries dedicated to nonlinear business cycles in both specialised and non specialised dictionaries. In their chronological succession, they reflect the theoretical change that was taking place in the field of economic dynamics: the transition from the study of nonlinear cycles to that of complex dynamics. While in the earliest entries (early 1970s to mid 1980s) the main stress fell on more or less regular cycles, in the latest ones (particularly since the early 1990s) the scene is almost completely dominated by the new issues and techniques involved in the study of nonlinear dynamical systems, and by the problematic relationship between theoretical outcomes and actual time-series data.

27. REAL BUSINESS CYCLES IN RECENT DICTIONARIES (MARC PILKINGTON)
The dictionary entries we set out to analyse in this chapter espouse the definitional aspects and the stylized facts related to real business cycles in the academic literature. We also investigate how these entries describe the very nature of the shocks under scrutiny. It is a well-accepted fact that real business cycle theory performs the conceptual integration of growth and economic fluctuations by renewing the methodology of empirical macroeconomic research, notably through the calibration method. Dictionary entries have accounted for this evolving research methodology in various and sometimes surprising ways. Our select entries shed light on a range of concerns that are necessary to understand the ramifications, the objectives, the methodology and the modern advances in RBC theory. Some of them can even serve as a stepping stone for a renewed framework assessment insofar as they contain implicit critical views as well as a blueprint for further theoretical perspectives of development.

28. BACK TO CRISES. POST-WAR DICTIONARIES AND THE RESILIENCE OF AN OLD CATEGORY (DANIELE BESOMI AND GIORGIO COLACCHIO)
Although the notion of ‘crisis’ was first subsumed under the idea of ‘cycle’ and eventually expurgated from economic terminology, the term continues to exist and occasionally makes it to economic dictionaries. This chapter surveys its usage in post-war dictionaries, beginning from some linguistic and national peculiarities—in particular, the term ‘crises’ is practically interchangeable with ‘cycles’ in French language, while in German crises is used to indicate the Marxist approach as opposed to bourgeois analysis. As to the interpretation of the concept, some writers interpret crises as a pathological deviations from ‘normal’ fluctuations, while some historical and political dictionaries associate crises to qualitative or systemic changes. In economic dictionaries, the entries trying to qualify crises as autonomous from the idea of cycle are extremely rare: we have found only two, one stressing the different logical nature of these concepts, the other emphasizing that crises cannot be encompassed by calculable mechanistic models. We conclude with some reflections on the complex relationship between crises and cycles.

29. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPECIALISED DICTIONARIES OF ECONOMICS AND RELATED SUBJECTS (ALSO INCLUDING THE GENERAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS CITED IN THE TEXT) (DANIELE BESOMI)
This chapter offers a general bibliography of dictionaries of economics and related subjects, in so far as they contain a significant portion of economic entries, organized by compilers and by title, reporting all the relevant bibliographic data and retracing the editorial history. This bibliography was compiled by systematically searching library catalogues in the main European languages, with the aid of the secondary literature and existing bibliographies on specialized dictionaries. It contains over 660 titles for a total of more than 1100 editions.

Cupula dos Paises Pobres 2011: nos vemos de novo em 2021...

OK, pessoal: assim que terminar esta cúpula, já podemos marcar a próxima, uma outra, em mais dez anos.
Ou seja, nos encontramos em 2021 em ??? (bem, isso é um detalhe...)
Não importa onde seja, em 2021 haverá tantos países pobres quanto agora, talvez um ou dois a menos, sendo que os que se retirarem dessa categoria vergonhosa de "superpobres" em nada o deverão a cúpulas semelhantes, à ajuda internacional, à caridade das nações ricas, ou à assistência de ONGSs humanitárias, organizações de cooperação ao desenvolvimento e tutti quanti envolvidos nessa vergonhosa, inútil, dispendiosa e mistificadora ajuda internacional ao desenvolvimento.
Os que se safarem da vergonhosa condição deverão isso aos seus próprios esforços.
Os que persistirem em serem ajudados, continuarão pobres.
As simple as that...
Quando é que onusianos, humanistas, voluntários, multilateralistas e outras almas caridosas aprenderão que assistência ao desenvolvimento apenas perpetua a pobreza?
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Comienza cumbre de ONU sobre países pobres
AP, El universal (Mexico), 09/05/2011

Estabul – Una conferencia de las Naciones Unidas para dar asistencia a los países más pobres del mundo comenzó el lunes en medio de las advertencias sobre las amenazas que representan las alzas en los precios de los alimentos y los combustibles para las clases más vulnerables.

