Um livro indispensável, para oa estudiosos das relações econômicas internacionais.
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Principles of International Economic Law
Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2013.
Principles of International Economic Law gives a comprehensive overview of the central topics in international economic law, with an emphasis on the interplay between the different economic and political interests on both the international and domestic levels. The book sets the classic topics of international economic law, WTO law, investment protection, commercial law, and monetary law in context with human rights, environmental protection, good governance, and the needs of developing countries. It thus provides a concise picture of the current architecture of international economic law. Topics covered range from codes of conduct for multinational enterprises, to the human rights implications of the exploitation of natural resources. The book demonstrates the economic foundations and economic implications of legal frameworks. It puts into profile the often complex relationship between, on the one hand, international standards on liberalization and economic rationality and, on the other, state sovereignty and national preferences.It describes the new forms of economic cooperation which have developed in recent decades, such as the growing number of transnational companies in the private sector, and forms of cooperation between states such as the G8 or G20. Providing a perfect introductory text to the field of international economic law, the book thoroughly analyses legal developments within their wider political, economic, or social context.
Table of Contents
PART I. CONTENTS, HISTORY, AND STRUCTURE
OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW
I. The Law of International Economic Relations: Contents and Structure 3
1. Understanding and Contents of International Economic Law 3
2. The Interaction .between International and Domestic Law 5
3. The Interaction of Different National Laws 7
4. Main Areas of International Economic Law 7
5. The Relationship between International Economic Law and
Economic Rationality 11
II. Past and Present of the International Economic Order 13
1. The Historical Foundations of International Economic Law 13
2. The Concerns of Developing Countries and the Call for a 'New
Economic Order' 16
3. The System of the World Trade Organization 18
4. The Regional Integration of Markets 19
5. Globalization of Economic Relations: Chances,. Risks, and
Asymmetries " 19
III. The Actors of International Economic Law 25
1. Subjects of International Law vs Actors in International
Economic Relations 25
2. States x 26
3. State Enterprises 26
4. International Organizations 28
5. Non-institutionalized Forums of Cooperation in Economic
Relations 33
6. International Inter-Agency Cooperation 35
7. Non-governmental Organizations 37
8. Private Corporations and Codes of Conduct for Transnational
Corporations 38
IV. The Legal Sources of International Economic Law 42
1. International Law as an Order of Transboundary Economic Relations 42
2. The Law of the European Union 46
3. International Agreements on Private Economic Transactions 47
4. 'Transnational Law' and 'lex mercatorid 48
PART II. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW AS
AN ORDER OF RULES AND PRINCIPLES
V. Basic Principles of the International Economic Order 53
1. States' Autonomy in Economic Choices 53
2. Trade Liberalization: Reduction of Tariffs and Elimination
of Non-Tariff Barriers 54
3. Fair Treatment of Foreign Investors 54
4. Non-discrimination 55
5. Favourable Conditions for Developing Countries 57
6. Sustainable Development 62
7. Respect for Human Rights 63
VI. Sovereignty and International Economic Relations 65
1. A Modern Concept of Sovereignty: Response to Globalization
and Deference to Democratic Choices 65
2. The Principle of Non-intervention 68
3. State Immunity 69
4. The Treatment of Foreign Persons 72
5. Diplomatic Protection 74
6. National Economic Law and its Extraterritorial Application 77
7. Criteria for Exercising Jurisdiction: Legitimating Links 86
8. The Extraterritorial Application of National Law 88
VII. Human Rights and International Economic Relations 101
1. The Exploitation of Natural Resources 102
2. Treaties on Economic Cooperation and Economic Integration 107
3. The Impact and Liability of Transnational Corporations (TNC) 108
VIII. Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development 118
1. Transboundary Impacts and Transboundary Harm 119
2. Sustainable Development , 121
3. The Precautionary Principle 122
4. Treaties on Pollution Control and on the Liability for
Environmental Contaminations 124
5. Treaties on the Protection of the Atmosphere and for
Climate Protection 126
6. Treaties on Biodiversity, Access to Genetic Resources, and Biosafety 129
7. The Law of Biotechnology 136
IX. Good Governance—The Internal Structure of States and Global
Economic Integration 139
1. Standards of Good Governance 140
2. Global Economic Integration: The Relevance of the
Constitutional and Economic Order 144
X. Dispute Settlement 147
1. Mechanisms of International Dispute Settlement 147
2. International Commercial Arbitration 151
3. Jurisdiction of National Courts 156
4. Obtaining Evidence Abroad ' - —-• 164
5. Service of Process, Recognition, and Enforcement of Foreign
Judgments '• 166
PART III. WORLD TRADE LAW AND
REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS
XI. History and Development of World Trade Law 171
1. Development up to the Uruguay Round 171
2. The Uruguay Round 173
3. Post-Uruguay Perspectives and Challenges for the WTO System 175
XII. The World Trade Organization 178
1. The WTO as Institutional Platform for Trade Relations 178
2. Members 178
3. Organs of the WTO 180
XIII. The Multilateral and the Plurilateral Agreements on Trade 184
1. Multilateral and Plurilateral Trade Agreements:
Concentric Circles 184
2. The GATT 1994 and Related Trade Agreements 185
XIV. The GATT 188
1. Objectives and< Basic Principles 188
2. Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 189
3. National Treatment 195
4. General Exceptions (Article XX of the GATT) and Security
Exceptions (Article XXI of the GATT) 203
5. Safeguard Measures (Article XIX of the GATT) 212
6. Waivers 213
7. Burden of Proof 213
XV. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) 215
XVI. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 223
XVII. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) 225
1. Scope and Relevance 225
2. Telecommunication Services 228
3. WTO Law and Financial Services 230
XVIII. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) ~ 232
1. General Aspects 232
2. Patent Rights ' 233
3. The Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in Broader
International Context 241
XIX.s Subsidies and Anti-dumping Measures 245
1. Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) 245
2. The Agreement on Agriculture 252
3. Dumping and Anti-Dumping Measures 254
XX. Dispute Settlement in the WTO 256.
XXI. WTO Law in Broader Perspective: The Interplay with
Other Regimes of International Law 264
XXII. WTO Law in Domestic Law 269
XXIII. The Regional Integration of Markets ' 274
1. Forms of Regional Market Integration (Free Trade Areas,
Customs Unions, and Economic Communities) 274
2. The Free Movement of Goods and Services in the European
Union 277
3. EFTA and the European Economic Area 281
4. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 284
5. Regional Integration in South America 286
6. Regional Integration in Central America and the Caribbean 290
7. Regional Integration in Asia and the Pacific 291
8. Regional Integration in Africa 292
9. Bilateral Trade Agreements of die European Union and
of the United States 293
PART IV. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW
XXIV. International Sales and Contract Law 299
1. Introduction 299
2. The Rome Convention, the Rome I Regulation, and
the Common European Law on Sales 302
3. UN Convention on Contracts for the International
Sale of Goods (CISG) 304
4. Electronic Commerce 316
XXV. Letters of Credit v 318
1. Documentary Credit 318
2. Standby Letters of Credit 321
XXVI. International Building and Construction Contracts 323
1. FIDIC Manuals - 323
2. Long-term Contracts (BOT, BOO, BOOT, BLOT, BOTT) 324
XXVII. International Company, Competition, and Tax Law 326
1. Relevance 326
2. The Proper Law of a Corporation 326
3. Recognition of Foreign Corporations and Deference to
'Home' Regulation 328
4. EU Company Law: the Societas Europaea 330
5. Corporate Governance 332
XXVIII. International Accounting Standards 334
XXDC International Competition Law % 336
1. National and International Rules against Anti-Competitive
Behaviour 336
2. The Application of Competition Law and Extraterritorial Effects 338
3. Bilateral Cooperation 340
4. Convergences and Divergences between EU Competition
Law and US Antitrust Law , 342
XXX. International Tax Law 346
PARTV. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
XXXI. Foreign Investment in Practice 353
1. Economic and Political Relevance 353
2. Direct and Indirect Investment 354
3. Investors 355
4. The Control of Foreign Investment 357
XXXII. Customary International Law 359
1. Customary Standards and Foreign Investment 359
2. Expropriation and Compensation 360
3. The Extraterritorial Effects of Expropriations 368
XXXIII. Concessions and Investment: Agreements between States
and Foreign Companies 375
1. Stabilization and Internationalization 375
2. Concessions 378
XXXIV. Treaties on Investment Protection 380
1. Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements on the Protection
of Investments 380
2. Personal Scope of Protection 384
3. Protected 'Investments' 388
4. Modern Standards of Investment Protection 391
5. Dispute Setde'ment 411
XXXV. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes 416
XXXVI. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 420
XXXVII. The Interplay of Investment Protection and Other Areas
of International Law 422
PART VI. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
LAW AND THE INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL ARCHITECTURE
XXXVIII. International Monetary Law and International Economic
Relations 427
1. The Impact of Monetary Relations on International
Trade and Business 427
2. The Bretton Woods System and the Development
of Currency Exchange Arrangements 428
3. Currency Exchange Regimes 430
4. Monetary Unions 431
5. 'Eurodollars' and other Eurocurrencies 435
XXXK. The International Monetary Fund: Objectives, Organization,
and Functions 437
1. Objectives 437
2. Membership 438
3. Organization 439
4. Financing of the IMF 439
5. IMF Members' General Obligations and the Surveillance
of Exchange Rate Policies: Stability and Fair Competitive
Conditions 440
6. Convertibility of Currencies and Restriction of Exchange
Controls 444
7. Exchange Control Regulations and their Extraterritorial
Effect 446
8. Special Drawing Rights 449
9. Use of the Fund's Financial Resources_for Members in
Economic Difficulties 450
XL. The World Bank and Other International Financial
Institutions 455
1. The World Bank Group 455
2. Regional Development Banks 460
3. The Bank for International Settlements 461
XLI. Debt Crises and State Insolvency 463
1. The International Management of Debt Crises 463
2. For Restructuring Sovereign Debt: The 'Paris Club'
and the'London Club' 465
3. State Insolvency and International Law 465
XLII. International Regulation of the Banking Sector 477
1. The Need for Enhanced Cooperation of Supervisory
Authorities and for Harmonized Standards 477
2. Supervisory Authorities and Macro-Prudential Oversight
of the Financial System 478
3. Global Regulatory Standards for Adequate Bank Capital
and Risk Management: the Basel Accords 480
Index 483
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