También hubo exhortos para aprovechar oportunidades de inversión en los países menos desarrollados.

El secretario general de las Naciones Unidas, Ban Ki-moon, y unos ocho mil delegados asisten a la conferencia sobre los países menos desarrollados, categoría que abarca a 48 naciones, de las cuales 33 están en África, 14 en Asia y una -Haití- en América.

Según los organizadores de la conferencia, este grupo de naciones representa casi 13% de la población global pero apenas 1% del comercial mundial.

No obstante, algunos de los países menos desarrollados (PMN) han tenido en los últimos años tasas de crecimiento relativamente altas. “Invertir en los países menos desarrollados no es caridad, es una oportunidad para todos” , expresó Ban.

“Las inversiones en los PMN podrían ser el estímulo para impulsar y sostener la recuperación económica global” .

La Unión Europea fue anfitriona de la anterior conferencia de este tipo que se realizó en 2001 en Bruselas. Ban afirmó que fue crucial para garantizar la supervisión a largo plazo de los compromisos de asistencia que efectuaron las economías desarrolladas y emergentes.

“Hemos recibido muchos compromisos generosos en el pasado, pero no todos se han concretado” , aseguró.

“Por ende, una rendición de cuentas será muy importante” .Turquía asumió los costos de los viajes de 11 delegados de cada una de las 48 naciones más pobres para que asistieran a la conferencia en Estambul, en la que también participan representantes de organizaciones de asistencia, legisladores, académicos y ejecutivos de empresas.

Chegando ao chefe da quadrilha?: sim e nao...

Certamente que esta é a conclusão lógica, aliás a única racionalmente admissível.
Mas, provavelmente, a pusilanimidade de juízes togados, de políticos comprometidos e de altos burocratas covardes vai deixar passar a oportunidade de se fazer efetivamente justiça no país.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Procurador gaúcho responsabiliza Lula por mensalão
Rudolfo Lago
Congresso em Foco, 09/05/2011

No último dia 17 de abril, o procurador da República Manoel Pastana encaminhou ao procurador geral da República representação em que responsabiliza o ex-presidente pela existência do mensalão

Ao fazer a investigação e elaborar a peça acusatória que baseia a ação penal sobre o mensalão, que tramita no Supremo Tribunal Federal, a Procuradoria Geral da República livrou o ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva de responsabilidade sobre os fatos que marcaram o seu primeiro mandato. O procurador da República no Rio Grande do Sul Manoel Pastana, no entanto, agora quer modificar essa situação. No dia 17 de abril, ele encaminhou ao procurador geral da República, Roberto Gurgel, uma representação em que pede a responsabilização criminal de Lula pela existência do mensalão. O Congresso em Foco teve acesso exclusivo à representação.

Para Pastana, há provas da responsabilidade do ex-presidente na montagem do esquema de captação e distribuição de recursos para aliados que ficou conhecido como mensalão. A assessoria de Lula foi procurada, mas não prestou nenhum esclarecimento à reportagem do Congresso em Foco.

As provas, segundo Pastana, vêm de um conjunto de acontecimentos e atos do governo Lula iniciados em setembro de 2003, que se estenderam até setembro de 2004. Nesse período, o governo criou as condições para o BMG – banco por onde circulou o dinheiro do mensalão, pelas contas do publicitário Marcos Valério de Souza – administrar crédito consignado para aposentados da Previdência, faturando R$ 3 bilhões.

Clique aqui para ler a representação de Manoel Pastana na íntegra

O procurador baseia-se no conteúdo de duas tomadas de contas do Tribunal de Contas da União (TC nº 012.633/2005-8 e TC nº 014.276/2005-2) e do Inquérito Civil Público nº 1.16.000.001672/2004-59, da Procuradoria da República no Distrito Federal. Esses documentos deram origem, no dia 15 de janeiro de 2011, a uma ação de improbidade administrativa ajuizada contra Lula e o ex-ministro da Previdência Amir Lando.

“O objetivo da presente representação é instar a promoção da responsabilidade criminal do Sr. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, uma vez que as responsabilidades civil e administrativa são objeto da ação de improbidade há pouco ajuizada”, diz Pastana, na representação.

Para ele, os dados constantes dos documentos do Tribunal de Contas e do Inquérito Civil Público trazem “fatos gravíssimos” ligados ao mensalão. “Foi o ex-Presidente Lula quem praticou atos materiais que fomentaram esse gigantesco esquema criminoso, e sem a presença dele na ação penal, o STF não terá elementos para condenar os líderes, mormente os autores intelectuais do esquema criminoso, pois estes não praticaram atos materiais e não deixaram rastros. Do jeito que está, apenas os integrantes braçais da “sofisticada organização criminosa” (o mensalão no dizer da denúncia levada ao STF) serão condenados” continua.

Cartas da Previdência

De acordo com Pastana, as provas que responsabilizam Lula vêm do conjunto de atitudes do governo que culminaram com o envio, em setembro de 2004, de mais de dez milhões de cartas a aposentados do INSS. As cartas, com timbre da Presidência e assinadas pelo próprio Lula e por Amir Lando, informavam sobre a existência do sistema de crédito consignado administrado pelo BMG. Como consequência, o banco, com apenas dez agências no país, faturou mais de R$ 3 bilhões em contratos de empréstimos com os aposentados. Além do BMG, o único banco habilitado a também operar tais empréstimos era a Caixa Econômica Federal, que tem mais de duas mil agências espalhadas pelo país. Graças à carta de Lula, o BMG obteve lucro maior que a Caixa.

O benefício ao BMG no processo já estava anotado na denúncia inicial do mensalão. “Ficou comprovado que o Banco BMG foi flagrantemente beneficiado por ações do núcleo político-partidário, que lhe garantiram lucros bilionários na operacionalização de empréstimos consignados de servidores públicos, pensionistas e aposentados do INSS, partir de 2003, quando foi editada a Medida Provisória nº 130, de 17.09.03, dispondo sobre o desconto de prestações em folha de pagamento dos servidores públicos e também autorizando o INSS a regulamentar o desconto de empréstimos bancários a seus segurados”, diz a Ação 470, em trâmite no STF.

“O que a denúncia do mensalão não apontou e agora está categoricamente demonstrada, mediante provas robustas, é a participação decisiva do ex-Presidente Lula na trama arquitetada para favorecer o banco BMG com tais empréstimos”, diz Pastana agora, na representação.

Para que o BMG conseguisse operar o crédito consignado, diz o procurador gaúcho, “violaram-se regras elementares que norteiam a Administração Pública”. O primeiro ato relativo ao crédito consignado foi a Medida Provisória 130, de 17 de setembro de 2003. Ela permite a criação da modalidade de empréstimos descontados em folha de pagamento a segurados do INSS. Para Pastana, a concessão de empréstimos bancários não caberia nos critérios de urgência e relevância que devem nortear a edição de uma MP.

Parecer da Procuradoria Federal do INSS, logo depois da edição da MP 130 determinava que a concessão de empréstimos só poderia ser feita por instituições que fossem pagadoras dos benefícios. “ Tal exigência jogou por terra a pretensão do banco BMG, pois ele não é pagador de benefício”, descreve Pastana.

O presidente Lula baixa, então, o decreto nº 5.180/2004, que permitia a qualquer instituição financeira conceder o empréstimo, “independentemente de ser ou não responsável pelo pagamento do benefício”. Estava aberto o caminho para o BMC, que, logo depois, requereu a sua habilitação.

No dia 29 de setembro de 2004, é enviada aos aposentados a carta assinada por Lula e Amir Lando. Na carta, o presidente e o ministro informam que o Congresso Nacional havia aprovado a lei do empréstimo consignado e que Lula a sancionava. “Com isso, você e milhões de outros beneficiários (as) passam a ter o direito de obter empréstimos cujo valor da prestação pode ser de até 30% do seu benefício mensal. Você poderá pagar o empréstimo com juros entre 1,75% e 2,9% ao mês”, informava a correspondência.Ocorre, porém, destaca Pastana na representação, que o crédito consignado já vinha sendo concedido pela Caixa Econômica Federal desde a edição da medida provisória, um ano antes. Na prática, só havia uma diferença com relação à situação de 2003: o BMG passara a emprestar também.

A intenção inicial era enviar 17 milhões de cartas aos segurados. Efetivamente, foram postadas 10.657.233 cartas, até dezembro de 2004, quando o INSS suspendeu a operação. O custo de produção e de postagem ficou em R$ 9526.070,54. “Por considerar a conduta ilegal, pois teria a finalidade de fazer promoção pessoal do ex-Presidente da República e de favorecer o banco BMG, a Procuradoria da República no Distrito Federal aviou ação de improbidade administrativa contra o ex-Presidente Lula e o ex-Ministro da Previdência Amir Lando, objetivando a responsabilização administrativa e o ressarcimento ao erário do valor utilizado na produção e remessa das cartas”, aponta Pastana.

Banco do mensalão

O procurador gaúcho relaciona tais denúncias com o fato de ser o BMG um dos bancos por onde circulou o dinheiro do mensalão. Ele lembra que o último relatório da Polícia Federal sobre o caso mostra que o BMG não apenas fez os empréstimos ao PT, que são a base do mensalão, mas emprestou também a três empresas que também teriam envolvimento com o esquema.

Essa sequência de fatos fez com que fosse instaurado o inquérito civil público contra Lula e Amir Lando. Ele, porém, só apura a responsabilidade administrativa e civil do ex-presidente. Pastana quer também responsabilizá-lo criminalmente, daí sua representação. Para ele, o inquérito civil pública, pela primeira vez aponta oficialmente Lula “como envolvido em trama que está relacionada diretamente ao esquema do mensalão”.

“Com efeito, considerando que a ação de improbidade busca a responsabilidade civil-administrativa do ex-Presidente Lula, faz-se necessário perquirir a responsabilidade penal. Esta até com maior razão, pois, sem a presença do ex-presidente na ação penal do mensalão, fica impossível responsabilizar os líderes (autores intelectuais) do maior esquema criminoso de todos os tempos”, argumenta.

Embora Lula não seja mais Presidente da República, a atribuição é do Procurador-Geral da República (promotor natural do Presidente da República), porque os fatos estão diretamente ligados ao processo criminal do mensalão, que está em curso no Supremo Tribunal Federal, onde só o procurador-geral da República pode agir, explica Pastana.

Colaborou Eduardo Militão

Crimes de guerra, jurisdicao universal: Ruandeses no banco dos reus na Alemanha

A Test for Universal Jurisdiction
War Crimes in Africa on Trial in Germany
Der Speigel, 9/05/2011

The trial of two Rwandan rebel leaders accused of ordering war crimes in eastern Congo opened in Stuttgart on Wednesday. Human rights activists are watching the proceedings closely. They are seen as a vital test of the principal of universal jurisdiction, which allow war criminals to be tried anywhere in the world.

Congolese soldiers in a military base in early 2009 preparing for an offensive against the Democratic Force for the Liberation of Rwanda.

The first hearing of an unprecedented trial in Stuttgart recessed briefly on Wednesday when the defense team for Ignace Murwanashyaka, 47, and Straton Musoni, 49, questioned the fairness of the proceedings. And they are indeed unusual -- a trial focusing on war crimes committed in Africa is hardly an everyday occurance in Germany.

The court, though, allowed it to proceed -- thus kicking off a significant test of the principle of universal jurisdiction.
Murwanashyaka and Musoni stand accused of ordering atrocities carried out by a Hutu militia, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), in 2008 and 2009. Both men were in Europe at the time. "They stand accused of controlling the strategy and tactics of the FDLR from Germany," a statement by a higher regional court in Stuttgart said. "In this capacity they're supposed to have been responsible for 26 crimes against humanity and 39 war crimes" committed by their militias in the Decmoratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Another rebel leader, Callixte Mbarushimana, faces similar charges before the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, Netherlands. He was transferred from French exile to The Hague earlier this year.

Universal Jurisdiction

Both trials rest on the Statute of the International Criminal Court, some aspects of which the German government has written into its national code. Human Rights Watch said the Stuttgart trial will test the principle of universal jurisdiction, which claims that some crimes -- like genocide, extrajudicial executions, and enforced disappearances -- can be tried anywhere in the world "because of their sheer gravity."

Stuttgart prosecutors argue that Murwanashyaka and Musoni directly ordered the burning of Congolese villages, the murder of 200 civilians, "large numbers" of rapes, the recruitment of child soldiers and the use of human shields -- all from Germany, using laptops and mobile phones.
The FDLR is a militia consisting largely of Hutus who fled Rwanda after the genocide of some 800,000 ethnic Tutsis in 1994. (All three accused leaders are Hutus.) The group has consolidated across the Congolese border, where it controls some gold mines and roads. Its aim is to topple the Tutsi-dominated government in Rwanda.

When the atrocities took place, UN-backed Congolese and Rwandan forces had moved against FDLR camps in the Congolese forest.

The Rumsfeld Principle
The "universal jurisdiction" principle was also invoked in a lawsuit brought by a German attorney in 2006 against Donald Rumsfeld, the former US secretary of defense. The suit alleges that he was responsible for violations of the UN Convention Against Torture in prisons at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay. The Pentagon has belittled the case as a "frivolous lawsuit," and Rumsfeld has never exposed himself to it by visiting Germany.

The Rwandan case is slightly different -- it's a criminal complaint -- but like the Rumsfeld suit it rests on the Code of Crimes Against International Law, a section of German code adopted from ICC law in 2002.

Wolfgang Kaleck is a Berlin lawyer who brought the suit against Rumsfeld and other members of the administration of President George W. Bush. He also runs the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, and he commented on the Stuttgart case to SPIEGEL ONLINE. "Of course it's preferable to hold a trial like this in the DRC," he said, "but it's questionable whether the wartime government in Congo can hold a fair trial. So in cases like this it's a positive development that we can try them in Germany, or anywhere in Europe."

He added that the Stuttgart case was made stronger by the fact that the defendants allegedly gave orders from Germany. "In that sense Germany is also a scene of the crime," he said.

Brasil: pais desenvolvido (ao que parece, ou no parecer da UE...)

UE vai eliminar privilégios comerciais ao Brasil a partir de 2014
Jamil Chade
O Estado de S.Paulo, 9/05/2011

A União Europeia anunciará amanhã o fim de privilégios comerciais ao Brasil a partir de 2014, com o argumento de que o País já não é uma economia pobre e não haveria justificativa para manter os benefícios. O plano marcará o fim de 40 anos de um sistema que permitia ao Brasil exportar para o mercado europeu em melhores condições. Mas acima de tudo escancara uma nova etapa da inserção do País na economia mundial.

A Europa concedia o privilégio a mais de 150 países, no valor de quase 50 bilhões de euros em produtos que entravam no continente com tarifas aduaneiras menores. A meta era ajudar os países pobres a incrementar sua participação no comércio mundial. Agora, a UE acredita que esses benefícios devem ficar limitados aos países mais pobres.

A meta é de que, a partir de 2014, apenas as 90 economias mais pobres do planeta sejam beneficiadas. Brasil, além de China, Índia, África do Sul e outros emergentes, passariam a ser excluídos. A UE deve usar a classificação do Banco Mundial de países de renda média como base para a exclusão.

Quem perderá mais será a Índia, que tem 50% de suas exportações aos europeus beneficiadas pela redução de tarifas aduaneiras desde 1971. No total, as vendas que não tiveram taxas cobradas chegaram a 13 bilhões de euros. Bangladesh é o segundo maior beneficiário.

Mas o Brasil é o quinto maior beneficiário do sistema, com exportações dentro do esquema avaliadas em 3,4 bilhões de euros. Hoje, 12% das exportações brasileiras aos europeus se beneficiam das isenções, entre eles produtos têxteis, químicos, máquinas, autopeças e mesmo alguns produtos agrícolas.

Nos últimos meses, o Itamaraty fez um lobby para tentar não perder os privilégios. Mas fontes dentro da chancelaria acreditam que se trata de uma briga perdida. Na prática, a UE promove o Brasil a uma nova condição e cria uma diferenciação entre a economia nacional e os demais países em desenvolvimento.

Resistências. Por enquanto, a reunião da UE para tratar do assunto apenas apresentará a proposta. O comissário de Comércio da Europa, Karel de Gucht, espera a aprovação das medidas no final do ano. Mas dentro da própria UE, há quem resista a acabar com os privilégios, entre eles, países que mantêm relações estratégias com a América Latina.

O governo da Itália é outro que se queixou da saída de alguns países do acordo, o que significaria maior custo aos importadores. Há ainda quem tema que a Europa será vista como adotando medidas protecionistas.

Mas a esperança da Gucht é de que o fim dos privilégios force países que perderão os benefícios a pensar em fechar acordos de livre comércio com a UE. Mas, desta vez, para ter acesso facilitado ao mercado europeu, parceiros comerciais terão de abrir seus próprios mercados. Há mais de dez anos o Mercosul negocia um acordo comercial com a UE, sem sucesso.

A Europa será apenas a primeira a adotar o fim dos privilégios ao Brasil. O governo japonês já indicou que também suspenderá benefícios e, nos Estados Unidos, o Congresso já revê as preferência que concede às exportações brasileiras.

Ufanismo. Já o governo estima que americanos, europeus e japoneses apenas estão usando a expansão da economia brasileira como mais uma desculpa para manter suas barreiras e frear as exportações nacionais. Diante da nova realidade, a diplomacia brasileira agora é obrigada a reverter o discurso e alertar que, na realidade, ainda enfrenta desafios sociais e econômicos importantes.

O tom ufanista foi trocado por um que tem como função explicitar a falta de competitividade do setor industrial nacional. De tanto anunciar que seria a quinta maior economia do mundo em poucos anos, países ricos passaram a usar justamente esse argumento para alegar que não há mais porque tratar o Brasil de forma diferenciada.

Em reuniões da OMC com americanos e europeus, o Itamaraty já começou a explorar os problemas no País para justificar a manutenção de tarifas de importação e para pedir concessões dos ricos. Um dos exemplos é o acúmulo do superávit comercial, que passou de US$ 46,5 bilhões em 2006 para US$ 14,5 bilhões nos primeiros dez meses de 2010.

No setor industrial, o governo insiste que o superávit de 2006, de US$ 14,6 bilhões, se reverteu em um buraco de US$ 35,3 bilhões em 2010. Uma mudança de quase US$ 50 bilhões em apenas quatro anos. Com os Estados Unidos, o superávit de US$ 7 bilhões se transformou em um buraco de US$ 9 bilhões no setor industrial. Segundo o governo, as exportações industriais aos Estados Unidos caíram em 40%, contra um aumento das importações vindas de empresas americanas de 51%.

Os passaportes vermelhos ficaram um pouco pálidos...

Eu não diria cor-de-rosa, pois a turma do GLTBs (ou VGLTs, ou GLTVBs, whatever) poderia implicar comigo, acusando-me de preconceito (ainda que eles prefiram exibir uma bandeira arco-iris, sei lá...).
Eu acho que esses passaportes vermelhos estão ficando levemente pálidos, ou furta-cor, ou descoloridos, enfim, vocês escolhem.
É o que me parece, s.m.j. (salvo melhor juízo, para os pouco entendidos nessas coisas...).
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Itamaraty defende concessão de passaportes para parentes de Lula
Folha Olhine, 9/05/2011

O Itamaraty divulgou nota nesta segunda-feira defendendo, de forma indireta, sua decisão de não recolher os passaportes diplomáticos dos quatro filhos e três netos do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. O Ministério Público Federal no Distrito Federal avaliou que os passaportes concedidos aos parentes de Lula foram dados de forma irregular e pediu, em ofício encaminhado ao Itamaraty, a devolução dos documentos. O prazo terminou no final de abril, mas a pasta decidiu não recolher os passaportes.

Todos os passaportes diplomáticos expedidos pelo Ministério das Relações Exteriores até 24 de janeiro de 2011 foram concedidos em estrito cumprimento às regras do Decreto nº 5.978/2006. Não existem, no entendimento deste Ministério, quaisquer elementos que justifiquem questionamentos à motivação ou à legalidade dos referidos atos”, diz trecho da nota.
A Procuradoria agora vai à justiça para que os passaportes sejam cancelados.

Após a revelação da Folha, em janeiro, de que os passaportes haviam sido concedidos em caráter excepcional, por suposto “interesse do país”, as regras para concessão do documento foram alteradas num portaria publicada no dia 24 de janeiro. De acordo com a nota do Itamaraty, a portaria, no entanto, “não torna ilegais as concessões de passaportes já realizadas”.

Entre 2006 e 2010, foram concedidos 328 passaportes diplomáticos sob a alegação de “interesse do país”. Na avaliação do Ministério Público, somente os passaportes concedidos à família de Lula foram dados de forma irregular. A Folha revelou que, no fim de 2010, três netos e outros quatro filhos do ex-presidente –Marcos Cláudio Lula da Silva, 39, e Luís Cláudio Lula da Silva, 25, Fábio Luís Lula da Silva, 35, e Sandro Luís Lula da Silva, 32,– receberam o superpassaporte. O passaporte da filha de Lula, Lurian Cordeiro da Silva, não está mais válido.

Paulistas, voces pagam para viver no capitalismo neoliberal e nao sabiam...

Paulistas, paulistanos, paulisteiros e outros cidadãos que pagam impostos (mesmo sem o saber) na jurisdição territorial do Estado de São Paulo:

Vocês provavelmente pensavam que estavam a salvo das piores loucuras acadêmicas que pululam nas universidades federais administradas pelos acadêmicos gramscianos do MEC e da Capes, não é mesmo?
Pois vocês se enganaram.
Vejam o tipo de projeto e de bolsa de estudos que a FAPESP, a entidade de fomento à pesquisa acadêmica no estado, está incentivando para ser conduzido com toda a seriedade requerida dos grandes projetos científicos.
Aposto que os responsáveis pela FAPESP o fizeram para ser politicamente corretos...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Bolsa de pesquisa pós-doutoral em Ciência Política
FAPESP Ref.: 08/57112-7
http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/projetos-tematicos/7208/politica-classes-sociais-capitalismoneoliberal/
Projeto: Política e classes sociais no capitalismo neoliberal
Pesquisadores principais: Maria Orlanda Pinassi; Leda Maria Paulani
Investigador Principal: Armando Boito Júnior (Centro de Estudos Marxistas (Cemarx) – Unicamp
Início: 01 de Maio de 2010
Término: 30 de Abril de 2014

Resumo: O presente projeto de pesquisa analisa o processo político e os conflitos sociais do período de vigência do modelo capitalista neoliberal no Brasil bem como a posição social e política que os diferentes setores da sociedade brasileira passaram a ocupar no novo modelo econômico e na nova estrutura de poder vigente no país. A hipótese da pesquisa é que o processo político brasileiro deve ser analisado, principalmente, como a resultante de conflitos de classes, de frações de classe e de camadas sociais diversas, nas condições dadas por um país dependente, industrializado e que transitava de um regime de ditadura militar para um regime democrático. O projeto irá tomar em consideração tanto o bloco no poder, integrado por diferentes setores da burguesia brasileira e pelo capital estrangeiro presente na economia do país, quanto as classes trabalhadoras - as classes médias, o operario fabril, o campesinato e a massa marginal da população trabalhadora, fração que cresceu muito desde a implantação do neoliberalismo. A análise do bloco no poder irá contemplar as relações complexas das diferentes frações da classe capitalista com a política econômica do estado e com o regime político vigente. A análise das classes trabalhadoras será feita principalmente através da análise dos movimentos sociais e de suas relações com o estado e com a política social dos sucessivos governos do período de vigência do modelo capitalista neoliberal - o sindicalismo operário, o sindicalismo de classe média, o movimento estudantil, o movimento altermundialista, a luta do campesinato pobre pela terra e do campesinato remediado pela garantia de preço, assistência técnica e financiamento e os movimentos sociais de urgência dos trabalhadores desempregados e integrantes da massa marginal por emprego e por moradia. A pesquisa objetiva caracterizar o quadro novo e complexo das relações políticas de classe que se configurou no Brasil do período neoliberal.

Conteúdo relacionado:
Estado E Burguesia No Brasil: O Bloco No Poder No Periodo Neoliberal.
Mudanças na classe política brasileira
A crise do Governo Collor e a tática do PT
Neoliberalismo E Acao Sindical No Brasil.
O Partido Dos Trabalhadores E O Neoliberalismo No Brasil: Politica E Ideologia.
A Posicao Do Partido Dos Trabalhadores (Pt) Diante Da Ofensiva Neoliberal.
Domesticação e/ou moralização do capitalismo no governo Lula.

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Pois é, paulistas: vocês só precisam saber quanto dinheiro será gasto com projetos de tão alta relevância intelectual...
Zelem pelo seu dinheiro...
Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Postagem em destaque

Livro Marxismo e Socialismo finalmente disponível - Paulo Roberto de Almeida

Meu mais recente livro – que não tem nada a ver com o governo atual ou com sua diplomacia esquizofrênica, já vou logo avisando – ficou final...